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Ecological Perspective on the Relationship between Religion and Crime in terms of Western Societies: The Moral Community Thesis

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 19 - 33, 05.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.954888

Abstract

Throughout history, there have been many studies on religion and crime, especially at the sociological level. Researches have been mostly tested using social control, social learning, rational choice theory, control theory. However, the ecological study of the social impact of religion on criminal behavior has been relatively neglected by academics. According to the moral community thesis, individuals commit less or no crime in conservative societies than in secular societies. Individual front towards criminal /social deviation behaviors emerges with the positive or negative effect of the environment on the individual's behavior.
There are hardly any studies on the moral community thesis in Turkey. Studies revealing the effect of religion on crime have mostly been applied in the United States, Europe and China, and different results have been obtained. In Turkey, there have been many studies that reveal the effect of religion on crime but only one study has been conducted to test the moral community thesis. The aim of this study is to emphasize what the moral community thesis is and its place in the literature. After that, it is to bring a new perspective to the studies to be done on the religion-crime relationship in Turkey. In this study, traditional literature review was used and focused on the studies and the findings obtained. The results obtained revealed that the sample was mostly applied to adults and the moral community thesis was supported. It has been observed that studies in this field have increased in recent years.

References

  • Adamczyk, Amy & Hayes, Brittany E. (2012). Religion and Sexual Behaviors Understanding the Influence of Islamic Cultures and Religious Affiliation for Explaining Sex Outside of Marriage. American Sociological Review, 77, 723–46.
  • Adamczyk, A., & Palmer, I. (2008). Religion and İnitiation into Marijuana Use: The Deterring Role of Religious Friends. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(3), 717-741.
  • Babin, Ted D. (2020). The Halo Effect? An Ecological Analysis of the Religion- Crime Nexus. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Graduate School of The Texas Women’s University. Texas.
  • Bahr, S. J., Hawks, R. D. and Wang, G. (1993). Family and Religious İnfluences on Adolescent Substance Abuse. Youth and Society, 24, 443-65.
  • Bahr, Stephen J. & Hoffmann, John P. (2008). Religiosity, Peers, and Adolescent Drug Use. Journal of Drug Issues. 38 (3), 743–769.
  • Baier, Colin J., Bradley, R. and Wright, E. (2001). If You Love Me, Keep My Commandments: A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Religion on Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(1), 3–21.
  • Bartkowski, J. P. & Lee, M. R. (2004). Love Thy Neighbor? Moral Communities, Civic Engagement and Juvenile Homicide in Rural Areas. Social Forces, 82(3), 1001–1035.
  • Benda, Brent B. (1995). “The Effect of Religion on Adolescent Delinquency Revisited”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 446-466.
  • Benda, B. B. & Corwyn, R. F. (1997). Religion and Delinquency: The Relationship After Considering Family and Peer Influences. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(1), 81–92.
  • Benda, Brent B. & Corwyn, Robert F. (2001). Are the Effects of Religion on Crime Mediated, Moderated and Misrepresented by Inappropriate Measures? Journal of Social Service Research, 27, 57–86.
  • Bogue, Donald J. (1974). The Basic Writings of Ernest W. Burgess. Chicago: Community and Family Study Center. University of Chicago.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological Models of Human Devolopment. In İnternational Encylopedia of Education, Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Burkett, Steven R. (1993). Perceived Parents’ Religiosity, Friends’ Drinking, and Hellfire: A Panel Study of Adolescent Drinking. Review of Religious Research, 35(2), 134- 154.
  • Burkett, Steven R., & Warren, Bruce O. (1987). Religiosity, peer associations, and adolescent marijuana use: A panel study of underlying causal structures. Criminology, 25(1), 109-131.
  • Burkett, S. R., & White, M. (1974). Hellfire and delinquency: Another look. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13: 455-462.
  • Chadwick, Bruce A. & Top, Brent L. (1993). Religiosity and Delinquency Among LDS Adolescents. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32(1), 51-67.
  • Cochran, J. K. & Akers, R. L. (1989). Beyond HeIlfire: An Exploration of the Variable Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Marijuana and Alcohol Use. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 26, 198-225.
  • Cochran, J. K., Wood, P. K. and Arneklev, B J. (1994). Is the Religiosity Delinquency Relation Ship Spurious? A Test of Arousal and Social Control Theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 92-123.
  • Corcoran, Katie E., Pettinicchio, David and Robbins, Blaine. (2012). Religion and the Acceptability of White-Collar Crime: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51, 542–67.
  • Demirel, F. Takmaz. (2020). Din ve Sosyal Sapma: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma. İnönü University International Journal of Social Sciences (INIJOSS), 9(2), 468-492.
  • DiCristina, B. (2016). Durkheim’s theory of anomie and crime: A clarification and elaboration. Australian ve New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(3), 311–331. Durkheim, E. (2014); Sosyolojik Yöntemin Kuralları, (çev. Özcan Doğan), Ankara, Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Ellis, L. & Peterson, J. (1996). Crime and Religion: An International Comparison Among Thirteen Industrial Nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 761–768.
  • Ellison, Christopher G., Burr, Jeffrey A. and Patricia, McCall L. (2003). The Enduring Puzzle of Southern Homicide. Homicide Studies. 7, 326–352.
  • Empey, LaMar T. & Erickson, M. L. (1972). The Provo Experiment; Evaluating Community Control of Delinquency, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Fichter, Joseph (2002). Sosyoloji Nedir? (Çev. Nilgün Çelebi). Yenilenmiş ve Değiştirilmiş Baskı. Ankara: Anı Yay.
  • Finke, Roger & Amy Adamczyk (2008). Cross-National Moral Beliefs: The Influence of National Religious Context. Sociological Quarterly, 49, 617–52.
  • Güçlü, İdris & Akbaş, Halil (2016). Suç Sosyolojisi. Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Güneş, Derya K.(2018). Ergenlerin Bazı Kişilik ve Aile Özelliklerinin Suç Davranışına Etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Gürler, A. (2010). Din ve Suç (Hükümlüler Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma), Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Groves, W. B., Newman, G. and Corrado, C. (1987). Islam, Modernization and Crime: A Test of the Religious Ecology Thesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15, 495–503.
  • Higgins, Paul C. & Gary L. Albrecht. (1977). Hellfire and Delinquency Revisited. Social Forces, 55, 952–58.
  • Hirschi, T & Stark, R. (1969). Hellfire and Delinquency. Social Problems, 17, 202–13.
  • İçli, Tülin G. (2007). Kriminoloji (7.Baskı), Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Jensen, Gary F. & Erickson, Maynard L. (1979). The Religious Factor and Delinquency: Another Look at the Hellfire Hypothesis, (Eds. Robert Wuthnow), The Religious Dimension: New Directions in Quantitative Research. New York: Academic Press.
  • Johnson, B. R., Larson, D. B., De Li, S. and Jang, S. J. (2000). Escaping From The Crime Of İnner Cities: Church Attendance and Religious Salience Among Disadvantaged Youth. Justice Quarterly, 17(2), 377–391.
  • Junger, Marianne & Polder, Wim (1993). Religiosity, Religious Climate and Delinquency Among Ethnic Groups in the Netherlands. British Journal of Criminology, 33(3), 416–35.
  • Kandemir, Fatih. (2018). Ekolojik Kuram Bağlamında Dinî Gelişim Psikolojisi (Religious Development Psychology in the Context of Ecological Theory). Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi-Cumhuriyet Theology Journal, 22(3), 1433-1456.
  • Lee, M. R. (2006). The Religious İnstitutional Base and Violent Crime in Rural Areas. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3), 309-324.
  • Ovadia, S. & Moore, L. M. (2010). Decomposing the Moral Community: Religious Contexts and Teen Childbearing. City and Community, 9(3), 320–334.
  • Özbay, Özden. (2020). Suç Teorilerine Giriş, Talebe Ders Kitapları Yayınları Serisi, Türk Eğitim Yayınları (E Kitap).
  • Regnerus, M. D. (2003). Moral Communities and Adolescent Delinquency: Religious Contexts and Community Social Control. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(4), 523–554.
  • Richard, Alan J., David C. Bell, and Carlson, Jerry W. (2000). Individual Religiosity, Moral Community, and Drug User Treatment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39(2), 240.
  • Sadique, K. & Stanislas, P. (Eds.). (2016). Religion, faith and crime: Theories, identities and issues. Springer.
  • Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. University of Chicago Press.
  • Stansfield, Richard Moven, O'Connor, Thomas J., Thomas and Boman, John H. (2017). The Role of Religious Support in Reentry: Evidence From The SVORI Data. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(1), 111-145.
  • Stack, S. Kposowa & Augustine J. (2006). The Effect of Religiosity on Tax Fraud Acceptability: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3), 325–351.
  • Stack, S. Kposowa & Augustine, J. (2011). Religion and Suicide Acceptability: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 289–306.
  • Stark, Rodney. (1996). Religion as Context: Hellfire and Delinquency One More Time. Sociology of Religion, 57(2), 163.
  • Stark, Rodney & Bainbridge, William S. (1996). Religion, Deviance, and Social Control. New York: Routled.
  • Stark, Rodney, Kent, Lori and Doyle, Daniel P., (1982). Religion and Delinquency: The Ecology of a “Lost” Relationship. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 19(1), 4–24.
  • Sturgis, Paul W. (2008). Faith Behind Bars: The Social Ecology of Religion and Deviance in the Penitentiary, Doktora Dissertation, University of Missouri.
  • Sturgis, Paul W. (2010). Faith Behind Bars: An Explicit Test of the Moral Community Hypothesis in the Correctional Environment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(5), 342-6.
  • Sturgis, P. W. & Baller, R. D. (2012). Religiosity and deviance: An examination of the moral community and antiasceticism hypotheses among US adults. Journal For the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(4), 809-820.
  • Tittle, Charles R. & Welch, Michael R. (1983). Religiosity and Deviance: Toward a Contingency Theory of Constraining Effects. Social Forces, 61, 653–82.
  • Toombs, Nancy J., Benda, Brent B. and Tilmon, Randy D. (1999). A Developmentally Anchored Conceptual Model of Drug Use Tested Among Adult Boot Camp İnmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 29(l/2), 49.
  • Tubergen, F. Van, Grotenhuis, M. and Ultee, W. (2005). Denomination, Religious Context, and Suicide: Neo-Durkheimian Multilevel Explanations Tested With İndividual and Contextual Data. American Journal of Sociology, 111(3), 797-823. Turner, Carol J. & Willis, Robert J. (1979). The Relationship Between Self-Reported Religiosity and Drug Use by College Students. Journal of Drug Education, 9(1), 67- 78.
  • Ulmer, J. T., Bader, C. and Gault, M. (2008). Do Moral Communities Play a Role in Criminal Sentencing? Evidence From Pennsylvania. Sociological Quarterly, 49(4), 737–768.
  • Ulmer, Jeffery T. & Harris, Casey T. (2013). Race and the Religious Contexts of Violence: Linking Religion and White, Black, and Latino Violent Crime. Sociol Q. 54(4), 610–646. doi:10.1111/tsq.12034.
  • Wang, X. & Jang, S. (2018). The Effects of Provincial and Individual Religiosity on Deviance in China: A Multilevel Modeling Test of the Moral Community Thesis. Religions, 9(202), 3.
  • Welch, M. R., Tittle, C. R. and Petee, T. (1991). Religion and Deviance Among Adult Catholics: A Test of the “Moral Communities” Hypothesis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2), 159.
  • Yücel, M. T. (2004). Kriminoloji (1.Baskı), İstanbul: Umut Vakfı Yayınları.

Batı Toplumları Açısından Din Suç İlişkisine Ekolojik Bakış Açısı: Ahlaki Topluluk Tezi

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 19 - 33, 05.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.954888

Abstract

Tarih boyunca özellikle sosyolojik düzeyde din ve suç üzerine birçok araştırma yapılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar çoğunlukla sosyal kontrol, sosyal öğrenme, rasyonel seçim teorisi, kontrol kuramı kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Ancak dinin suç davranışı üzerindeki sosyal etkisinin ekolojik incelemesi akademisyenler tarafından nispeten ihmal edilmiştir. Ahlaki topluluk tezine (moral community thesis) göre muhafazakâr toplumlarda bireylerin suç işleme oranı seküler toplumlara göre azdır ya da hiç yoktur. Bireyin suç/sosyal sapma davranışlarına yönelmesi çevrenin bireyin davranışları üzerindeki olumlu ya da olumsuz etkisi ile ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Türkiye’de ahlaki topluluk tezi ile ilgili çalışma yok denecek kadar azdır. Dinin suç üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koyan çalışmalar çoğunlukla Amerika Bileşik Devletleri, Avrupa ve Çin’de uygulanmıştır. Türkiye’de ise dinin suç üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koyan birçok çalışma yapılmıştır ancak ahlaki topluluk tezini test eden çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Ahlaki topluluk tezinin ne olduğunu ve literatürdeki yerini vurgulayarak, bundan sonra Türkiye’de din suç ilişkisi üzerine yapılacak çalışmalara yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmaktır. Bu çalışma ile geleneksel literatür taraması kullanılmış ve konuya ilişkin çalışmalar ve elde edilen bulgulara odaklanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde genel olarak örneklemin çoğunlukla yetişkinler üzerine uygulandığını ve ahlaki topluluk tezinin destek bulduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların son yıllarda daha da arttığı görülmüştür.

References

  • Adamczyk, Amy & Hayes, Brittany E. (2012). Religion and Sexual Behaviors Understanding the Influence of Islamic Cultures and Religious Affiliation for Explaining Sex Outside of Marriage. American Sociological Review, 77, 723–46.
  • Adamczyk, A., & Palmer, I. (2008). Religion and İnitiation into Marijuana Use: The Deterring Role of Religious Friends. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(3), 717-741.
  • Babin, Ted D. (2020). The Halo Effect? An Ecological Analysis of the Religion- Crime Nexus. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Graduate School of The Texas Women’s University. Texas.
  • Bahr, S. J., Hawks, R. D. and Wang, G. (1993). Family and Religious İnfluences on Adolescent Substance Abuse. Youth and Society, 24, 443-65.
  • Bahr, Stephen J. & Hoffmann, John P. (2008). Religiosity, Peers, and Adolescent Drug Use. Journal of Drug Issues. 38 (3), 743–769.
  • Baier, Colin J., Bradley, R. and Wright, E. (2001). If You Love Me, Keep My Commandments: A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Religion on Crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(1), 3–21.
  • Bartkowski, J. P. & Lee, M. R. (2004). Love Thy Neighbor? Moral Communities, Civic Engagement and Juvenile Homicide in Rural Areas. Social Forces, 82(3), 1001–1035.
  • Benda, Brent B. (1995). “The Effect of Religion on Adolescent Delinquency Revisited”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32, 446-466.
  • Benda, B. B. & Corwyn, R. F. (1997). Religion and Delinquency: The Relationship After Considering Family and Peer Influences. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(1), 81–92.
  • Benda, Brent B. & Corwyn, Robert F. (2001). Are the Effects of Religion on Crime Mediated, Moderated and Misrepresented by Inappropriate Measures? Journal of Social Service Research, 27, 57–86.
  • Bogue, Donald J. (1974). The Basic Writings of Ernest W. Burgess. Chicago: Community and Family Study Center. University of Chicago.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological Models of Human Devolopment. In İnternational Encylopedia of Education, Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Burkett, Steven R. (1993). Perceived Parents’ Religiosity, Friends’ Drinking, and Hellfire: A Panel Study of Adolescent Drinking. Review of Religious Research, 35(2), 134- 154.
  • Burkett, Steven R., & Warren, Bruce O. (1987). Religiosity, peer associations, and adolescent marijuana use: A panel study of underlying causal structures. Criminology, 25(1), 109-131.
  • Burkett, S. R., & White, M. (1974). Hellfire and delinquency: Another look. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13: 455-462.
  • Chadwick, Bruce A. & Top, Brent L. (1993). Religiosity and Delinquency Among LDS Adolescents. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32(1), 51-67.
  • Cochran, J. K. & Akers, R. L. (1989). Beyond HeIlfire: An Exploration of the Variable Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Marijuana and Alcohol Use. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 26, 198-225.
  • Cochran, J. K., Wood, P. K. and Arneklev, B J. (1994). Is the Religiosity Delinquency Relation Ship Spurious? A Test of Arousal and Social Control Theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 92-123.
  • Corcoran, Katie E., Pettinicchio, David and Robbins, Blaine. (2012). Religion and the Acceptability of White-Collar Crime: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51, 542–67.
  • Demirel, F. Takmaz. (2020). Din ve Sosyal Sapma: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma. İnönü University International Journal of Social Sciences (INIJOSS), 9(2), 468-492.
  • DiCristina, B. (2016). Durkheim’s theory of anomie and crime: A clarification and elaboration. Australian ve New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(3), 311–331. Durkheim, E. (2014); Sosyolojik Yöntemin Kuralları, (çev. Özcan Doğan), Ankara, Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Ellis, L. & Peterson, J. (1996). Crime and Religion: An International Comparison Among Thirteen Industrial Nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(6), 761–768.
  • Ellison, Christopher G., Burr, Jeffrey A. and Patricia, McCall L. (2003). The Enduring Puzzle of Southern Homicide. Homicide Studies. 7, 326–352.
  • Empey, LaMar T. & Erickson, M. L. (1972). The Provo Experiment; Evaluating Community Control of Delinquency, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Fichter, Joseph (2002). Sosyoloji Nedir? (Çev. Nilgün Çelebi). Yenilenmiş ve Değiştirilmiş Baskı. Ankara: Anı Yay.
  • Finke, Roger & Amy Adamczyk (2008). Cross-National Moral Beliefs: The Influence of National Religious Context. Sociological Quarterly, 49, 617–52.
  • Güçlü, İdris & Akbaş, Halil (2016). Suç Sosyolojisi. Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Güneş, Derya K.(2018). Ergenlerin Bazı Kişilik ve Aile Özelliklerinin Suç Davranışına Etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Gürler, A. (2010). Din ve Suç (Hükümlüler Üzerine Uygulamalı Bir Araştırma), Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Groves, W. B., Newman, G. and Corrado, C. (1987). Islam, Modernization and Crime: A Test of the Religious Ecology Thesis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15, 495–503.
  • Higgins, Paul C. & Gary L. Albrecht. (1977). Hellfire and Delinquency Revisited. Social Forces, 55, 952–58.
  • Hirschi, T & Stark, R. (1969). Hellfire and Delinquency. Social Problems, 17, 202–13.
  • İçli, Tülin G. (2007). Kriminoloji (7.Baskı), Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Jensen, Gary F. & Erickson, Maynard L. (1979). The Religious Factor and Delinquency: Another Look at the Hellfire Hypothesis, (Eds. Robert Wuthnow), The Religious Dimension: New Directions in Quantitative Research. New York: Academic Press.
  • Johnson, B. R., Larson, D. B., De Li, S. and Jang, S. J. (2000). Escaping From The Crime Of İnner Cities: Church Attendance and Religious Salience Among Disadvantaged Youth. Justice Quarterly, 17(2), 377–391.
  • Junger, Marianne & Polder, Wim (1993). Religiosity, Religious Climate and Delinquency Among Ethnic Groups in the Netherlands. British Journal of Criminology, 33(3), 416–35.
  • Kandemir, Fatih. (2018). Ekolojik Kuram Bağlamında Dinî Gelişim Psikolojisi (Religious Development Psychology in the Context of Ecological Theory). Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi-Cumhuriyet Theology Journal, 22(3), 1433-1456.
  • Lee, M. R. (2006). The Religious İnstitutional Base and Violent Crime in Rural Areas. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3), 309-324.
  • Ovadia, S. & Moore, L. M. (2010). Decomposing the Moral Community: Religious Contexts and Teen Childbearing. City and Community, 9(3), 320–334.
  • Özbay, Özden. (2020). Suç Teorilerine Giriş, Talebe Ders Kitapları Yayınları Serisi, Türk Eğitim Yayınları (E Kitap).
  • Regnerus, M. D. (2003). Moral Communities and Adolescent Delinquency: Religious Contexts and Community Social Control. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(4), 523–554.
  • Richard, Alan J., David C. Bell, and Carlson, Jerry W. (2000). Individual Religiosity, Moral Community, and Drug User Treatment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39(2), 240.
  • Sadique, K. & Stanislas, P. (Eds.). (2016). Religion, faith and crime: Theories, identities and issues. Springer.
  • Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. University of Chicago Press.
  • Stansfield, Richard Moven, O'Connor, Thomas J., Thomas and Boman, John H. (2017). The Role of Religious Support in Reentry: Evidence From The SVORI Data. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(1), 111-145.
  • Stack, S. Kposowa & Augustine J. (2006). The Effect of Religiosity on Tax Fraud Acceptability: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3), 325–351.
  • Stack, S. Kposowa & Augustine, J. (2011). Religion and Suicide Acceptability: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 289–306.
  • Stark, Rodney. (1996). Religion as Context: Hellfire and Delinquency One More Time. Sociology of Religion, 57(2), 163.
  • Stark, Rodney & Bainbridge, William S. (1996). Religion, Deviance, and Social Control. New York: Routled.
  • Stark, Rodney, Kent, Lori and Doyle, Daniel P., (1982). Religion and Delinquency: The Ecology of a “Lost” Relationship. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 19(1), 4–24.
  • Sturgis, Paul W. (2008). Faith Behind Bars: The Social Ecology of Religion and Deviance in the Penitentiary, Doktora Dissertation, University of Missouri.
  • Sturgis, Paul W. (2010). Faith Behind Bars: An Explicit Test of the Moral Community Hypothesis in the Correctional Environment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(5), 342-6.
  • Sturgis, P. W. & Baller, R. D. (2012). Religiosity and deviance: An examination of the moral community and antiasceticism hypotheses among US adults. Journal For the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(4), 809-820.
  • Tittle, Charles R. & Welch, Michael R. (1983). Religiosity and Deviance: Toward a Contingency Theory of Constraining Effects. Social Forces, 61, 653–82.
  • Toombs, Nancy J., Benda, Brent B. and Tilmon, Randy D. (1999). A Developmentally Anchored Conceptual Model of Drug Use Tested Among Adult Boot Camp İnmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 29(l/2), 49.
  • Tubergen, F. Van, Grotenhuis, M. and Ultee, W. (2005). Denomination, Religious Context, and Suicide: Neo-Durkheimian Multilevel Explanations Tested With İndividual and Contextual Data. American Journal of Sociology, 111(3), 797-823. Turner, Carol J. & Willis, Robert J. (1979). The Relationship Between Self-Reported Religiosity and Drug Use by College Students. Journal of Drug Education, 9(1), 67- 78.
  • Ulmer, J. T., Bader, C. and Gault, M. (2008). Do Moral Communities Play a Role in Criminal Sentencing? Evidence From Pennsylvania. Sociological Quarterly, 49(4), 737–768.
  • Ulmer, Jeffery T. & Harris, Casey T. (2013). Race and the Religious Contexts of Violence: Linking Religion and White, Black, and Latino Violent Crime. Sociol Q. 54(4), 610–646. doi:10.1111/tsq.12034.
  • Wang, X. & Jang, S. (2018). The Effects of Provincial and Individual Religiosity on Deviance in China: A Multilevel Modeling Test of the Moral Community Thesis. Religions, 9(202), 3.
  • Welch, M. R., Tittle, C. R. and Petee, T. (1991). Religion and Deviance Among Adult Catholics: A Test of the “Moral Communities” Hypothesis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2), 159.
  • Yücel, M. T. (2004). Kriminoloji (1.Baskı), İstanbul: Umut Vakfı Yayınları.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatma Takmaz Demirel 0000-0003-3447-3394

Publication Date February 5, 2022
Submission Date June 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demirel, F. T. (2022). Batı Toplumları Açısından Din Suç İlişkisine Ekolojik Bakış Açısı: Ahlaki Topluluk Tezi. The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 7(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.954888