Research Article
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Technological and Socio-Economic Effects of Fifth and Sixth Kondratieff Waves

Year 2019, , 247 - 283, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006

Abstract

After the industrial revolution, capitalist economies have entered the process of rapid growth. But this growth process is not steady. Rapid expansion periods are usually followed by crisis periods which cause social welfare to fall and poverty. The Kondratieff waves, which lasted for about 50 years, explain this fluctuating development process in relation to technological developments. The aim of this work is to explain the structural and institutional transformations created by the Kondratieff waves; to examine the effects of the expected sixth wave. For this purpose, the great surge of development approach introduced by Carlota Perez is used. The most important outcome of this study is the foresight that the beginning of the sixth Kondratieff wave will deepen the problems of unemployment, income distribution inequality and the breakdown of interrelation between finance and production. It is expected that the impacts of information technologies will be felt more in developing countries, today and in near future. This situation is likely to trigger start of fifth Kondratieff wave in developing countries that may raise aforementoned problems already existing in many developing countries. Therefore, the onset of the fifth wave will aggravate existing problems. This prediction is another result of the article.

References

  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351. DOİ: 10.2307/2951599
  • Akaev, A., & Rudskoi, A. (2017). The potential of breakthrough techologies and its social consequences. In T. Devezas, J. Leitao  & A. Sargygulov (Eds.), Industry 4,0 entrepreneurship and structural change in the new digital landscape (pp. 13-41). Switzerland: Springer.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. (2003). Computing productivity: firm level evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815736
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & Mcafee, A. (2014). Second machine age (L. Göktem, Çev.). İstanbul: Türk Hava Yolları Yayınları.
  • Clark, G. (2013). Fukaralığa veda dünyanın kısa iktisadi tarihi (E. Demircioğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniverisitesi Yayınları.
  • Collins, R. (2013). Orta sınıf işlerin sonu: Artık kaçış yok. R. Collins, M. Mann, M. Derluguian, C. Calhoun (Ed.), Kapitalizmin geleceği var mı? (B. Doğan, Çev.), içinde (s. 48-84). İstanbul: Metis Kitap.
  • Dator, J. (2006). Alternative Futures for K - Waves. In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff Waves Warfare And World Security (pp. 311-317). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Dosi, G. (1982). Techological paradigms and technological trajectories. Research Policy, 11, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(82)90016-6
  • Dosi, G., & Labini, M. (2007). Technological paradigms and trajectories. In H. Hanusch & H. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 331-359). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Dosi, G., & Nelson, R. (2010). Technical change and industrial dynamics as evolutionary processes. In K. Arrow & M. Intrılıgator (Eds.), Handbook in economics (pp. 51-127). Netherlands: North Holland.
  • Dosi, G., & Nelson, R. (2013). The evolution of technologies: an assassment of the state of the state of the art. Eurasian Business Review, 3(1), 3–46. https://doi.org/10.14208/BF03353816
  • Freeman, M. (1987). Technical innovation, diffusion, and long cycles of economic development. In T. Vasko (Eds.), The long wave debate (pp. 295-309). Berlin: Spinger - Verlag.
  • Freeman, M. (1994). The economics of technical change. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 18(5), 463-514. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035286
  • Freeman, M., & Perez, C. (1988). Structural crises of adjustment, business cycles and investment behaviour. In G. Dosi (Eds.), Techical change and economic theory (pp. 38-66). London: Pinter Publishers.
  • Grinin, A., & Grinin, L. (2015a). Global techological perspectives in the light of cybernetic revolution and theory of long cycles. Journal of Globalization Studies, 6(2), 119–142. Erişim Adresi: https:// www.sociostudies.org/journal/articles/396111/
  • Grinin, A., & Grinin, L. (2015b). The cybernetic revolution and historical process. In L.
  • Grinin, I. Ilyin, P. Herrmann, A. Korotayev (Eds.), Globalistics And Globalization Studies (pp. 15-57). Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House.
  • Grinin, L., Korotayev, A., & Tausch, A. (2016). Economic cycles, crises, and the global periphery. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Hirooka, M. (2005). Nonlinear dynamism of innovation and business cycle, entrepreneurship. In E.
  • Cantar, E. Dinopoulos, R. Lanzilotti (Eds.), The new economy and public policy, Schumpeter perspectives (pp. 289-316). Germany: Springer.
  • Hirooka, M. (2006). Complexity in discrete innovation systems. ECO, 8(2), 20–34. doi: 10. emerg/10.17357.d8cf2da38bebf8d00ec24a23ebdb3758.
  • Kleinknecht, A., & Van Der Panne, G. (2006). Who was right? Kuznets in 1930 or Schumpeter in 1939. In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff waves warfare and world security (pp. 118-125). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Landes, D. (2017). Milletlerin zenginliği ve yoksulluğu (A. Doğru, Çev.). İstanbul: Feylesof Kitap.
  • Lauça, F. (2007). Long waves, the pulsation of modern capitalism. In H. Hanusch, A. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 766-774). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Linstone, H. (2006).The information and molecular ages: will k-waves persist? In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff waves warfare and world security (pp. 260-269). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Lucas, R. (2004). The industrial revolution: past and future. Economic Education Bulletin, XLIV(8), 1-8. Erişim Adesi: https://www.aier.org/research/industrial-revolution-past-and-future
  • Magdoff, F. ve Yates, M. (2009). Ekonomik krizin ABC’si (A. Kırmızıgül, Çev.). İstanbul: Epos Yayınları.
  • Modelski, G. (2006). Global political evolution, long cycles, and k - waves. In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff waves warfare and world security (pp. 293-302). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Nefiodow, L., &  Nefiodow, S. (2014). The Six Kondratieff. The growth engine of the 21st century. In L. Grinin, T. Devezas, A. Korotayev (Eds.), Kondratieff waves Juglar - Kuznets - Kondratieff (pp. 326-352). Volvograd: Uchitel Publishing House.
  • Nelson, R. (2008). What enables rapid economic progress: What are the needed institutions. Research Policy, 37, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.10.008
  • Papenhausen, C. (2008). Causal mechanisms of long waves. Futures, 40, 788–794. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.futures.2008.07.010 Perez, C. (1983). Structural change and assimilation of new technologies in the economic and social systems. Futures, 15(5), 357–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(83)90050-2
  • Perez, C. (1985). Microelectronics, long waves and world structural change: new perspectives for developing countries. World Development, 13(3), 441–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305750X(85)90140-8
  • Perez, C. (2002). Techological revolutions and financial capital, UK: Edward Edgar.
  • Perez, C. (2007). Finance and technical change: A long term view. In H. Hanusch & H. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 775-799). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Perez, C. (2009a). Techological revolution and techo-economic paradigms. Working Papers in Techology Govarnance and Economic Dynamics, 20, 1–24. https://ideas.repec.org/p/tth/ wpaper/20.html
  • Perez, C. (2009b). The double buble at the turn of the century: technological roots and structural implications. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33, 779–805. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bep028
  • Perez, C. (2010). The financial crisis and the future of innovation: a new of technical change with the aid of history. Working Papers in Techology Govarnance and Economic Dynamics, 28, 1–42. https://ideas.repec.org/p/tth/wpaper/28.html
  • Perez, C. (2014). A new age of technological progress. In C. Umunna (Eds.), Owing The Future (pp. 19-31). London: Policy Network.
  • Reinhart, C. ve Rogoff, K. (2010). Bu defa farklı (L. Konyar, Çev.). İstanbul: NTV Yayınları. Rosenberg, N., & Frischtak, C. (1984). Technological innovation and long waves. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 8, 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035536
  • Silva, G., & Di Serio, L. (2016). The sixth wave of innovation: are we ready?, AI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 13(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rai.2016.03.005
  • Silverberg, G. (2007). Long waves: conceptual, empirical and modelling issues. In H. Hanusch & H. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 800 - 819). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Silverberg, G., & Verspagen, B. (2003). Breaking the waves: a Poisson regression approach to Schumpeterian clustering of basic innovations, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27, 671–693. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/27.5.671
  • Stiglitz, J. (2014). Eşitsizliğin bedeli (O. İşler, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Thompson, W., & Zakhirova, L. (2017). Racing to a renewable transition? In T. Devezas, J. Leitao, A. Sargygulov (Eds.), Industry 4,0 entrepreneurship and structural change in the new digital landscape (pp. 183-203). Switzerland: Springer.
  • Vega-González, L. R. (2017). Using patents and innovation strings to anticipate the next Kondratieff long waves. International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning, 11(3), 212–219. DOİ: 10.1504/IJTIP.2017.10006430
  • Wilenius, M., & Casti, J. (2015). Seizing the X-events. The six K-wave and the shocks that may upend it. Techological Forecasting & Social Change, 94, 335–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. techfore.2014.12.003
  • Wonglimpiyarat, J. (2005). The nano-revolution of Schumpeter’s Kondratieff cycle. Technovation, 25(11), 1349–1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.07.002

Beşinci ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri

Year 2019, , 247 - 283, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006

Abstract

Sanayi Devrimi’nden sonra, kapitalist ekonomiler hızlı büyümeye sürecine girmişlerdir. Fakat bu büyüme süreci dengeli değildir. Hızlı genişleme dönemlerini genellikle, sosyal refahın düşmesine ve yoksulluğa neden olan kriz dönemleri takip etmektedir. Takriben elli yıl süren Kondratieff Dalgaları, bu dalgalı gelişim sürecini teknolojik gelişmeler ve yenilikler ile ilişkili olarak açıklamaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kondratieff Dalgalarının yarattığı yapısal ve kurumsal dönüşümleri açıklamak; bu çerçevede beklenen Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgası’nın yaratacağı etkileri incelemektir. Bu amaçla Carlota Perez tarafından ortaya konulan büyük gelişme dalgası yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgası’nın başlamasının, işsizlik, gelir dağılımı bozukluğu ve finans sektörü ile sanayi sektörü arasında bulunan bağların kopması sorunlarını derinleştireceği öngörüsü, çalışmanın ulaştığı en önemli sonuçtur. İçinde bulunduğumuz süreçte ve gelecek dönemde, bilgi teknolojilerinin etkilerinin gelişmekte olan ülkelerde daha çok hissedilmesi beklenmektedir. Bu durumun gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Beşinci Kondratieff Dalgası’nı başlatması olasıdır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Beşinci Kondratieff Dalgası’nın başlaması; işsizlik, gelir dağılımı bozukluğu ve finans sektörü ile sanayi sektörü arasında bulunan bağların kopması gibi sorunları gündeme getirebilir. Mevcut durumda birçok gelişmekte olan ülkede bu sorunlar mevcuttur. Bu nedenle Beşinci Kondratieff Dalgası’nın başlaması, mevcut olan sorunları daha da ağırlaştıracaktır. Bu öngörü, çalışmanın ulaştığı diğer bir önemli sonuçtur.

References

  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351. DOİ: 10.2307/2951599
  • Akaev, A., & Rudskoi, A. (2017). The potential of breakthrough techologies and its social consequences. In T. Devezas, J. Leitao  & A. Sargygulov (Eds.), Industry 4,0 entrepreneurship and structural change in the new digital landscape (pp. 13-41). Switzerland: Springer.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. (2003). Computing productivity: firm level evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815736
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & Mcafee, A. (2014). Second machine age (L. Göktem, Çev.). İstanbul: Türk Hava Yolları Yayınları.
  • Clark, G. (2013). Fukaralığa veda dünyanın kısa iktisadi tarihi (E. Demircioğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniverisitesi Yayınları.
  • Collins, R. (2013). Orta sınıf işlerin sonu: Artık kaçış yok. R. Collins, M. Mann, M. Derluguian, C. Calhoun (Ed.), Kapitalizmin geleceği var mı? (B. Doğan, Çev.), içinde (s. 48-84). İstanbul: Metis Kitap.
  • Dator, J. (2006). Alternative Futures for K - Waves. In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff Waves Warfare And World Security (pp. 311-317). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Dosi, G. (1982). Techological paradigms and technological trajectories. Research Policy, 11, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(82)90016-6
  • Dosi, G., & Labini, M. (2007). Technological paradigms and trajectories. In H. Hanusch & H. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 331-359). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Dosi, G., & Nelson, R. (2010). Technical change and industrial dynamics as evolutionary processes. In K. Arrow & M. Intrılıgator (Eds.), Handbook in economics (pp. 51-127). Netherlands: North Holland.
  • Dosi, G., & Nelson, R. (2013). The evolution of technologies: an assassment of the state of the state of the art. Eurasian Business Review, 3(1), 3–46. https://doi.org/10.14208/BF03353816
  • Freeman, M. (1987). Technical innovation, diffusion, and long cycles of economic development. In T. Vasko (Eds.), The long wave debate (pp. 295-309). Berlin: Spinger - Verlag.
  • Freeman, M. (1994). The economics of technical change. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 18(5), 463-514. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035286
  • Freeman, M., & Perez, C. (1988). Structural crises of adjustment, business cycles and investment behaviour. In G. Dosi (Eds.), Techical change and economic theory (pp. 38-66). London: Pinter Publishers.
  • Grinin, A., & Grinin, L. (2015a). Global techological perspectives in the light of cybernetic revolution and theory of long cycles. Journal of Globalization Studies, 6(2), 119–142. Erişim Adresi: https:// www.sociostudies.org/journal/articles/396111/
  • Grinin, A., & Grinin, L. (2015b). The cybernetic revolution and historical process. In L.
  • Grinin, I. Ilyin, P. Herrmann, A. Korotayev (Eds.), Globalistics And Globalization Studies (pp. 15-57). Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House.
  • Grinin, L., Korotayev, A., & Tausch, A. (2016). Economic cycles, crises, and the global periphery. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Hirooka, M. (2005). Nonlinear dynamism of innovation and business cycle, entrepreneurship. In E.
  • Cantar, E. Dinopoulos, R. Lanzilotti (Eds.), The new economy and public policy, Schumpeter perspectives (pp. 289-316). Germany: Springer.
  • Hirooka, M. (2006). Complexity in discrete innovation systems. ECO, 8(2), 20–34. doi: 10. emerg/10.17357.d8cf2da38bebf8d00ec24a23ebdb3758.
  • Kleinknecht, A., & Van Der Panne, G. (2006). Who was right? Kuznets in 1930 or Schumpeter in 1939. In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff waves warfare and world security (pp. 118-125). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Landes, D. (2017). Milletlerin zenginliği ve yoksulluğu (A. Doğru, Çev.). İstanbul: Feylesof Kitap.
  • Lauça, F. (2007). Long waves, the pulsation of modern capitalism. In H. Hanusch, A. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 766-774). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Linstone, H. (2006).The information and molecular ages: will k-waves persist? In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff waves warfare and world security (pp. 260-269). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Lucas, R. (2004). The industrial revolution: past and future. Economic Education Bulletin, XLIV(8), 1-8. Erişim Adesi: https://www.aier.org/research/industrial-revolution-past-and-future
  • Magdoff, F. ve Yates, M. (2009). Ekonomik krizin ABC’si (A. Kırmızıgül, Çev.). İstanbul: Epos Yayınları.
  • Modelski, G. (2006). Global political evolution, long cycles, and k - waves. In T. Devezas (Eds.), Kondratieff waves warfare and world security (pp. 293-302). Amsterdam: Pinter IOS Press.
  • Nefiodow, L., &  Nefiodow, S. (2014). The Six Kondratieff. The growth engine of the 21st century. In L. Grinin, T. Devezas, A. Korotayev (Eds.), Kondratieff waves Juglar - Kuznets - Kondratieff (pp. 326-352). Volvograd: Uchitel Publishing House.
  • Nelson, R. (2008). What enables rapid economic progress: What are the needed institutions. Research Policy, 37, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.10.008
  • Papenhausen, C. (2008). Causal mechanisms of long waves. Futures, 40, 788–794. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.futures.2008.07.010 Perez, C. (1983). Structural change and assimilation of new technologies in the economic and social systems. Futures, 15(5), 357–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(83)90050-2
  • Perez, C. (1985). Microelectronics, long waves and world structural change: new perspectives for developing countries. World Development, 13(3), 441–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305750X(85)90140-8
  • Perez, C. (2002). Techological revolutions and financial capital, UK: Edward Edgar.
  • Perez, C. (2007). Finance and technical change: A long term view. In H. Hanusch & H. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 775-799). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Perez, C. (2009a). Techological revolution and techo-economic paradigms. Working Papers in Techology Govarnance and Economic Dynamics, 20, 1–24. https://ideas.repec.org/p/tth/ wpaper/20.html
  • Perez, C. (2009b). The double buble at the turn of the century: technological roots and structural implications. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33, 779–805. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bep028
  • Perez, C. (2010). The financial crisis and the future of innovation: a new of technical change with the aid of history. Working Papers in Techology Govarnance and Economic Dynamics, 28, 1–42. https://ideas.repec.org/p/tth/wpaper/28.html
  • Perez, C. (2014). A new age of technological progress. In C. Umunna (Eds.), Owing The Future (pp. 19-31). London: Policy Network.
  • Reinhart, C. ve Rogoff, K. (2010). Bu defa farklı (L. Konyar, Çev.). İstanbul: NTV Yayınları. Rosenberg, N., & Frischtak, C. (1984). Technological innovation and long waves. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 8, 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035536
  • Silva, G., & Di Serio, L. (2016). The sixth wave of innovation: are we ready?, AI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 13(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rai.2016.03.005
  • Silverberg, G. (2007). Long waves: conceptual, empirical and modelling issues. In H. Hanusch & H. Pyka (Eds.), Elgar companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics (pp. 800 - 819). USA: Edward Elgar.
  • Silverberg, G., & Verspagen, B. (2003). Breaking the waves: a Poisson regression approach to Schumpeterian clustering of basic innovations, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 27, 671–693. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/27.5.671
  • Stiglitz, J. (2014). Eşitsizliğin bedeli (O. İşler, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Thompson, W., & Zakhirova, L. (2017). Racing to a renewable transition? In T. Devezas, J. Leitao, A. Sargygulov (Eds.), Industry 4,0 entrepreneurship and structural change in the new digital landscape (pp. 183-203). Switzerland: Springer.
  • Vega-González, L. R. (2017). Using patents and innovation strings to anticipate the next Kondratieff long waves. International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning, 11(3), 212–219. DOİ: 10.1504/IJTIP.2017.10006430
  • Wilenius, M., & Casti, J. (2015). Seizing the X-events. The six K-wave and the shocks that may upend it. Techological Forecasting & Social Change, 94, 335–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. techfore.2014.12.003
  • Wonglimpiyarat, J. (2005). The nano-revolution of Schumpeter’s Kondratieff cycle. Technovation, 25(11), 1349–1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.07.002
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Furkan Börü 0000-0001-9239-1341

Dündar Murat Demiröz This is me 0000-0003-1783-9905

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date October 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Börü, F., & Demiröz, D. M. (2019). Beşinci ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 69(2), 247-283. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006
AMA Börü F, Demiröz DM. Beşinci ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. December 2019;69(2):247-283. doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006
Chicago Börü, Furkan, and Dündar Murat Demiröz. “Beşinci Ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik Ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 69, no. 2 (December 2019): 247-83. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006.
EndNote Börü F, Demiröz DM (December 1, 2019) Beşinci ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 69 2 247–283.
IEEE F. Börü and D. M. Demiröz, “Beşinci ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 247–283, 2019, doi: 10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006.
ISNAD Börü, Furkan - Demiröz, Dündar Murat. “Beşinci Ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik Ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 69/2 (December 2019), 247-283. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006.
JAMA Börü F, Demiröz DM. Beşinci ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2019;69:247–283.
MLA Börü, Furkan and Dündar Murat Demiröz. “Beşinci Ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik Ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 69, no. 2, 2019, pp. 247-83, doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2018-0006.
Vancouver Börü F, Demiröz DM. Beşinci ve Altıncı Kondratieff Dalgalarının Teknolojik ve Sosyoekonomik Etkileri. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2019;69(2):247-83.