Milli Gelir Hesaplama Makinesi (Moniac): İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi’ndeki Tarihsel Süreci
Abstract
Parasal Milli Gelir Analog Bilgisayarı (MONIAC), makro ekonomik ilişkileri modelleyen bir analog simülatör olarak tanımlayabileceğimiz hidrolik bir makinedir. Ünlü iktisatçı A.W. Phillips tarafından 1949’da icat edilmiş ve sınırlı sayıda üretilmiştir. Makinede su sirkülasyonu, ekonomideki paranın dolaşımını gösterir. Su makineyi dolaştırırken hanehalkı, firmalar, devlet, ihracat ve ithalat segmentleri gibi birimlerin ekonomik davranışları ve bu davranışların etkilediği ekonomik değişkenler gözlemlenebilmektedir. Bu makinenin çalışma prensibi hem Keynesyen hem de Klasik iktisat okullarının ekonomik işleyişle ilgili varsayımlarını yansıtmaktadır. Makine 1950’li yıllarda, emekli öğretim üyelerinden Prof. Dr. Besim Üstünel tarafından İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi’ne getirildi. O dönemde uluslararası akademik camiada sansasyonel bir bilimsel üretim olan makine, böylelikle çok kısa sürede Türkiye’ye getirilmiş oldu. Makinenin icadından çok kısa bir süre sonra Türk yüksek öğrenimine dahil edilmesi, İktisat Fakültesi’nin güncel bilimsel gelişmelere uyum sağlama yeteneğinin önemli bir göstergesidir. MONIAC, İktisat Fakültesi tarafından 2017 yılında başlatılan bir proje ile yeniden faaliyete geçmesine rağmen, eskiden temel işlevlerinden biri olan derslerde aktif kullanımı mümkün değildir. Ancak bu analog makineden yola çıkarak proje kapsamında gerçekleştirdiğimiz dijital simülasyon bir eğitim aracı olarak kullanılabilmektedir. MONIAC, restore edilmiş orijinal haliyle, İktisat Fakültesi’nin tarihi bir değeri olarak fakülte tarafından korunmaktadır.
Supporting Institution
İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi
Project Number
SBA-2018-29155
References
- Barr, N. (2000). The History of the Phillips Machine. In R. Leeson (Ed.), A.W.H Phillips: Collected Works in Contemporary Perspective, pp.89-114, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. google scholar
- Bollard, A. E. (2011). Man, Money, and Machines: The Contributions of A. W. Phillips. Economica, 78 (309), 1-9. google scholar
- Corkhill, A. (2012). A Superb Explanatory Device: The MONIAC, an Early Hydraulic Analog Computer. University of Melbourne Collections, 10, 24-28. google scholar
- Ng. T. & Wright. M. (2007). Introducing the MONIAC: an early and innovative economic model. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin, 70 (4), 46-52 google scholar
- NZIER (2016). The Moniac machine is a dynamic model of a working economy. New Zealand Institute of Economics Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Available at http://nzier.org.nz/about/monia google scholar
- Phillips, A. W. (1950). Mechanical Models in Economic Dynamics. Economica, 17 (67), 285-305 google scholar
- Ryder, W. H. & Cavana, R. Y. (2017). A System Dynamics View of the Phillips Machine: “Chasing some Hares!”. 2nd Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Region System Dynamics Conference of the System Dynamics Society, February 19-22, National University of Singapore, Singapore. google scholar
- Silverstone, B. (2012). MONIAC: Phillips Monetary National Income Analogue Computing Machine. Special Issue of Economia Politica, December 2011 Edited by K. Vela Velupillai. Journal of Economic Surveys, 26, 968-970. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2012.00736.x google scholar
Abstract
Monetary National Income Analog Computer (MONIAC) is a hydraulic machine that we can describe as an analog simulator modeling macroeconomic relationships. It was invented by the famous economist A. W. Phillips in 1949 and produced in limited numbers. The circulation of water in the machine shows the circulation of money in the economy. The economic behaviors of units such as households, firms, government, export, and import segments, and the economic variables by which these behaviors are affected can be observed while the water circulates the machine. The working principle of this machine reflects the assumptions of both Keynesian and Classical economics schools regarding economic functioning. The machine was brought to Istanbul University Faculty of Economics in the 1950s, by Prof. Dr. Besim Ustunel, one of the late faculty members. A sensational scientific production for the international academic community at that time, thus, was brought to Turkey in a very short period of time. The fact that the machine was introduced to Turkish higher education shortly after its invention is an important indicator of the ability of the Faculty of Economics to adapt to current scientific developments. Although MONIAC has been re-operational with a project initiated by the Faculty of Economics in 2017, it is not possible to use the machine actively in lessons today, which used to be one of its primary functions. However, based on this analog machine, the digital simulation that we carry out within the scope of the project can be used as an educational tool. MONIAC, in its restored original form, has been preserved by the Faculty of Economics as a historical value of the Faculty.
Project Number
SBA-2018-29155
References
- Barr, N. (2000). The History of the Phillips Machine. In R. Leeson (Ed.), A.W.H Phillips: Collected Works in Contemporary Perspective, pp.89-114, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. google scholar
- Bollard, A. E. (2011). Man, Money, and Machines: The Contributions of A. W. Phillips. Economica, 78 (309), 1-9. google scholar
- Corkhill, A. (2012). A Superb Explanatory Device: The MONIAC, an Early Hydraulic Analog Computer. University of Melbourne Collections, 10, 24-28. google scholar
- Ng. T. & Wright. M. (2007). Introducing the MONIAC: an early and innovative economic model. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin, 70 (4), 46-52 google scholar
- NZIER (2016). The Moniac machine is a dynamic model of a working economy. New Zealand Institute of Economics Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Available at http://nzier.org.nz/about/monia google scholar
- Phillips, A. W. (1950). Mechanical Models in Economic Dynamics. Economica, 17 (67), 285-305 google scholar
- Ryder, W. H. & Cavana, R. Y. (2017). A System Dynamics View of the Phillips Machine: “Chasing some Hares!”. 2nd Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Region System Dynamics Conference of the System Dynamics Society, February 19-22, National University of Singapore, Singapore. google scholar
- Silverstone, B. (2012). MONIAC: Phillips Monetary National Income Analogue Computing Machine. Special Issue of Economia Politica, December 2011 Edited by K. Vela Velupillai. Journal of Economic Surveys, 26, 968-970. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2012.00736.x google scholar
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Business Administration |
| Journal Section | Review |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | SBA-2018-29155 |
| Publication Date | July 16, 2021 |
| Submission Date | May 28, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 71 Issue: 1 |
