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Latin Amerika’da Kentleşme ve Kentsel- Kırsal Gelir Eşitsizliği

Year 2023, Volume: 73 Issue: 1, 261 - 279, 26.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063

Abstract

Kuznets’in (1955) öncü çalışmasından sonra kentleşme ve gelir eşitsizliği ilişkisi literatürde sıkça incelenen konular arasında yer almaktadır. Ancak kırsal ve kentsel gelir eşitsizliği bağlamında bu konuya odaklanan çalışmaların sayısı oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı, 2000-2018 döneminde Latin Amerika’da kentleşme ile kentsel-kırsal gelir eşitsizliği arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Panel kantil regresyon sonuçları, kentleşmenin tüm kantillerde hem kırsal hem de kentsel gelir eşitsizliğini azalttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Latin Amerika bağlamında, hem kırsal hem de kentsel gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmak için kentleşmeyi destekleyen politikalar uygulanmalıdır. Öte yandan, nedensellik sonuçları, kentleşme ile hem kırsal hem de kentsel gelir eşitsizliği arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik olduğuna dair kanıtlar sunmaktadır.

References

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Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America

Year 2023, Volume: 73 Issue: 1, 261 - 279, 26.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063

Abstract

After the pioneering work by Kuznets (1955), the relationship between urbanization and income inequality is among the topics frequently examined in the literature. However, the number of attempts focusing on this issue in the context of rural and urban income inequality is quite limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between urbanization and urban-rural income inequality in Latin America over the period 2000-2018. Panel quantile regression results reveal that urbanization reduces both rural and urban income inequality in all quantiles. In the Latin American context, policies that support urbanization should be implemented to reduce both rural and urban income inequality. Furthermore, causality results present evidence of a bidirectional causality between urbanization and both rural and urban income inequality.

References

  • Adams, S., & Klobodu, E. K. M. (2019). Urbanization, Economic Structure, Political Regime, and Income Inequality. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality of Life Measurement, Springer, 142(3), 971-995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1959-3 google scholar
  • Alamanda, A. (2021). The effect of economic growth on income inequality: panel data analysis from fifty countries. Info Artha,5(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.31092/jia.v5i1.1176 google scholar
  • Albulescu, C. T., Tiwari, A. K., Yoon, S., M., & Kang, S. H. (2019). FDI, income, and environmental pollution in Latin America: Replication and extension using panel quantile regression analysis. Energy Economics, 84, 104504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104504 google scholar
  • Amarante V., Galvan M., & Mancero, X. (2016). Inequality in Latin America: A global measurement. CEPAL Review, 118, 25-44. https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/40423-inequality-latin-america-global-measurement google scholar
  • Angotti, T. (1996). Latin American urbanization and planning: inequality and unsustainability in North and South. Latin American Perspectives, 23(4), The “Urban Question” in Latin America, 12-34. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2634127 google scholar
  • Annez, P. C., & Buckley, R. M. (2009). Urbanization and growth: setting the context. In M. Spence, P. C. Annez, & R. M. Buckley (Eds.), Urbanization and Growth. Commission on Growth and Development (pp. 1-45). The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7573-0 google scholar
  • Arsht, A. (2014). Urbanization in Latin America. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/ wp-content/uploads/2014/02/20140205_LatAm_UrbanizationTwoPager.pdf google scholar
  • BBVA (2017). Urbanization in Latin America. BBVA Research. https://www.bbvaresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Urbanization-in-Latin-America-BBVA-Research.pdf google scholar
  • Chen, G., Glasmeier, A. K., Zhang, M., & Shao, Y. (2016). Urbanization and income inequality in post-reform China: A causal analysis based on time series data. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158826. https:// doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158826 google scholar
  • Chen, B., & Lin, J. Y. (2014). Development strategy, urbanization and the urban-rural income gap in China. Social Sciences in China, 35 (1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2013.875651 google scholar
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  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Econometric Modelling, 29, 1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014 google scholar
  • Edwards, S. (1995). Crisis and reform in Latin America (from despair to hope). World Bank Book, Oxford University Press. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/639531468743177547/ pdf/multi0page.pdf google scholar
  • Escobar, A. (2010). Latin America at a crossroads (alternative modernizations, post-liberalism, or post-development?) Cultural Studies, 24(1), 1-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380903424208 google scholar
  • Fay, M., & Opal, C. (2000). Urbanization without sustained economic growth (A not so-uncommon phenomenon. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2412. https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/21373/wps2412.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. google scholar
  • Fay, M., & Laderchi, R. (2005). Urban poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean: setting the stage. In M. Fay (Eds). Directions in Developmant-The Urban Poor in Latin America (pp. 19-46.). Wahington, US: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-6069-8Worldbank. google scholar
  • Ha, N. M., Le, N. D. & Trung-Kien, P. (2019).The impact of urbanization on income inequality: A study in Vietnam. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(3), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jrfm12030146 google scholar
  • He, L., & Zhang, X. (2022). The distribution effect of urbanization: Theoretical deduction and evidence from China. Habitat International, 123, 102544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. habitatint.2022.102544 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010 google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951 google scholar
  • Kanbur, R., & Zhang, X. (1999). Which regional inequality: rural-urban or coast-inland? An application to China. J. Comp. Econ. 27, 686-701. https://doi: 10.1006/jcec.1999.1612 google scholar
  • Kanbur, R., & Zhuang (2013). Urbanization and inequality in Asia. Asian Development Review, 30(1), 131-147. google scholar
  • Khan, H., Khan, I., & Binh, T. T. (2020). The heterogeneity of renewable energy consumption, carbon emission and financial development in the globe: A panel quantile regression approach. Energy Reports, 6, 859-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.002 google scholar
  • Koenker, R. (2004). Qauntile regression for longitudinal data. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 91(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmva.2004.05.006 google scholar
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1982). Robust tests for heteroscedasticity based on regression quantiles. Econometrica, 50(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912528 google scholar
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581 google scholar
  • Lall S. V., Selod, H., & Z. Shalizi (2006). Rural-urban migration in developing countries: A survey of theoretical predictions and empirical findings. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3915. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/8669 google scholar
  • Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhu, Q. & Zhao, H. (2014). Assessing the spatial and temporal differences in the impacts of factor allocation and urbanization on urban-rural income disparity in China, 20042010. Habitat International, 42, 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.10.009 google scholar
  • Lin, J. Y., & Chen, B. (2011). Urbanization and urban-rural inequality in china: a new perspective from the government’s development strategy. Frontiers of Economics in China, 6(1), 1-21. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s11459-011-0119-3 google scholar
  • Lu, M. & Chen, Z. (2006). Urbanization, urban-biased policies, and urban-rural inequality in China, 1987-2001. Chinese Economy, 39(3), 42 - 63. https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475390304 google scholar
  • Morley, S. A., Machado, R.& Pettinato, S. (1999). Indexes of structural reform in Latin America. Serie Reformas Economicas 12. https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/7453/ S9900669_en.pdf google scholar
  • OECD (2019). Equity market development in Latin America: Enhancing access to corporate finance. https://www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/equity-markets-latin-america.htm google scholar
  • OECD (2021). How’s Life in Latin America? (Measuring Well-being for Policy Making). https://doi. org/10.1787/2965f4fe-en google scholar
  • Pattnyak, S. R. (1996). Globalization, urbanization, and the state: selected studies on contemporary Latin America. University Press of America, Inc. ISBN: 0-7618-0352-1. google scholar
  • Perry, G. & Olarreaga, M. (2006). Trade liberalization, inequality and poverty reduction in Latin America. https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01589/WEB/IMAGES/GUILLERM.PDF google scholar
  • Portes, A. (1989). Latin American urbanization during the years of the crisis. Latin American Research Review, 24(3), 7-44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0023879100022986 google scholar
  • Rodn'guez-Pose, A., & Tselios, V. (2009). Education and income inequalıty in the regions of the European Union. Journal of Regional Science, 49(3), 41 1.- 437. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00602.x google scholar
  • Rosenfeld, T. R. (2019). International trade and and income inequality: The case of Latin America countries. Dissertation, Master in International Economics and Management. Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia. google scholar
  • Royuela, V., Veneri, P., & Ramosi, R. (2014). Income inequality, urban size and economic growth in OECD Regions. OECD Regional Development Working Papers 2014/10. https://doi. org/10.1787/5jxrcmg88l8r-en google scholar
  • Sagala, P., Akita, T., & Yusuf, A. A. (2014). Urbanization and expenditure inequality in Indonesia: Testing the Kuznets hypothesis with provincial panel data. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 7: 133-147. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12076-013-0106-7 google scholar
  • Segal, P. (2022). On the character and causes of inequality in Latin America. Development and Change 53(5): 1087-1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12728 google scholar
  • Su, C-W., Liu, T-Y., Chang, H-L. & Ziang, X-Z. (2015). Is urbanization narrowing the urban-rural income gap? A cross-regional study of China. Habitat International, 48, 79-86. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.03.002 google scholar
  • Sulemana, I., Nketiah-Amponsah, E., & Codjoe, E. A. (2019). Urbanization and income inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainable Cities and Society, 48, 101544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scs.2019.101544 google scholar
  • Yao, Y., & Jiang, L. (2021). Urbanization forces driving rural urban income disparity: Evidence from metropolitan areas in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 312, 127748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2021.127748 google scholar
  • Wan, G., Zhang, X., & Zhao, M. (2022). Urbanization can help reduce income inequality. npj Urban Sustainability, 2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-021-00040-y google scholar
  • Wang, Z. (2011). A reexamination of urbanization and urban-rural income gap in China. Economic Geography, 8, 1289 - 1293. google scholar
  • Wang, X., Shao, S. & Li, L. (2019). Agricultural inputs, urbanization, and urban-rural income disparity: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 55, 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chieco.2019.03.009 google scholar
  • World Bank (WDI) (2002). Reaching the rural poor (a rural development strategy for the Latin America and Caribbean Region). Rural Development Strategy, Regional Development Strategy. http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00660/WEB/PDF/LATINAME.PDF google scholar
  • World Social Report (WSR) (2020). Inequality in a Rapidly Changing World, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/02/World-Social-Report2020-FullReport.pdf google scholar
  • Wu, D., & Rao, D. S. P. (2017). Urbanization and Income Inequality in China: An Empirical Investigation at Provincial Level. Social Indicators Research, 131(1): 189-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1229-1 google scholar
  • Yuan, Y., Wang, M., Zhu, Y., Huang, X., & Xiong, X. (2020). Urbanization’s effects on the urban-rural income gap in China: A meta-regression analysis. Land Use Policy, 99, 104995. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104995 google scholar
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Buket Altınöz 0000-0002-4276-4821

Ebru Topcu 0000-0003-3572-7552

Publication Date June 26, 2023
Submission Date October 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 73 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Altınöz, B., & Topcu, E. (2023). Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 73(1), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063
AMA Altınöz B, Topcu E. Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. June 2023;73(1):261-279. doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063
Chicago Altınöz, Buket, and Ebru Topcu. “Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 73, no. 1 (June 2023): 261-79. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063.
EndNote Altınöz B, Topcu E (June 1, 2023) Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 73 1 261–279.
IEEE B. Altınöz and E. Topcu, “Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 261–279, 2023, doi: 10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063.
ISNAD Altınöz, Buket - Topcu, Ebru. “Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 73/1 (June 2023), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063.
JAMA Altınöz B, Topcu E. Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2023;73:261–279.
MLA Altınöz, Buket and Ebru Topcu. “Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 73, no. 1, 2023, pp. 261-79, doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1195063.
Vancouver Altınöz B, Topcu E. Urbanization and Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Latin America. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2023;73(1):261-79.