http://www.cmavision.com http://www.cmavision.com google scholar" />
Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks

Year 2024, Volume: 74 Issue: 1, 59 - 98, 04.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872

Abstract

This research examines the macroeconomic and institutional sources of individual, systemic, and systematic risks in the Turkish banking sector. The period between 2008:Q3 and 2019:Q3 of the nine deposit banks selected for this purpose were estimated using panel data analysis estimators. The results indicate that selected macroeconomic and institutional variables affect banking risks. These findings are important for revealing the institutional and macroeconomic sources of risks in the Turkish banking sector. Therefore, the results contain significant propositions for researchers, market participants, and politicians. Market participants and researchers can anticipate defaults and financial instability using selected macroeconomic and institutional variables. The estimation results reveal Turkish banks’ institutional soundness and financial performance strength. In addition, the extent to which banks are effective intermediaries in the sector was analysed. This research documented a strong link between global market indicators and banking risks.

JEL Classification : E44 , G20 , G21

References

  • Abbate, A. & Thaler, D. (2019). Monetary policy and the asset risk-taking channel. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 51(8), 2116-2143. google scholar
  • Acharya, V. V., Pedersen, L. H., Philippon, T. & Richardson, M. P. (2010). Measuring Systemic Risk. FRB of Cleveland Working Paper, No. 10-02. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1595075 google scholar
  • Acharya, V. V. & Thakor, A. V. (2016). The dark side of liquidity creation: leverage and systemic risk Journal of Financial Intermediation, 28, 4-21. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.jfi.2016.08.004 google scholar
  • Adami, R., Gough, O., Muradoğlu, G. & Sivaprasad, S. (2010). The leverage effect on stock returns. 1-34. http://10.2139/ssrn.1690183 google scholar
  • Adhikari, N. (2015). Determinants of systemic risk for companies listed on Nepal stock exchange. GlobalJournal of Management and Business Research: C Finance, 15(5), 1-11. google scholar
  • Aharon, D.Y. & Yagil, Y. (2019). The Impact of financial leverage on shareholders’ systematic risk. Sustainability, 11, 6548. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236548 google scholar
  • Ahmad, M. I., Ur Rehman, R. & Raoof, A. (2010). Do interest rate, exchange rate effect stock returns? A Pakistani Perspective. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 50, 146-150. google scholar
  • Akyol, H. & Baltacı, N. (2018). Ülke kredi risk düzeyi, petrol fiyatları ve temel makroekonomik göstergelerin hisse senedi getirilerine etkisi: BIST 100 örneği. Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22, 459-476. google scholar
  • Alaghi, K. (2011). Financial leverage and systematic risk. African Journal of Business Management, 5(15), 6648-6650. google scholar
  • Allen, F. & Carletti, E. (2013). Systemic risk from real estate and macro-prudential regulation. InternationalJournal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, 5(1/2), 28-48. google scholar
  • Alper, D. & Kara, E. (2017). Borsa İstanbul’da hisse senedi getirilerini etkileyen makroekonomik faktörler: BIST sınai endeksi üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 713-730. google scholar
  • Al-Qudah, A. & Laham, M. (2013). The effect of financial leverage & systematic risk on stock returns in the Amman Stock Exchange (Analytical study-ındustrial sector). Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(6), 136-144. google scholar
  • Amtiran, P. Y., Indiastuti, R., Nidar, S. R. & Masyita, D. (2016). Determinants of systematic risk of banking sector in Indonesia stock exchange. GlobalJournal of Business and Social Science Review, 04(1), 1-8. google scholar
  • Anginer, D. & Demirguc-Kunt, A. (2014). Bank capital and systemic stability. The World Bank Development Research Group, Policy Research Working Paper, 6948. google scholar
  • Andrieş, A. M. & Nistor, S. (2018). Systemic risk and foreign currency positions of banks: Evidence from Emerging Europe. Eastern European Economics, 56(5), 382-421. google scholar
  • Bai, J. & Ng, S. (2004). A panic attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica, Econometric Society, 72(4), 1127-1177. google scholar
  • Bai, J. & Ng, S. (2010). Panel unit root tests with cross-section dependence: A further investigation. Econometric Theory, 26(4), 1088-1114. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H. & Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with ar (1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814-823. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H, Feng, Q. & C. Kao (2012). A lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of the Econometrics, 170, 164-177. google scholar
  • Banz, R. W. (1981). The relationship between return and market value of common stocks. Journal of Financial Economics, 9, 3-18. google scholar
  • Belen, M. & Karamelikli, H. (2015). Türkiye’de hisse senedi getirileri ile döviz kuru arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: ARDL yaklaşımı. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 45(1), 34-42. google scholar
  • Berke, B. (2012). Döviz kuru ve İMKB100 endeksi ilişkisi: yeni bir test. Maliye Dergisi, 163, 243-257. google scholar
  • Bhagat, S., Bolton, B. & Lu, J. (2015). Size, leverage, and risk-taking of financial institutions. Journal of Banking & Finance, 59, 520-537. google scholar
  • Bianconi, M., Hua, X. & Tan, C. M. (2015). Determinants of systemic risk and information dissemination. International Review of Economics and Finance, 38, 352-368. google scholar
  • Borde, S. F. (1998). Risk diversity across restaurants: an empirical analysis. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 39(2), 64-69. google scholar
  • Borri, N., Caccavaio, M., Di Giorgio, G. & Sorrentino, A. M. (2014). Systemic risk in the Italian banking industry. Economic Notes by Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, 43(1), 21-38. google scholar
  • BORSA ISTANBUL (2019). Günlük Bülten. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.borsaistanbul.com/veriler/verileralt/gunluk-bulten google scholar
  • Bowman, R.G. (1980). The importance of a market-value measurement of debt in assessing leverage. Journal ofAccounting Research, 18(1), 242-254 google scholar
  • Bouheni, F. B. (2014). Banking regulation and supervision: can it enhance stability in Europe? Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 6(3), 244-269. google scholar
  • Bouheni, F. B. & Rachdi, H. (2015). Bank capital adequacy requirements and risk-taking behavior in Tunisia: A Simultaneous Equations Framework. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(1), 231-238. google scholar
  • Booth, J. R., Officer, D. T. & Henderson, G. V. (1985). Commercial bank stocks, interest rates, and systematic risk. Journal of Economics and Business, 37, 303-310. google scholar
  • Boztosun, D. (2010). İMKB’de işlem gören banka hisse senetlerinin getirileri ile makro ekonomik faktörler arasındaki ilişkinin analizi. Üçüncü Sektör Kooperatifçilik, 45(4), 39-53. google scholar
  • Breitung, J. (2000). The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. nonstationary panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, 15, 161-177. google scholar
  • Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, 47(1), 239-253. google scholar
  • Chung, T. F., Ariff, M. & M., S. (2017). Banking liquidity and stock market prices in three countries in ASEAN. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 25 (1), 291- 316. google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2010a). Global sovereign credit risk report, 1st quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2010b). Global sovereign credit risk report, 2nd quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com">http://www.cmavision.com http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2010c). Global sovereign credit risk report, 3rd quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2011a). Global sovereign credit risk report, 4th quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2011b). Global sovereign credit risk report, 1st quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2011c). Global sovereign credit risk report, 2nd quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company. (2011d). Global sovereign credit risk report, 3rd quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012a). Global sovereign credit risk report, 4th quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012b). Global sovereign credit risk report, 1st quarter 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012c). Global sovereign credit risk report, 2nd quarter 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012d). Global sovereign credit risk report, 3rd quarter 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012e). Global sovereign credit risk report, 4th quarter 2012.Retrieved June google scholar
  • Colletaz, G., Levieuge, G. & Popescu, A. (2018). Monetary policy and long-run systemic risk-taking. Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 86, 165-184. google scholar
  • Daelemans, B., Daniels, J. P. & Nourzad, F. (2018). Free trade agreements and volatility of stock returns and exchange rates: evidence from NAFTA. Open Economies Review, 29, 141-163. google scholar
  • Daves, P. R., Ehrhardt, M.C., Kuhlemeyer, G. A. & Kunkel, R. A. (2000). Increases in the systematic risk of large firms. American Business Review, 18(2), 62-74. google scholar
  • Dedunu, H. H. (2017). Financial variables impact on common stock systematic risk. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 4(10), 23-32. google scholar
  • Dell’ariccia, G., Laeven, L. & Suarez, G. A. (2017). Bank leverage and monetary policy’s risk-taking channel: evidence from the United States. The Journal of Finance, LXXII (2), 613-654. google scholar
  • Dreyer, J. K., Schmid, P.A. & Zugrav, V. (2018). Individual, systematic and systemic risks in the Danish banking sector. Finance a ûver-CzechJournalof Economics and Finance, 68 (4), 320-350. google scholar
  • Driscoll, J. C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560, google scholar
  • Drobetz, W., Menzel, C. & Schröder, H. (2016). Systematic risk behavior in cyclical industries: the case of shipping. Transportation Research Part E, 88, 129-145. google scholar
  • ECB (2009). The Concept of Systemic Risk. Financial Stability Review, 134-142. google scholar
  • Fahmi, S., Geetha, C. & Mohidin, R. (2017). The effect of systematıc risk factors on the performance of the Malaysia stock market. Proceedings of International Conference on Economics, 57-68. google scholar
  • Festic, M., Kavkler, A. & Repina, S. (2011). The macroeconomic sources of systemic risk in the banking sectors of five new EU member states. Journal of Banking & Finance, 35, 310-322. google scholar
  • Frees, E.W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69, 393-414. google scholar
  • Frees E.W. (2004). Longitudinal and panel data: analysis and applications in the social sciences. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675-701. google scholar
  • Fu, X., Sandri, M. & Shackleton, M. B. (2016). Asymmetric effects of volatility risk on stock returns: evidence from VIX and VIX futures. The Journal of Futures Markets, 36 (11), 1029-1056. google scholar
  • Giacomini, E., Ling, D. C. & Naranjo, A. (2015). Leverage and returns: a cross-country analysis of public real estate markets. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 51, 125-159. http://10.1007/s11146-014-9489-5 google scholar
  • Greene, W. (2000). Econometric analysis. upper saddle river. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. google scholar
  • Grill, M., Lang, J. H. & Smith, J. (2016). The leverage ratio, risk-taking and bank stability. ECB, Working Paper, 2079. google scholar
  • Ha, N. T. T. & Quyen, P. G. (2018). Monetary policy, bank competitiveness and bank risk-taking: empirical evidence from Vietnam. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 14(2), 137-156. google scholar
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. EconometricsJournal, 3, 148-161. google scholar
  • Hamada, R. S. (1969). Portfolio analysis, market equilibrium and corporation finance. The Journal of Finance, 24(1), 13-31. google scholar
  • Hamada, R. S. (1972). The effect of firms’s capital structure on the systematic risk of common stock. The Journal of Finance, 27(2), 435-452. google scholar
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271. google scholar
  • Hussain, S. & Shah, S. M. A. (2018). Macro-economic factors and firm downside systematic risk: socio-political index as moderation. Journal of Managerial Sciences, XI (3), 221-242. google scholar
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53 - 74. google scholar
  • Investing.Com (2019). Investing. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.investing.com/ google scholar
  • Iqbal, M. J. & Shah, S. Z. A. (2012). Determinants of systematic risk. The Journal of Commerce, 4(1), 47-56. google scholar
  • Kabundi, A. & De Simone, F. N. (2019). Monetary policy and systemic risk-taking in the Euro area banking sector. Economic Modelling, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.10.020 google scholar
  • Karakuş, R. (2017). Determinants of affecting level from systematic risk: evidence from BIST 100 companies in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 10(20), 33-46. google scholar
  • Kasman, S., Vardar, G. & Tunç, G. (2011). The impact of interest rate and exchange rate volatility on banks’ stock returns and volatility: evidence from Turkey. Economic Modelling, 28, 1328-1334. google scholar
  • Kim, J. (2019). The effect of systematic default risk on credit risk premiums. Sustainability, 11(6039), 1-17. google scholar
  • Kownatzki, C. (2016). How good is the VIX as a predictor of market risk? Journal of Accounting and Finance, 16(6), 39-60. google scholar
  • Kubinschi, M. & Barnea, D. (2016). Systemic risk impact on economic growth- the case of the CEE countries. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, XIX (4), 79-94. google scholar
  • Kuzubaş, T. U., Saltoğlu, B. & Sever, C. (2016). Systemic risk and heterogeneous leverage in banking networks. Physica A, 462, 358-375. google scholar
  • Laeven, L., Ratnovski, L. & Tong, H. (2014). Bank size and systemic risk. Internatıonal Monetary Fund, 1-33. google scholar
  • Laeven, L., Ratnovski, L. & Tong, H. (2016). Bank size, capital, and systemic risk: some international evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 69, 25-34. google scholar
  • Langfield, S. & Pagano, M. (2016). Bank bias in Europe: effects on systemic risk and growth. Economic Policy, 31(85), 51-106. google scholar
  • Lakonishok, J. & Shapiro, A. C. (1984). Stock returns, beta, variance and size: an empirical analysis. Financial Analysts Journal, 40(4), 36-41. google scholar
  • Lee, U. (1997). Stock market and macroeconomic policies: new evidence from Pacific basin countries. Multinational Finance Journal, 1(4), 273-289. google scholar
  • Lee, C. C. & Hsieh, M. F. (2013). The impact of bank capital on profitability and risk in Asian banking. Journal of International Money and Finance, 32, 251-281. google scholar
  • Lee, J. S. & Jang, S. (2007). The systematic-risk determinants of The US airline industry. Tourism Management, 28, 434-442. google scholar
  • Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688-726. google scholar
  • Longstaff, F. A., Pan, J., Pedersen, L. H. & Singleton, K. J. (2007). How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? Working Paper, 13658, National Bureau of Economic Research. google scholar
  • Longstaff, F. A., Pan, J., Pedersen, L. H. & Singleton, K. J. (2011). How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? American Economic Journal, 1-31. google scholar
  • Lopotenco, V. (2017). What is the ımpact of monetary policy on systemic risk of republic of Moldova’s Banking Sector? The Journal Contemporary Economy, 2(1), 157-163. google scholar
  • Macau, M. M. & Ambrose, D. J. (2018). Systematic risk factors, investor sentiment and stock market performance in Kenya. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 5(2), 1132-1143. google scholar
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 0305-9049, 631-652. google scholar
  • Mandelker, G. N. & S. Ghon Rhee, S. G. (1984). The impact of the degrees of operating and financial leverage on systematic risk of common stock. The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 19(1), 45-57. google scholar
  • Marozva, G. (2019). Liquidity and stock returns: new evidence from Johannesburg stock Exchange. The Journal Developing Areas, 53(2), 79-90. google scholar
  • Maysami, R. C., Howe, L. C. & Hamzah, M.A. (2004). Relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock market indices: cointegration evidence from stock exchange of Singapore’s all-sector indices. Jurnal Pengurusan, 24, 47-77. google scholar
  • Mazviona, B.W. & Nyangara, D. (2014). Does firm size affect stock returns? evidence from the Zimbabwe stock exchange. International Journal of Business and Economic Development, 2(3), 13-17. google scholar
  • McCurdy, T. H. & Morgan, I. G. (1991). Tests for a systematic risk component in deviations from uncovered interest rate parity. Review of Economic Studies, 58, 587-602. google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013a). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 1st quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013b). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 2nd quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013c). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 3rd quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013d). global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 4th quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014a). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 1st quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014b). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 2nd quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014c). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 3rd quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014d). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 4th quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Merton, R. C. (1973). An intertemporal capital asset pricing model. Econometrica, 41(5), 867-887. google scholar
  • Mirza, N., Rahat, B. & Reddy, K. (2016). Financial leverage and stock returns: evidence from an emerging economy, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 29(1) 85-100. google scholar
  • Modigliani, F. & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297. google scholar
  • MSCI.Com (2019). MSCI. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.msci.com/ google scholar
  • Muradoğlu, G. & Sivaprasad, S. (2008). An empirical test on leverage and stock returns. Retrieved June 15, 2020 from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/AN-EMPIRICAL-TEST-ON-LEVERAGE-AND-STOCK-RETURNS-Muradoglu/90e3cacad068843bd71ec 75916d620482fae3e3fv google scholar
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. & Singh, H. (2014). The determinants of stock prices: new evidence from the Indian banking sector. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50(2),5-15. google scholar
  • Nimalathasan, B. & Pratheepkanth, P. (2012). Systematic risk management and profitability: a case study of selected financial ınstitutions in Sri Lanka. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(17), 1-4. google scholar
  • Öztürk, H. & Yılmaz, A. A. (2015). Leverage and stock returns: evidence from Istanbul stock exchange. Accounting and Finance Research, 4(4), 140-146. google scholar
  • Pais, A. & Stork, P. A. (2013). Bank size and systemic risk. European Financial Management, 19(3), 429-451. google scholar
  • PARAGARANTI.COM (2019). Para-garanti. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www. paragaranti.com/ google scholar
  • Patrick, H. T. (1966). Financial development and economic growth in underdeveloped countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 14(2), 174-189. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unıt root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Economy, 22, 265-312. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117. google scholar
  • Puspitaningtyas, Z. (2017). Estimating systematic risk for the best investment decisions on manufacturing company in Indonesia. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 14(1), 46-54. google scholar
  • Rahman, M. M., Chowdhury, A. A. & Dey, M. (2018). Relationship between risk-taking, capital regulation and bank performance: empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 11(22), 29-57. google scholar
  • Rahim, A., Khan, Z., Alam, T. & Khan, H. (2016). Effect of leverage on stock returns and systematic risk: evidence from Pakistani industries. Sarhad Journal of Management Sciences, 2(1), 39-48. google scholar
  • Ranciere, R. & Tornell, A. (2004). Systemic risk and growth. 1-28. Retrieved May 15, 2019 from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/staffp/2004/00-00/tornel.pdf google scholar
  • Ranciere, R., Tornell, A. & Westermann, F. (2008). Systemic crises and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(1), 359-406. google scholar
  • Ranciere, R., Tornell, A., Vamvakidis, A., Nocke, V., Alberola, E. & Del Rio, P. (2010). Currency mismatch, systemic risk and growth in Emerging europe [with Discussion]. Economic Policy, 25(64), 597-658. google scholar
  • Rubinstein, M.E. A (1973). Mean variance synthesis of corporate financial theory. The Journal of Finance, 28 (1), 167-181. google scholar
  • Rutkowska-Ziarko, A. & Pyke, C. (2017). The development of downside accounting beta as a measure of risk . Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, 151-161. Economics and Business Review, 3(17) (4), 55-65. google scholar
  • Sarwar, G. & Khan, W. (2017). The effect of US stock market uncertainty on emerging market returns. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 53, 1796-1811. google scholar
  • Sirivige, R. (2017). The relationship between profitability and the risk factors and other macroeconomic factors. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 78625. google scholar
  • Smaga, P. (2014). The concept of systemic risk. The London school of economics and political science, E.S.R.C., 5, 1-26. google scholar
  • Stever, R. (2007). Bank size, credit and the sources of bank market risk. BIS Working Papers, 238. google scholar
  • Stolbov, M. (2017). Assessing systemic risk and ıts determinants for advanced and major emerging economies: the case of ACoVaR. International Economics and Economic Policy, 14, 119-152. google scholar
  • Sullivan, T. G. (1978). The cost of capital and the market power of firms. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(2), 209-217. google scholar
  • Şentürk, M. & Dücan, E. (2014). Türkiye’de döviz kuru-faiz oranı ve borsa getirisi ilişkisi: ampirik bir analiz. Business and Economics Research Journal, 5(3), 67-80. google scholar
  • Taylor, M. P. & Sarno, L. (1998). The behavior of real exchange rates during the post- bretton woods period. Journal of International Economics, 46, 281-312. google scholar
  • TBB (2019). İstatistikler. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr google scholar
  • TCMB (2019). EVDS. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ google scholar
  • Toader, O. (2015). Estimating the ımpact of higher capital requirements on the cost of equity: an empirical study of European banks. International Economics and Economic Policy, 12, 411-436. google scholar
  • Varotto, S. & Zhao, L. (2018). Systemic risk and bank size. Journal of International Money and Finance, 82, 45-70. google scholar
  • NYU-Stern (2019). V-lab. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://vlab.stern.nyu.edu/ google scholar
  • Wibowo, B. (2017). Systemic risk, bank’s capital buffer, and leverage. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 9(2), 150-158. google scholar
  • Xu, T. T., Hu, K. & Udaibir, S. D. (2019). Bank profitability and financial stability. IMF Working Paper, No. WP/19/5. google scholar
  • YAHOO FINANCE (2019). CBOE volatility index. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://finance. yahoo.com/ google scholar
  • Yeşin, P. (2013). Foreign currency loans and systemic risk in europe. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 95(3), 219-235. google scholar
Year 2024, Volume: 74 Issue: 1, 59 - 98, 04.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872

Abstract

Thanks

Sayın editör, size ve dergi yönetimindeki kıymetli hoca ve görevlilere emeklerinizden dolayı şimdiden çok teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Abbate, A. & Thaler, D. (2019). Monetary policy and the asset risk-taking channel. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 51(8), 2116-2143. google scholar
  • Acharya, V. V., Pedersen, L. H., Philippon, T. & Richardson, M. P. (2010). Measuring Systemic Risk. FRB of Cleveland Working Paper, No. 10-02. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1595075 google scholar
  • Acharya, V. V. & Thakor, A. V. (2016). The dark side of liquidity creation: leverage and systemic risk Journal of Financial Intermediation, 28, 4-21. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.jfi.2016.08.004 google scholar
  • Adami, R., Gough, O., Muradoğlu, G. & Sivaprasad, S. (2010). The leverage effect on stock returns. 1-34. http://10.2139/ssrn.1690183 google scholar
  • Adhikari, N. (2015). Determinants of systemic risk for companies listed on Nepal stock exchange. GlobalJournal of Management and Business Research: C Finance, 15(5), 1-11. google scholar
  • Aharon, D.Y. & Yagil, Y. (2019). The Impact of financial leverage on shareholders’ systematic risk. Sustainability, 11, 6548. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236548 google scholar
  • Ahmad, M. I., Ur Rehman, R. & Raoof, A. (2010). Do interest rate, exchange rate effect stock returns? A Pakistani Perspective. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 50, 146-150. google scholar
  • Akyol, H. & Baltacı, N. (2018). Ülke kredi risk düzeyi, petrol fiyatları ve temel makroekonomik göstergelerin hisse senedi getirilerine etkisi: BIST 100 örneği. Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22, 459-476. google scholar
  • Alaghi, K. (2011). Financial leverage and systematic risk. African Journal of Business Management, 5(15), 6648-6650. google scholar
  • Allen, F. & Carletti, E. (2013). Systemic risk from real estate and macro-prudential regulation. InternationalJournal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, 5(1/2), 28-48. google scholar
  • Alper, D. & Kara, E. (2017). Borsa İstanbul’da hisse senedi getirilerini etkileyen makroekonomik faktörler: BIST sınai endeksi üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 713-730. google scholar
  • Al-Qudah, A. & Laham, M. (2013). The effect of financial leverage & systematic risk on stock returns in the Amman Stock Exchange (Analytical study-ındustrial sector). Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(6), 136-144. google scholar
  • Amtiran, P. Y., Indiastuti, R., Nidar, S. R. & Masyita, D. (2016). Determinants of systematic risk of banking sector in Indonesia stock exchange. GlobalJournal of Business and Social Science Review, 04(1), 1-8. google scholar
  • Anginer, D. & Demirguc-Kunt, A. (2014). Bank capital and systemic stability. The World Bank Development Research Group, Policy Research Working Paper, 6948. google scholar
  • Andrieş, A. M. & Nistor, S. (2018). Systemic risk and foreign currency positions of banks: Evidence from Emerging Europe. Eastern European Economics, 56(5), 382-421. google scholar
  • Bai, J. & Ng, S. (2004). A panic attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica, Econometric Society, 72(4), 1127-1177. google scholar
  • Bai, J. & Ng, S. (2010). Panel unit root tests with cross-section dependence: A further investigation. Econometric Theory, 26(4), 1088-1114. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H. & Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with ar (1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814-823. google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H, Feng, Q. & C. Kao (2012). A lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of the Econometrics, 170, 164-177. google scholar
  • Banz, R. W. (1981). The relationship between return and market value of common stocks. Journal of Financial Economics, 9, 3-18. google scholar
  • Belen, M. & Karamelikli, H. (2015). Türkiye’de hisse senedi getirileri ile döviz kuru arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: ARDL yaklaşımı. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 45(1), 34-42. google scholar
  • Berke, B. (2012). Döviz kuru ve İMKB100 endeksi ilişkisi: yeni bir test. Maliye Dergisi, 163, 243-257. google scholar
  • Bhagat, S., Bolton, B. & Lu, J. (2015). Size, leverage, and risk-taking of financial institutions. Journal of Banking & Finance, 59, 520-537. google scholar
  • Bianconi, M., Hua, X. & Tan, C. M. (2015). Determinants of systemic risk and information dissemination. International Review of Economics and Finance, 38, 352-368. google scholar
  • Borde, S. F. (1998). Risk diversity across restaurants: an empirical analysis. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 39(2), 64-69. google scholar
  • Borri, N., Caccavaio, M., Di Giorgio, G. & Sorrentino, A. M. (2014). Systemic risk in the Italian banking industry. Economic Notes by Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, 43(1), 21-38. google scholar
  • BORSA ISTANBUL (2019). Günlük Bülten. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.borsaistanbul.com/veriler/verileralt/gunluk-bulten google scholar
  • Bowman, R.G. (1980). The importance of a market-value measurement of debt in assessing leverage. Journal ofAccounting Research, 18(1), 242-254 google scholar
  • Bouheni, F. B. (2014). Banking regulation and supervision: can it enhance stability in Europe? Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 6(3), 244-269. google scholar
  • Bouheni, F. B. & Rachdi, H. (2015). Bank capital adequacy requirements and risk-taking behavior in Tunisia: A Simultaneous Equations Framework. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(1), 231-238. google scholar
  • Booth, J. R., Officer, D. T. & Henderson, G. V. (1985). Commercial bank stocks, interest rates, and systematic risk. Journal of Economics and Business, 37, 303-310. google scholar
  • Boztosun, D. (2010). İMKB’de işlem gören banka hisse senetlerinin getirileri ile makro ekonomik faktörler arasındaki ilişkinin analizi. Üçüncü Sektör Kooperatifçilik, 45(4), 39-53. google scholar
  • Breitung, J. (2000). The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. nonstationary panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, 15, 161-177. google scholar
  • Breusch, T. S. & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, 47(1), 239-253. google scholar
  • Chung, T. F., Ariff, M. & M., S. (2017). Banking liquidity and stock market prices in three countries in ASEAN. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 25 (1), 291- 316. google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2010a). Global sovereign credit risk report, 1st quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2010b). Global sovereign credit risk report, 2nd quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com">http://www.cmavision.com http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2010c). Global sovereign credit risk report, 3rd quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2011a). Global sovereign credit risk report, 4th quarter 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2011b). Global sovereign credit risk report, 1st quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2011c). Global sovereign credit risk report, 2nd quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company. (2011d). Global sovereign credit risk report, 3rd quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012a). Global sovereign credit risk report, 4th quarter 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012b). Global sovereign credit risk report, 1st quarter 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012c). Global sovereign credit risk report, 2nd quarter 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012d). Global sovereign credit risk report, 3rd quarter 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.cmavision.com google scholar
  • CME Group Company (2012e). Global sovereign credit risk report, 4th quarter 2012.Retrieved June google scholar
  • Colletaz, G., Levieuge, G. & Popescu, A. (2018). Monetary policy and long-run systemic risk-taking. Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 86, 165-184. google scholar
  • Daelemans, B., Daniels, J. P. & Nourzad, F. (2018). Free trade agreements and volatility of stock returns and exchange rates: evidence from NAFTA. Open Economies Review, 29, 141-163. google scholar
  • Daves, P. R., Ehrhardt, M.C., Kuhlemeyer, G. A. & Kunkel, R. A. (2000). Increases in the systematic risk of large firms. American Business Review, 18(2), 62-74. google scholar
  • Dedunu, H. H. (2017). Financial variables impact on common stock systematic risk. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 4(10), 23-32. google scholar
  • Dell’ariccia, G., Laeven, L. & Suarez, G. A. (2017). Bank leverage and monetary policy’s risk-taking channel: evidence from the United States. The Journal of Finance, LXXII (2), 613-654. google scholar
  • Dreyer, J. K., Schmid, P.A. & Zugrav, V. (2018). Individual, systematic and systemic risks in the Danish banking sector. Finance a ûver-CzechJournalof Economics and Finance, 68 (4), 320-350. google scholar
  • Driscoll, J. C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560, google scholar
  • Drobetz, W., Menzel, C. & Schröder, H. (2016). Systematic risk behavior in cyclical industries: the case of shipping. Transportation Research Part E, 88, 129-145. google scholar
  • ECB (2009). The Concept of Systemic Risk. Financial Stability Review, 134-142. google scholar
  • Fahmi, S., Geetha, C. & Mohidin, R. (2017). The effect of systematıc risk factors on the performance of the Malaysia stock market. Proceedings of International Conference on Economics, 57-68. google scholar
  • Festic, M., Kavkler, A. & Repina, S. (2011). The macroeconomic sources of systemic risk in the banking sectors of five new EU member states. Journal of Banking & Finance, 35, 310-322. google scholar
  • Frees, E.W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69, 393-414. google scholar
  • Frees E.W. (2004). Longitudinal and panel data: analysis and applications in the social sciences. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675-701. google scholar
  • Fu, X., Sandri, M. & Shackleton, M. B. (2016). Asymmetric effects of volatility risk on stock returns: evidence from VIX and VIX futures. The Journal of Futures Markets, 36 (11), 1029-1056. google scholar
  • Giacomini, E., Ling, D. C. & Naranjo, A. (2015). Leverage and returns: a cross-country analysis of public real estate markets. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 51, 125-159. http://10.1007/s11146-014-9489-5 google scholar
  • Greene, W. (2000). Econometric analysis. upper saddle river. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. google scholar
  • Grill, M., Lang, J. H. & Smith, J. (2016). The leverage ratio, risk-taking and bank stability. ECB, Working Paper, 2079. google scholar
  • Ha, N. T. T. & Quyen, P. G. (2018). Monetary policy, bank competitiveness and bank risk-taking: empirical evidence from Vietnam. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 14(2), 137-156. google scholar
  • Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. EconometricsJournal, 3, 148-161. google scholar
  • Hamada, R. S. (1969). Portfolio analysis, market equilibrium and corporation finance. The Journal of Finance, 24(1), 13-31. google scholar
  • Hamada, R. S. (1972). The effect of firms’s capital structure on the systematic risk of common stock. The Journal of Finance, 27(2), 435-452. google scholar
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271. google scholar
  • Hussain, S. & Shah, S. M. A. (2018). Macro-economic factors and firm downside systematic risk: socio-political index as moderation. Journal of Managerial Sciences, XI (3), 221-242. google scholar
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53 - 74. google scholar
  • Investing.Com (2019). Investing. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.investing.com/ google scholar
  • Iqbal, M. J. & Shah, S. Z. A. (2012). Determinants of systematic risk. The Journal of Commerce, 4(1), 47-56. google scholar
  • Kabundi, A. & De Simone, F. N. (2019). Monetary policy and systemic risk-taking in the Euro area banking sector. Economic Modelling, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.10.020 google scholar
  • Karakuş, R. (2017). Determinants of affecting level from systematic risk: evidence from BIST 100 companies in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 10(20), 33-46. google scholar
  • Kasman, S., Vardar, G. & Tunç, G. (2011). The impact of interest rate and exchange rate volatility on banks’ stock returns and volatility: evidence from Turkey. Economic Modelling, 28, 1328-1334. google scholar
  • Kim, J. (2019). The effect of systematic default risk on credit risk premiums. Sustainability, 11(6039), 1-17. google scholar
  • Kownatzki, C. (2016). How good is the VIX as a predictor of market risk? Journal of Accounting and Finance, 16(6), 39-60. google scholar
  • Kubinschi, M. & Barnea, D. (2016). Systemic risk impact on economic growth- the case of the CEE countries. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, XIX (4), 79-94. google scholar
  • Kuzubaş, T. U., Saltoğlu, B. & Sever, C. (2016). Systemic risk and heterogeneous leverage in banking networks. Physica A, 462, 358-375. google scholar
  • Laeven, L., Ratnovski, L. & Tong, H. (2014). Bank size and systemic risk. Internatıonal Monetary Fund, 1-33. google scholar
  • Laeven, L., Ratnovski, L. & Tong, H. (2016). Bank size, capital, and systemic risk: some international evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 69, 25-34. google scholar
  • Langfield, S. & Pagano, M. (2016). Bank bias in Europe: effects on systemic risk and growth. Economic Policy, 31(85), 51-106. google scholar
  • Lakonishok, J. & Shapiro, A. C. (1984). Stock returns, beta, variance and size: an empirical analysis. Financial Analysts Journal, 40(4), 36-41. google scholar
  • Lee, U. (1997). Stock market and macroeconomic policies: new evidence from Pacific basin countries. Multinational Finance Journal, 1(4), 273-289. google scholar
  • Lee, C. C. & Hsieh, M. F. (2013). The impact of bank capital on profitability and risk in Asian banking. Journal of International Money and Finance, 32, 251-281. google scholar
  • Lee, J. S. & Jang, S. (2007). The systematic-risk determinants of The US airline industry. Tourism Management, 28, 434-442. google scholar
  • Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688-726. google scholar
  • Longstaff, F. A., Pan, J., Pedersen, L. H. & Singleton, K. J. (2007). How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? Working Paper, 13658, National Bureau of Economic Research. google scholar
  • Longstaff, F. A., Pan, J., Pedersen, L. H. & Singleton, K. J. (2011). How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? American Economic Journal, 1-31. google scholar
  • Lopotenco, V. (2017). What is the ımpact of monetary policy on systemic risk of republic of Moldova’s Banking Sector? The Journal Contemporary Economy, 2(1), 157-163. google scholar
  • Macau, M. M. & Ambrose, D. J. (2018). Systematic risk factors, investor sentiment and stock market performance in Kenya. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 5(2), 1132-1143. google scholar
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 0305-9049, 631-652. google scholar
  • Mandelker, G. N. & S. Ghon Rhee, S. G. (1984). The impact of the degrees of operating and financial leverage on systematic risk of common stock. The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 19(1), 45-57. google scholar
  • Marozva, G. (2019). Liquidity and stock returns: new evidence from Johannesburg stock Exchange. The Journal Developing Areas, 53(2), 79-90. google scholar
  • Maysami, R. C., Howe, L. C. & Hamzah, M.A. (2004). Relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock market indices: cointegration evidence from stock exchange of Singapore’s all-sector indices. Jurnal Pengurusan, 24, 47-77. google scholar
  • Mazviona, B.W. & Nyangara, D. (2014). Does firm size affect stock returns? evidence from the Zimbabwe stock exchange. International Journal of Business and Economic Development, 2(3), 13-17. google scholar
  • McCurdy, T. H. & Morgan, I. G. (1991). Tests for a systematic risk component in deviations from uncovered interest rate parity. Review of Economic Studies, 58, 587-602. google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013a). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 1st quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013b). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 2nd quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013c). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 3rd quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2013d). global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 4th quarter 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014a). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 1st quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014b). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 2nd quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014c). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 3rd quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Mcgraw Hill Financial (2014d). Global sovereign credit risk report. S&P capital IQ, 4th quarter 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2018 from http://www.spcapitaliq.com google scholar
  • Merton, R. C. (1973). An intertemporal capital asset pricing model. Econometrica, 41(5), 867-887. google scholar
  • Mirza, N., Rahat, B. & Reddy, K. (2016). Financial leverage and stock returns: evidence from an emerging economy, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 29(1) 85-100. google scholar
  • Modigliani, F. & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297. google scholar
  • MSCI.Com (2019). MSCI. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.msci.com/ google scholar
  • Muradoğlu, G. & Sivaprasad, S. (2008). An empirical test on leverage and stock returns. Retrieved June 15, 2020 from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/AN-EMPIRICAL-TEST-ON-LEVERAGE-AND-STOCK-RETURNS-Muradoglu/90e3cacad068843bd71ec 75916d620482fae3e3fv google scholar
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. & Singh, H. (2014). The determinants of stock prices: new evidence from the Indian banking sector. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 50(2),5-15. google scholar
  • Nimalathasan, B. & Pratheepkanth, P. (2012). Systematic risk management and profitability: a case study of selected financial ınstitutions in Sri Lanka. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(17), 1-4. google scholar
  • Öztürk, H. & Yılmaz, A. A. (2015). Leverage and stock returns: evidence from Istanbul stock exchange. Accounting and Finance Research, 4(4), 140-146. google scholar
  • Pais, A. & Stork, P. A. (2013). Bank size and systemic risk. European Financial Management, 19(3), 429-451. google scholar
  • PARAGARANTI.COM (2019). Para-garanti. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www. paragaranti.com/ google scholar
  • Patrick, H. T. (1966). Financial development and economic growth in underdeveloped countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 14(2), 174-189. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unıt root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Economy, 22, 265-312. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117. google scholar
  • Puspitaningtyas, Z. (2017). Estimating systematic risk for the best investment decisions on manufacturing company in Indonesia. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 14(1), 46-54. google scholar
  • Rahman, M. M., Chowdhury, A. A. & Dey, M. (2018). Relationship between risk-taking, capital regulation and bank performance: empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 11(22), 29-57. google scholar
  • Rahim, A., Khan, Z., Alam, T. & Khan, H. (2016). Effect of leverage on stock returns and systematic risk: evidence from Pakistani industries. Sarhad Journal of Management Sciences, 2(1), 39-48. google scholar
  • Ranciere, R. & Tornell, A. (2004). Systemic risk and growth. 1-28. Retrieved May 15, 2019 from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/staffp/2004/00-00/tornel.pdf google scholar
  • Ranciere, R., Tornell, A. & Westermann, F. (2008). Systemic crises and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(1), 359-406. google scholar
  • Ranciere, R., Tornell, A., Vamvakidis, A., Nocke, V., Alberola, E. & Del Rio, P. (2010). Currency mismatch, systemic risk and growth in Emerging europe [with Discussion]. Economic Policy, 25(64), 597-658. google scholar
  • Rubinstein, M.E. A (1973). Mean variance synthesis of corporate financial theory. The Journal of Finance, 28 (1), 167-181. google scholar
  • Rutkowska-Ziarko, A. & Pyke, C. (2017). The development of downside accounting beta as a measure of risk . Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, 151-161. Economics and Business Review, 3(17) (4), 55-65. google scholar
  • Sarwar, G. & Khan, W. (2017). The effect of US stock market uncertainty on emerging market returns. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 53, 1796-1811. google scholar
  • Sirivige, R. (2017). The relationship between profitability and the risk factors and other macroeconomic factors. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 78625. google scholar
  • Smaga, P. (2014). The concept of systemic risk. The London school of economics and political science, E.S.R.C., 5, 1-26. google scholar
  • Stever, R. (2007). Bank size, credit and the sources of bank market risk. BIS Working Papers, 238. google scholar
  • Stolbov, M. (2017). Assessing systemic risk and ıts determinants for advanced and major emerging economies: the case of ACoVaR. International Economics and Economic Policy, 14, 119-152. google scholar
  • Sullivan, T. G. (1978). The cost of capital and the market power of firms. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(2), 209-217. google scholar
  • Şentürk, M. & Dücan, E. (2014). Türkiye’de döviz kuru-faiz oranı ve borsa getirisi ilişkisi: ampirik bir analiz. Business and Economics Research Journal, 5(3), 67-80. google scholar
  • Taylor, M. P. & Sarno, L. (1998). The behavior of real exchange rates during the post- bretton woods period. Journal of International Economics, 46, 281-312. google scholar
  • TBB (2019). İstatistikler. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.tbb.org.tr/tr google scholar
  • TCMB (2019). EVDS. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ google scholar
  • Toader, O. (2015). Estimating the ımpact of higher capital requirements on the cost of equity: an empirical study of European banks. International Economics and Economic Policy, 12, 411-436. google scholar
  • Varotto, S. & Zhao, L. (2018). Systemic risk and bank size. Journal of International Money and Finance, 82, 45-70. google scholar
  • NYU-Stern (2019). V-lab. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://vlab.stern.nyu.edu/ google scholar
  • Wibowo, B. (2017). Systemic risk, bank’s capital buffer, and leverage. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 9(2), 150-158. google scholar
  • Xu, T. T., Hu, K. & Udaibir, S. D. (2019). Bank profitability and financial stability. IMF Working Paper, No. WP/19/5. google scholar
  • YAHOO FINANCE (2019). CBOE volatility index. Retrieved December 2, 2019 from https://finance. yahoo.com/ google scholar
  • Yeşin, P. (2013). Foreign currency loans and systemic risk in europe. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 95(3), 219-235. google scholar
There are 146 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hikmet Akyol 0000-0001-9119-7416

Selim Başar 0000-0002-7055-8240

Publication Date September 4, 2024
Submission Date April 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 74 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akyol, H., & Başar, S. (2024). Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 74(1), 59-98. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872
AMA Akyol H, Başar S. Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. September 2024;74(1):59-98. doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872
Chicago Akyol, Hikmet, and Selim Başar. “Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74, no. 1 (September 2024): 59-98. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872.
EndNote Akyol H, Başar S (September 1, 2024) Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74 1 59–98.
IEEE H. Akyol and S. Başar, “Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 59–98, 2024, doi: 10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872.
ISNAD Akyol, Hikmet - Başar, Selim. “Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74/1 (September 2024), 59-98. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872.
JAMA Akyol H, Başar S. Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2024;74:59–98.
MLA Akyol, Hikmet and Selim Başar. “Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 74, no. 1, 2024, pp. 59-98, doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1288872.
Vancouver Akyol H, Başar S. Empirical Analysis of Turkish Banking Sector Institutional and Macroeconomic Determinants of Risks. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2024;74(1):59-98.