Public Policies on the Socioeconomic Effects of Migration

Year 2024, Volume: 74 Issue: 1, 193 - 223, 04.09.2024

Ezgim Yavuz , Nazan Susam

https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1321940

Abstract

To develop a public policy, it is important to understand the experiences of forced migrants. This study reveals the effects of forced migration on public finances in countries hosting displaced people. In this context, public policy support for access to basic humanitarian needs such as education and health, which are semi-public goods, will be evaluated through a quantitative analysis. Interviews with refugees within the scope of this research draw a picture of the current situation. Thus, evaluating the effectiveness and shortcomings of existing policies and determining the policy support needed are among the unique values of this research. Since migration is a dynamic process, it is also aimed to provide a basis for future studies in this field and to reveal the current situation.

JEL Classification : H3 , I18 , I28 , O15

Keywords

Health policy, Education policy, Concept of migration, Theories of migration, Socioeconomic effects of migration

Supporting Institution

This study was funded by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University.

Project Number

Project number: 38624. Project Code: SDK-2022-38624.

Thanks

We would like to thank Asst. Prof. Filiz Baloğlu for her valuable contributions during the preparation phase of the survey.

References

• Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2004). Indicators of integration. Home Office Development and Practice Report 28. London, UK. google scholar
• Al-Fahoum, A. S., Diomidous, M., Mechili, A., Archangelidi, O., Theodoromanolakis, P., & Mantas, J. (2015). The provision of health services in Jordan to Syrian refugees. Health Science Journal, 9(2), 1-7. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Enkeleint-Aggelos-Mechili/publication/283110570_The_ provision_of_health_services_in_Jordan_to_Syrian_refugees/links/56eef7ec08aea35d5b9a3a66/The-provision-of-health-services-in-Jordan-to-Syrian-refugees.pdf google scholar
• Altay, A. (2007). Sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunda yeni açılımlar ve Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmesi [New expansions in the provision of health services and their evaluation in terms of Türkiye]. Sayıştay Dergisi, (64), 33-58. google scholar
• Bartram, D., Poros, M. V., & Monforte, P. (2019). Göç meselesinde temel kavramlar [Key conceptsin migration] (2nd ed.). (I. Ağabeyoğlu Tuncay, Trans.). Ankara, Türkiye: Hece Yayınları. google scholar
• Bulutoğlu, K. (2004). Kamu ekonomisine giriş: demokraside devletin ekonomik bir kuramı. (8th ed.) [Introduction to public economics: an economic theory of the state in democracy]. İstanbul, Türkiye: Batı Türkeli Yayıncılık. google scholar
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (19th ed.) [Manual of data analysis for social sciences]. Ankara, Türkiye: Pegem Akademi. google scholar
• Ceriani, L., & Verme, P. (2018). Risk preferences and the decision to flee conflict. Policy Research working paper,no. WPS 8376 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. Retrieved from http:// documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/111191522076481536/Risk-preferences-and-the-decision-to-flee-conflict google scholar
• Crawford, V. (2016). 10 ways countries can help refugees integrate. Retrieved from https://www. weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/10-ways-countries-can-help-refugees-integrate/ google scholar
• Erdoğan, M. M. (2020). Suriyeliler barometresi 2019: Suriyelilerle uyum içinde yaşamın çerçevesi [Syrians barometer 2019: A framework for achieving social cohesion with Syrians in Türkiye] Ankara, Türkiye: Orion Kitabevi. google scholar
• Erdoğdu, M. M., & Akar, S. (2018). Education and health externalities of Syrian refugees in Turkey: threats and opportunities. La Revista Informacion Comercial Espanola, las Migraciones Euromediterraneas. Impacto socioeconomico y polfticas (Special Issue: Euro-Mediterranean Migration Congress), 29-42. google scholar
• Fakhoury, T., & Ozkul, D. (2019). Syrian refugees’ return from Lebanon. Forced Migration Review, (62), 26-28. Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab020f0b-5ed7-4ee7-80c8-74d15819e487/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=fakhoury-ozkul.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article google scholar
• Ghabash, W., Hatip, M., Müller-Funk, L., Shamaa, R., & Turkmani, M. (2020). Refugee perspectives on migration policy: Lessons from the Middle East. Hamburg:GIGA. Retrieved from https://www. giga-hamburg.de/assets/pure/21566300/gf_nahost_2003_en.pdf google scholar
• Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü. (2017). 2016 Türkiye göç raporu [Türkiye migration report]. Ankara, Türkiye: Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. google scholar
• Güreşçi, E. (2016). Ortak ve farklı yönleriyle iç ve dış göçler [Internal and external migration with their commonalities and differences]. Journal of International Social Research, 9(43), 1058-1064. Retrieved from https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/internal-and-external-migration-with-their-commonalities-and-differences.pdf google scholar
• Hagen-Zanker, J. (2008). Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literatüre. Maastrcht Graduate School of Governance Working Paper No. 2008/WP002, 1-25. Retrieved from https:// papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1105657 google scholar
• Hanushek E. A. & WöBmann, L. (2010). Education and economic growth. In P. Peterson, E. Baker & B. McGaw (Eds), International encyclopedia of education (pp. 245-252). Volume 2,. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. google scholar
• International Organization of Migration. (2020). United Nations. United Nations, https://www.iom. int/key-migration-terms#Migration google scholar
• İçduygu, A., & Aksel, D. B. (2012). Türkiye>de düzensiz göç /İrregular migration in Türkiye]. Ankara, Türkiye: Uluslararası Göç Örgütü. google scholar
• İçduygu, A., & Şimşek, D. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: Towards integration policies. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 15(3), 59-69. Retrieved from http://turkishpolicy.com/article/828/syrian-refugees-in-turkey-towards-integration-policies google scholar
• Jayaraman, R. & Kanbur, R. (1999). International Public Goods and The Case for Foreign Aid, In I. Kaul, I. Grunberg & M.A. Stern, (Eds.), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Koser, K. (2007). International migration: A very short introduction. New York, USA: Ocford University Press. google scholar
• Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063 google scholar
• Lochner, L. (2011). Non-production benefits of education: Crime, health, and good citizenship. NBER Working Paper No. 16722. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https:// www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w16722/w16722.pdf google scholar
• Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 22(1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7 google scholar
• Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 107(2), 407-437. Retrieved from https://eml. berkeley.edu/~dromer/papers/MRW_QJE1992.pdf google scholar
• McMahon, W. W. (1987). Externalities in education. Economics of Education, 133-137. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-08-033379-3.50028-0 google scholar
• Nelson, R. R., & Phelps, E. S. (1966). Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 69-75. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/1821269 google scholar
• Özdal, B., & Vardar Tutan, E. (2018). Temel kavramlar ve olgular [Basic concepts and facts] In B. Özdal (Ed.) Uluslararası Göç ve Nüfus Hareketleri Bağlamında Türkiye [Türkiye in the Context of International Migration and Population Movements]. Bursa, Türkiye: DORA Yayınları. google scholar
• Öztürk, N. (2005). İktisadi kalkınmada eğitimin rolü [The role of education in economic development]. Sosyoekonomi, 1(1), 27-44. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ sosyoekonomi/issue/21061/226776 google scholar
• Öztürk, N. (2016). Kamu ekonomisi [Public economics] (2nd ed.). Bursa, Türkiye: Ekin Yayınevi. google scholar
• Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632 google scholar
• Sağbaş, İ., Saruç, N. T., & Yorulmaz, R. (2017). Türkiye’de eğitim ve sağlık harcamalarının fırsat eşitliği üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması [Analyzing the effects of education and health expenditures on equal opportunities in Turkey]. Maliye Dergisi, 173, 228-243. Retrieved from https://kutuphane. dogus.edu.tr/mvt/pdf.php google scholar
• Sert, D. Ş. (2018). Uluslararası göç yazınında bütünleyici bir kurama doğru [Towards an integrative theory in international migration literature]. In S. G. Ihlamur-Öner, & N. A. Şirin Öner (Eds.), Küreselleşme Çağında Göç [Migration in the age of globalization], (pp. 29-47). İstanbul, Türkiye: İletişim Yayınları. google scholar
• Smith, P. J. (2007). Climate change, mass migration and the military response. Orbis, 51(4), 617-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2007.08.006 google scholar
• Suhrke, A. (1998). Burden-sharing during refugee emergencies: The logic of collective versus national action. Journal of Refugee Studies, 11(4), 396-415. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/11.4.396 google scholar
• Şahin, M. (2020). Küresel kamusal bir mal (veya kötü) olarak göç [Migration as a global public good (or bad)]. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30(2), 353-366. Retrieved from https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/844963 google scholar
• Thielemann, E. (2020). Refugee protection as a public good: How to make responsibility-sharing initiatives more effective. In H. Krunke, H. Petersen, & I. Manners (Eds.), Transnational Solidarity: Concept, Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 165-186). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108766593.010. google scholar
• Topçu, E., & Büyükbeşe, T., (2020). Göç bağlamında toplumsal uyum göstergeleri [Social integration indicators in the context of migration]. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 23-34. Retrieved from http://aksarayiibd.aksaray.edu.tr/tr/download/article-file/1055656 google scholar
• Uzun, F. (2022). Eğitimin dışsallıkları ve toplumsal sistemlere etkisi [Externalities of education and its effect on social systems]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 17(6). https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/ TurkishStudies.63171 google scholar
• Verme, P. (2017). The economics of forced displacement: An introduction. policy research. Working Paper; No. 8038. © World Bank, Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26476 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. google scholar
• Yavan, S. (2022). Bhagwati tarafından önerilen beyin göçü vergisinin uygulanabilirliğinin analizi [Analysis of applicability of brain-drain tax suggested by Bhagwati]. Sosyoekonomi, 30(51), 511536. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25 google scholar
• Yılmaz, B. E., & Yaraşır, S. (2011). Bir küresel kamusal mal olarak sağlık ve finansmanında resmi kalkınma yardımlarının rolü [Role of official development assistances on health and finance as a global public good]. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları, (55), 1-33. Retrieved from https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/7891 google scholar
• Yılmaz, A. (2014). Uluslararası göç çeşitleri, nedenleri ve etkileri [International migration: its types, causes and effects]. Turkish Studies, 9(2), 1683-1704. Retrieved from https://turkishstudies.net/ DergiTamDetay.aspx?ID=6274 google scholar
• Zetter, R. (2012). Are refugees an economic burden or benefit?. Forced Migration Review, (41). Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:97b220e4-9ea8-4900-acab-1ab5b24e282b/ download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=zetter%2B-%2BEnglish. pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article google scholar