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A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index

Year 2024, Volume: 74 Issue: 1, 225 - 251, 04.09.2024

Elif Asoy

https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567

Abstract

The importance of information communication technology in fueling economic growth is widely acknowledged. In the current digital era, the International Digital Economy and Society Index (I-DESI) offers a more precise depiction alternative to the ICT indicators by serving as a better proxy for changes in the factors of production. It monitors the advancement of ICT in the EU27 and 14 non-EU nations, highlighting their strides towards a technologydriven economy. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of the I-DESI on economic growth through the utilization of the panel data method. Hence, gross domestic product (GDP) measured at constant prices was utilized as the dependent variable in the analysis, while the Index of Digital Economy and Society Integration (I-DESI), calculated by the European Commission, served as the independent variable. However, it’s important to note that the described index is current and limited at present. In line with this constraint, only four years of data, spanning from 2015 to 2018, were available. To ensure the accuracy of the model, diagnostic tests were conducted, and the Driscoll-Kraay standard error model was employed to assess the outcomes. Two models were constructed to achieve this goal, with the initial one revealing the relationship between the I-DESI and economic growth. The second model aimed to pinpoint the dimensions of the I-DESI that had the greatest impact on growth. According to findings obtained from the analysis, I-DESI and certain subdimensions which are digital skills, use of internet, integration of digital technology, and digital public services affect economic growth positively and significantly. A one percent increase in I-DESI results in a one percent increase in GDP. Similarly, each subdimension mentioned, where meaningful relationships have been identified, possesses explanatory power for GDP. Furthermore, evaluating the coefficient of these independent variables, changing the weight of dimensions can be considered.

JEL Classification : O14 , O33 , O47

Keywords

Digital economy Economic growth Technology International digital economy and society index Driscoll-Kraay model

References

  • A. H. Elamir, E. ( January 2022). Assessing homoscedasticity graphically: Levene-Brown-Forsythe approaches: accepted. REVSTAT-Statistical Journal., 1-19.https://revstat.ine.pt/index.php/ REVSTAT/article/view/411/459 google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Li, Q. (1991). A joint test for serial correlation and random individual effects. Statistics & Probability Letters, 11 (3), 277-280. doi: doi:10.1016/0167-7152(91)90156l .https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016771529190156L google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR(1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814-823, doi:10.1017/s0266466699156020. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3533276 google scholar
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4),533-549. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2297285 google scholar
  • Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1980). Breusch, T. The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47,239-253.https://www. jstor.org/stable/2297111 google scholar
  • Brown, M., & Forsythe, A. B. (1974). Robust tests for equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69,364-367.https://www.jstor.org/stable/2285659 google scholar
  • D’Agostino, R. B., Belanger, A., & D’Agostino, R. B. (1990). A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality. The American Statistician, 44(4),316-321.https://www.jstor.org/ stable/2684359 google scholar
  • De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482-496.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0600600403 google scholar
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  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393-414.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030440769401658M google scholar
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675-701.https://www.jstor.org/ stable/pdf/2279372.pdf google scholar
  • Ghazy, N., Ghoneim, H., & Lang, G. (2022). Entrepreneurship, productivity and digitalization: Evidence from the EU. Technology in Society, 70(102052), 1-15.https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0160791X22001932 google scholar
  • Gherghina, E. M., Paşa, A. T., & Onofrei, N. (2021). The effects of digitalization on economic growth. Economic Convergence in European Union, XXVIII, 131-142.http://www.ebsco.ectap.ro/ Theoretical_&_Applied_Economics_2021_Special_Issue_Summer.pdf#page=131 google scholar
  • Hausman, J. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.https:// www.jstor.org/stable/1913827 google scholar
  • Imran, M., Liu, X., Wang, R., Saud, S., Zhao, Y., & Khan, M. (2022). The influence of digital economy and society index on sustainable development indicators: The case of European Union. Sustainability, 14(18), 1-16.https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/18/11130 google scholar
  • Ishida, H. (2015). The effect of ICT development on economic growth and energy consumption in Japan. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 79-88. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2014.04.003 google scholar
  • Jin, S., & Cho, C. M. (2015). Is ICT a new essential for national economic growth in an information society? Government Information Quarterly, 32(3), 253-260. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2015.04.007 google scholar
  • Kovacs, T. Z., Bittner, B., Huzsvai, L., & Nabradi, A. (2022). Convergence and the Matthew Effect in the European Union based on the DESI index. Mathematics, 10(4), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ math10040613 google scholar
  • Kuznets, S. (1966). Modern economic growth: Rate, structure and spread. New Haven: Yale University Press.https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/77/308/882/5235785 google scholar
  • Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for the equality of variance. In . Olkin, I., Ed., Contributions to probability and statistics (278-292). Palo Alto: CA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Lucas, R. E. (1993). Making a miracle. Econometrica, 61(2), 251-272.https://www.jstor.org/ stable/2951551 google scholar
  • Mgadmi, N., Moussa, W., Bejaoui, A., Sadraoui, T., & Afef, G. (2021). Revisiting the nexus between digital economy and economic prosperity: Evidence from a comparative analysis. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 9(2), 69-91. https://search.informit.org/ doi/10.3316/informit.888979076889513 google scholar
  • Nasab, E. H., & Aghaei, M. (2009). The effect of ICT on economic growth: Further evidence. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 5(2), 46-56. google scholar
  • O’Brien, R. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance ınflation factors. Qual Quant , 41, 673-690.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6 google scholar
  • Olczyk, M., & Kuc-Czarnecka, M. (2022). Digital transformation and economic growth - DESI improvement and implementation. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(3), 775-803.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360279956_DIGITAL_TRANSFORMATION_ AND_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_-_DESI_IMPROVEMENT_AND_IMPLEMENTATION google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0435.https://docs.iza.org/dp1240.pdf google scholar
  • Pohjola, M. (2000). Information technology and economic growth: a cross-country analysis. WIDER Working Paper Series, 1-20.https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/wp173.pdf google scholar
  • Quah, D. (2002). Technology dissemination and economic growth: Some lessons for the new economy. CEP Discussion Papers dp0522, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.https://ideas. repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp0522.html google scholar
  • Ramsey, J. B. (1969). Tests for specification errors in classical linear least-squares regression analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 31, 350-371.https://www.jstor.org/stable/2984219 google scholar
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190 google scholar
  • Saidi, K., Hassen, L. B., & Hammami, M. S. (2015). Econometric analysis of the relationship between ICT and economic growth in Tunisia. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6, 1191-1206. google scholar Shodiev, T., Turayey, B., & Shodiyev, K. (2021). ICT and economic growth nexus: case of central Asian countries. Procedia of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1, 155-167. google scholar
  • Shoemaker, L. H. (2003). Fixing the F test for equal variances. The American Statistician, 57(2), 105-114.https://www.jstor.org/stable/30037243 google scholar
  • Stanley, T. D., Doucouliagos, H., & Steel, P. (2018). Does ICT generate economic growth? A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(3), 705-726. google scholar
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi stata uygulamalı (6 b.). İstanbul: Beta. google scholar
  • Tokmergenova, M., Banhidi, Z., & Dobos, I. (2021). Analysis of I-DESI dimensions of the digital economy development of the Russian Federation and EU-28 using multivariate statistics. BecmHUK CaHKm—nemep6yprcKoro yHUBepcumema. ^KOHOMUKa, 37(2), 189-204.https://www. researchgate.net/publication/356430259_Analysis_of_I-DESI_dimensions_of_the_digital_ economy_development_of_the_Russian_Federation_and_EU-28_using_multivariate_statistics google scholar
  • Usman, A., Ozturk, I., Hassan, A., Zafar, S. M., & Ullah, S. (2021). The effect of ICT on energy consumption and economic growth in South Asian economies: an empirical analysis. Telematics and Informatics, 58, 101537. google scholar
  • Vishnevsky, V., Harkushenko, O., Zanizdra, M., & Kniaziev, S. (2021). Digital and green economy: common grounds and contradictions. Science and Innovation, 17(3), 14-27. https://scinn-eng. org.ua/ojs/index.php/ni/article/view/127 google scholar
  • Vu, K. M. (2011). ICT as a source of economic growth in the information age: Empirical evidence from the 1996-2005 period. Telecommunications Policy, 357-372.https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S030859611100022X google scholar

Year 2024, Volume: 74 Issue: 1, 225 - 251, 04.09.2024

Elif Asoy

https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567

Abstract

References

  • A. H. Elamir, E. ( January 2022). Assessing homoscedasticity graphically: Levene-Brown-Forsythe approaches: accepted. REVSTAT-Statistical Journal., 1-19.https://revstat.ine.pt/index.php/ REVSTAT/article/view/411/459 google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Li, Q. (1991). A joint test for serial correlation and random individual effects. Statistics & Probability Letters, 11 (3), 277-280. doi: doi:10.1016/0167-7152(91)90156l .https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016771529190156L google scholar
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR(1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814-823, doi:10.1017/s0266466699156020. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3533276 google scholar
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4),533-549. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2297285 google scholar
  • Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1980). Breusch, T. The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47,239-253.https://www. jstor.org/stable/2297111 google scholar
  • Brown, M., & Forsythe, A. B. (1974). Robust tests for equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69,364-367.https://www.jstor.org/stable/2285659 google scholar
  • D’Agostino, R. B., Belanger, A., & D’Agostino, R. B. (1990). A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality. The American Statistician, 44(4),316-321.https://www.jstor.org/ stable/2684359 google scholar
  • De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482-496.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0600600403 google scholar
  • DeBenedictis, L. F., & Giles, D. E. (1998). Diagnostic testing in econometrics: Variable addition, RESET, and Fourier approximations. In A. Ullah, & D. Giles (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics (pp. 383-417). New York: Marcel Dekker.http://web.uvic.ca/~dgiles/blog/freset.pdf google scholar
  • Driscoll, J., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 549-560.https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825 google scholar
  • European Commission. (2020). International digital economy and society index 2018. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/international-digital-economy-and-society-index-2018 google scholar
  • European Commission. (2020). International digital economy and society index 2020.https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2020 google scholar
  • European Commission. (2021). Digital economy and society index 2021: Overall progress in digital transition but need for new EU-wide efforts.https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/ detail/en/ip_21_5481 google scholar
  • European Commission. (2022a). Digital economy and society index. https://digital-strategy.ec. europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022 google scholar
  • European Commission. (2022b). Digital Economy and Society Index. https://digital-strategy.ec. europa.eu/en/library/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi-2022 google scholar
  • Fernandez-Portillo, A., Almodovar-Gonzalez, M., & Hernandez-Mogollon, R. (2020). Impact of ICT development on economic growth. A study of OECD European Union countries. Technology in Society, 63,1-9.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X20304188 google scholar
  • Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393-414.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030440769401658M google scholar
  • Friedman, M. (1937). The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 32, 675-701.https://www.jstor.org/ stable/pdf/2279372.pdf google scholar
  • Ghazy, N., Ghoneim, H., & Lang, G. (2022). Entrepreneurship, productivity and digitalization: Evidence from the EU. Technology in Society, 70(102052), 1-15.https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0160791X22001932 google scholar
  • Gherghina, E. M., Paşa, A. T., & Onofrei, N. (2021). The effects of digitalization on economic growth. Economic Convergence in European Union, XXVIII, 131-142.http://www.ebsco.ectap.ro/ Theoretical_&_Applied_Economics_2021_Special_Issue_Summer.pdf#page=131 google scholar
  • Hausman, J. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.https:// www.jstor.org/stable/1913827 google scholar
  • Imran, M., Liu, X., Wang, R., Saud, S., Zhao, Y., & Khan, M. (2022). The influence of digital economy and society index on sustainable development indicators: The case of European Union. Sustainability, 14(18), 1-16.https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/18/11130 google scholar
  • Ishida, H. (2015). The effect of ICT development on economic growth and energy consumption in Japan. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 79-88. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2014.04.003 google scholar
  • Jin, S., & Cho, C. M. (2015). Is ICT a new essential for national economic growth in an information society? Government Information Quarterly, 32(3), 253-260. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2015.04.007 google scholar
  • Kovacs, T. Z., Bittner, B., Huzsvai, L., & Nabradi, A. (2022). Convergence and the Matthew Effect in the European Union based on the DESI index. Mathematics, 10(4), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ math10040613 google scholar
  • Kuznets, S. (1966). Modern economic growth: Rate, structure and spread. New Haven: Yale University Press.https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/77/308/882/5235785 google scholar
  • Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for the equality of variance. In . Olkin, I., Ed., Contributions to probability and statistics (278-292). Palo Alto: CA: Stanford University Press. google scholar
  • Lucas, R. E. (1993). Making a miracle. Econometrica, 61(2), 251-272.https://www.jstor.org/ stable/2951551 google scholar
  • Mgadmi, N., Moussa, W., Bejaoui, A., Sadraoui, T., & Afef, G. (2021). Revisiting the nexus between digital economy and economic prosperity: Evidence from a comparative analysis. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 9(2), 69-91. https://search.informit.org/ doi/10.3316/informit.888979076889513 google scholar
  • Nasab, E. H., & Aghaei, M. (2009). The effect of ICT on economic growth: Further evidence. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 5(2), 46-56. google scholar
  • O’Brien, R. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance ınflation factors. Qual Quant , 41, 673-690.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6 google scholar
  • Olczyk, M., & Kuc-Czarnecka, M. (2022). Digital transformation and economic growth - DESI improvement and implementation. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 28(3), 775-803.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360279956_DIGITAL_TRANSFORMATION_ AND_ECONOMIC_GROWTH_-_DESI_IMPROVEMENT_AND_IMPLEMENTATION google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0435.https://docs.iza.org/dp1240.pdf google scholar
  • Pohjola, M. (2000). Information technology and economic growth: a cross-country analysis. WIDER Working Paper Series, 1-20.https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/wp173.pdf google scholar
  • Quah, D. (2002). Technology dissemination and economic growth: Some lessons for the new economy. CEP Discussion Papers dp0522, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.https://ideas. repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp0522.html google scholar
  • Ramsey, J. B. (1969). Tests for specification errors in classical linear least-squares regression analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 31, 350-371.https://www.jstor.org/stable/2984219 google scholar
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190 google scholar
  • Saidi, K., Hassen, L. B., & Hammami, M. S. (2015). Econometric analysis of the relationship between ICT and economic growth in Tunisia. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6, 1191-1206. google scholar Shodiev, T., Turayey, B., & Shodiyev, K. (2021). ICT and economic growth nexus: case of central Asian countries. Procedia of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1, 155-167. google scholar
  • Shoemaker, L. H. (2003). Fixing the F test for equal variances. The American Statistician, 57(2), 105-114.https://www.jstor.org/stable/30037243 google scholar
  • Stanley, T. D., Doucouliagos, H., & Steel, P. (2018). Does ICT generate economic growth? A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(3), 705-726. google scholar
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi stata uygulamalı (6 b.). İstanbul: Beta. google scholar
  • Tokmergenova, M., Banhidi, Z., & Dobos, I. (2021). Analysis of I-DESI dimensions of the digital economy development of the Russian Federation and EU-28 using multivariate statistics. BecmHUK CaHKm—nemep6yprcKoro yHUBepcumema. ^KOHOMUKa, 37(2), 189-204.https://www. researchgate.net/publication/356430259_Analysis_of_I-DESI_dimensions_of_the_digital_ economy_development_of_the_Russian_Federation_and_EU-28_using_multivariate_statistics google scholar
  • Usman, A., Ozturk, I., Hassan, A., Zafar, S. M., & Ullah, S. (2021). The effect of ICT on energy consumption and economic growth in South Asian economies: an empirical analysis. Telematics and Informatics, 58, 101537. google scholar
  • Vishnevsky, V., Harkushenko, O., Zanizdra, M., & Kniaziev, S. (2021). Digital and green economy: common grounds and contradictions. Science and Innovation, 17(3), 14-27. https://scinn-eng. org.ua/ojs/index.php/ni/article/view/127 google scholar
  • Vu, K. M. (2011). ICT as a source of economic growth in the information age: Empirical evidence from the 1996-2005 period. Telecommunications Policy, 357-372.https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S030859611100022X google scholar
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economic Theory (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Elif Asoy 0000-0003-1985-7402

Publication Date September 4, 2024
Submission Date July 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 74 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Asoy, E. (2024). A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 74(1), 225-251. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567
AMA Asoy E. A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. September 2024;74(1):225-251. doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567
Chicago Asoy, Elif. “A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74, no. 1 (September 2024): 225-51. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567.
EndNote Asoy E (September 1, 2024) A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74 1 225–251.
IEEE E. Asoy, “A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index”, İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 225–251, 2024, doi: 10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567.
ISNAD Asoy, Elif. “A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi 74/1 (September 2024), 225-251. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567.
JAMA Asoy E. A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2024;74:225–251.
MLA Asoy, Elif. “A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index”. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, vol. 74, no. 1, 2024, pp. 225-51, doi:10.26650/ISTJECON2023-1327567.
Vancouver Asoy E. A Better Proxy for Technology Determinant of Economic Growth: The International Digital Economy and Society Index. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi. 2024;74(1):225-51.