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Bangladeş Dakka Metropolündeki Gündelik İşçilerin Geçim Stratejisi Olarak Sosyal Ağ

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 43 - 50, 26.07.2019

Abstract

Sosyal sermaye ile oluşturulan geçim
çeşitliliği, gündelik ücretle çalışan işçi ve kırsal-kentsel göç çalışmalarına
odaklanan çoğu araştırmacı, politikacı ve sosyal bilimciler tarafından birçok
anlamda göz ardı edilmiştir. Zenginlik sahibi insanlar büyüme stratejileri ile
geçim kaynaklarını çeşitlendirebilir. Fakat çoğunlukla herhangi bir toprak
sahibi olmayan, kayıt dışı ekonomik sektörlerde çalışan gündelik işçiler veya amelelik
ile uğraşan işçiler gibi yoksul insanlar, mevcut yoksulluğu azaltma
stratejileri kapsamında geçim kaynaklarını iyileştirememektirler. Çeşitli
sosyal sermaye, ilişki ve ağlar kullanarak bu insanlar her zaman aynı ekonomik
sistemde geçim kaynaklarını çeşitlendirmek için fırsatlar aramaktalar. Geçim
kaynaklarının çeşitliliği dinamiğine odaklanan bu çalışma, kentlerdeki yaşayan amelelik
ile uğraşan işçilerin günümüzdeki durumunun daha iyi analiz edilebileceğine
odaklanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Bangladeş’in başkenti Dakka’da
yaşayan gündelik çalışan işçilerin yaşam stratejisinin daha dinamik yönlerine
ışık tutmaktır. Bu amaçla etnografik verileri ve vaka çalışmalarını kullanarak yapılan
bu araştırma, sosyal ağ ve sosyal sermayenin yardımıyla hayatta kalmak için
yapılan birikimden, yoksulluktan kurtulma sürecine kadar oluşan geçim
kaynaklarının çeşitliliğini göstermektedir. 

References

  • Ahmed, Z. & Habib, A. (2015). The livelihoods approach and innovation of small scale irrigation in Noakhali char area in Bangladesh, The Journal of Social Studies, No. 147, July-September, Centre for Social Studies, Dhaka.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In: Richardson, J. G. (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood Press.
  • Boxman, A. W., De Graaf, P. M. & Flap, H. D. (1991). The impact of social and human capital on the income attainment of Dutch managers. Social Networks, 13(1), 51-73. DOI:10.1016/0378-8733(91)90013-J
  • Butterworth, D. S. (1962). A study of the urbanization process among mixtec migrants from Tilaltongo in Mexico City. America Indigena, 22(3), 257-274.
  • Chambers, R. & Conway, G. R. (1992). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
  • Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and livelihoods: whose reality counts? Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 173-204.
  • Chaudhury, I. A. (2006). Sustainable Livelihoods through Capacity Building and Enterprise Development, Documenting the Evidence and Lessons Learned. Dhaka: Practical Action Bangladesh.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.
  • Cortazzi, M. (2001). Narrative analysis in ethnography. In: Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. (eds). Handbook of Ethnography (pp. 384-394). London: Sage.
  • Cox, W. (2012). Evolving Urban Form: Dhaka, 08 08 2012. newgeography, 30 06 2017 <http://www.newgeography.com/content/003004-evolving-urban-form-dhaka>.
  • Dannecker, P. (2002). Between Conformity and Resistance: Women Garment Workers in Bangladesh. Dhaka: University Press Ltd.
  • de Haan, A. & Rogaly, B. (2002). Introduction: migrant workers and their role in rural change. Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 1-14. DOI:10.1080/00220380412331322481
  • de Haan, A., Brock, K. & Coulibaly, N. (2002). Migration, livelihoods and institutions: contrasting patterns of migration in Mali. The Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 37-58. DOI:10.1080/00220380412331322501
  • Gardner, K. (1995). Global Migrants, Local Lives: Travel and Transformation in Rural Bangladesh. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Graves, T. D. (1974). Urban Indian personality and the ‘culture of poverty’. American Ethnologist, 1(1), 65-86. DOI:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00040
  • Habib, A. (2015). Urban livelihood strategy and role of social capital among the mobile wage labor in Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Journal of History and Civilization, (Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Asian University of Bangladesh), Vol. 2, 129-140.
  • Heyl, B. S. (2001). Ethnographic interviewing. In: Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. (eds). Handbook of Ethnography (pp. 369-384). London: Sage.
  • Hossain, S. (2013). Migration, urbanization and poverty in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 58(2), 369-382.
  • Hulme, D. & Shepherd, A. (2003). Conceptualizing chronic poverty. World Development, 31(3), 403-423. DOI:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00222-X
  • IFAD (2001). Rural Poverty Report 2001: The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London: Verso Press.
  • Kona, M. P., Khatun, T., Islam, N., Mijan, A-A. & Al-Noman (2018). Assessing the impact of socio-economic determinants of rural and urban poverty in Bangladesh. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 9(8), 178-184.
  • Kritz, M. M. & Zlotnik, H. (1992). Global interactions: migration systems, processes, and policies. In: Kritz, M. M., Lim, L. L. & Zlotnik, H. (eds.) International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (pp. 1-16.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Kuhn, R. (2003). Identities in motion: Social exchange networks and rural-urban migration in Bangladesh. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 37(1-2), 311-337. DOI:10.1177/006996670303700113
  • Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: migration driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion. The International Migration Review, 32(4), 926-948. DOI:10.2307/2547666
  • Lowery, C. T. (2001). Ethnographic research methods. In: Thyer, B. A. (ed.), The handbook of Social Work Research Methods (pp. 320-332). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. DOI:10.4135/9781412986182
  • Plummer, K. (2001). The call of life stories in ethnographic research. In: Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. (eds). Handbook of Ethnography (pp. 395-406). London: Sage.
  • Portes, A. & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action. American Journal of Sociology, 98(6), 1320-1350.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24. DOI:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
  • Purvez, S. A. (2005). Building support for a living: the importance of social networks for the livelihoods of the poor. In: Khan, I. A. & Seeley, J. (eds.) Making a Living: The Livelihoods of the Rural Poor in Bangladesh (pp. 93-107). Dhaka: University Press Ltd.
  • Rabby, T. G., Alam, G. M., Fredericks, L. J., Nair, S., Azam, M. N. & Al-Amin, A. Q. et al., (2011). What offers solution to the poverty reduction of the Haor people in Bangladesh? Seasonal migration or a new inshore economic livelihood policy. African Journal of Business Management, 5(23), 9979-9991. DOI:10.5897/AJBM11.2208
  • Rogaly, B., Coppard, D., Safique, A., Rana, K., Sengupta, A. & Biswas, J. (2002). Seasonal migration and welfare/illfare in Eastern India: A social analysis. The Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 89-114. DOI:10.1080/00220380412331322521
  • Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis, IDS working paper, 72. Brighton: IDS.
  • UNDP (2000). UNDP Poverty Report, 2000: Overcoming Human Poverty. New York: UNDP. ISBN:92211261244.
  • Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(2), 151-208. DOI:10.1023/A:1006884930135
  • World Bank (2001). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11856.

Social network as livelihood strategy of floating labourers of Dhaka Metropolitan, Bangladesh

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 43 - 50, 26.07.2019

Abstract

Livelihood diversification using social capital in
the sense has been overlooked by most of the researchers, policy makers and
social scientists in the study of urban wage labour and rural-urban migration.
The rich people can diversify their livelihoods through growth strategies; however,
poorer people who are mostly landless, involved with informal economic sector,
day labourer or floating labourer cannot improve their livelihood under
existing poverty reduction strategies. They are always looking for
opportunities to diversify their livelihoods in the same economic system by
using various social capital, relation and networks. Focusing on dynamic of
livelihoods diversification, the study focuses that, the current situation of
urban floating labourer can be better analysed. The main aim of the paper was to
shed light on more dynamic aspects of livelihoods strategy of urban daily based
wage labourer of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Using ethnographic data
and case studies, hence, this paper has interpreted the process of getting out
of poverty as livelihood diversification using social network and social capital,
from survival to accumulation.

References

  • Ahmed, Z. & Habib, A. (2015). The livelihoods approach and innovation of small scale irrigation in Noakhali char area in Bangladesh, The Journal of Social Studies, No. 147, July-September, Centre for Social Studies, Dhaka.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In: Richardson, J. G. (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood Press.
  • Boxman, A. W., De Graaf, P. M. & Flap, H. D. (1991). The impact of social and human capital on the income attainment of Dutch managers. Social Networks, 13(1), 51-73. DOI:10.1016/0378-8733(91)90013-J
  • Butterworth, D. S. (1962). A study of the urbanization process among mixtec migrants from Tilaltongo in Mexico City. America Indigena, 22(3), 257-274.
  • Chambers, R. & Conway, G. R. (1992). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
  • Chambers, R. (1995). Poverty and livelihoods: whose reality counts? Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 173-204.
  • Chaudhury, I. A. (2006). Sustainable Livelihoods through Capacity Building and Enterprise Development, Documenting the Evidence and Lessons Learned. Dhaka: Practical Action Bangladesh.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.
  • Cortazzi, M. (2001). Narrative analysis in ethnography. In: Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. (eds). Handbook of Ethnography (pp. 384-394). London: Sage.
  • Cox, W. (2012). Evolving Urban Form: Dhaka, 08 08 2012. newgeography, 30 06 2017 <http://www.newgeography.com/content/003004-evolving-urban-form-dhaka>.
  • Dannecker, P. (2002). Between Conformity and Resistance: Women Garment Workers in Bangladesh. Dhaka: University Press Ltd.
  • de Haan, A. & Rogaly, B. (2002). Introduction: migrant workers and their role in rural change. Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 1-14. DOI:10.1080/00220380412331322481
  • de Haan, A., Brock, K. & Coulibaly, N. (2002). Migration, livelihoods and institutions: contrasting patterns of migration in Mali. The Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 37-58. DOI:10.1080/00220380412331322501
  • Gardner, K. (1995). Global Migrants, Local Lives: Travel and Transformation in Rural Bangladesh. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Graves, T. D. (1974). Urban Indian personality and the ‘culture of poverty’. American Ethnologist, 1(1), 65-86. DOI:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00040
  • Habib, A. (2015). Urban livelihood strategy and role of social capital among the mobile wage labor in Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Journal of History and Civilization, (Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Asian University of Bangladesh), Vol. 2, 129-140.
  • Heyl, B. S. (2001). Ethnographic interviewing. In: Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. (eds). Handbook of Ethnography (pp. 369-384). London: Sage.
  • Hossain, S. (2013). Migration, urbanization and poverty in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 58(2), 369-382.
  • Hulme, D. & Shepherd, A. (2003). Conceptualizing chronic poverty. World Development, 31(3), 403-423. DOI:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00222-X
  • IFAD (2001). Rural Poverty Report 2001: The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London: Verso Press.
  • Kona, M. P., Khatun, T., Islam, N., Mijan, A-A. & Al-Noman (2018). Assessing the impact of socio-economic determinants of rural and urban poverty in Bangladesh. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 9(8), 178-184.
  • Kritz, M. M. & Zlotnik, H. (1992). Global interactions: migration systems, processes, and policies. In: Kritz, M. M., Lim, L. L. & Zlotnik, H. (eds.) International Migration Systems: A Global Approach (pp. 1-16.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Kuhn, R. (2003). Identities in motion: Social exchange networks and rural-urban migration in Bangladesh. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 37(1-2), 311-337. DOI:10.1177/006996670303700113
  • Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: migration driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion. The International Migration Review, 32(4), 926-948. DOI:10.2307/2547666
  • Lowery, C. T. (2001). Ethnographic research methods. In: Thyer, B. A. (ed.), The handbook of Social Work Research Methods (pp. 320-332). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. DOI:10.4135/9781412986182
  • Plummer, K. (2001). The call of life stories in ethnographic research. In: Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. & Lofland, L. (eds). Handbook of Ethnography (pp. 395-406). London: Sage.
  • Portes, A. & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action. American Journal of Sociology, 98(6), 1320-1350.
  • Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24. DOI:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
  • Purvez, S. A. (2005). Building support for a living: the importance of social networks for the livelihoods of the poor. In: Khan, I. A. & Seeley, J. (eds.) Making a Living: The Livelihoods of the Rural Poor in Bangladesh (pp. 93-107). Dhaka: University Press Ltd.
  • Rabby, T. G., Alam, G. M., Fredericks, L. J., Nair, S., Azam, M. N. & Al-Amin, A. Q. et al., (2011). What offers solution to the poverty reduction of the Haor people in Bangladesh? Seasonal migration or a new inshore economic livelihood policy. African Journal of Business Management, 5(23), 9979-9991. DOI:10.5897/AJBM11.2208
  • Rogaly, B., Coppard, D., Safique, A., Rana, K., Sengupta, A. & Biswas, J. (2002). Seasonal migration and welfare/illfare in Eastern India: A social analysis. The Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 89-114. DOI:10.1080/00220380412331322521
  • Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis, IDS working paper, 72. Brighton: IDS.
  • UNDP (2000). UNDP Poverty Report, 2000: Overcoming Human Poverty. New York: UNDP. ISBN:92211261244.
  • Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(2), 151-208. DOI:10.1023/A:1006884930135
  • World Bank (2001). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11856.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahsan Habib 0000-0002-6973-2889

Abu Bakar Siddiq 0000-0001-5838-2695

Publication Date July 26, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Habib, A., & Siddiq, A. B. (2019). Social network as livelihood strategy of floating labourers of Dhaka Metropolitan, Bangladesh. Artuklu İnsan Ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 4(1), 43-50.