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HEALTH SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN TURKIYE (2003-13): DIFFUSION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Year 2023, , 115 - 134, 25.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1239500

Abstract

Purpose: This article aims to clarify how the technological equipment of hospitals has changed during and following the Health Transformation Program (2003-2013), in which the capacity of the Turkish health system as a whole has grown remarkably.
Method: In the article, the growth in the numbers of the main diagnostic medical imaging technologies (namely, MR, CT, Ultrasound, Doppler Ultrasound, and ECHO) in hospitals of Türkiye between 2002 and 2020 and their distributions among public and private sectors have been descriptively investigated. The changes in their total numbers over years are assessed within the framework of the typical S-shaped growth curve phases, which is widely used in examining the diffusion of innovations.
Findings: There has been rapid growth in the medical device capacity of hospitals in the country during and after the Health Transformation Program. The MRI and CT devices have experienced all stages of the S-shaped diffusion curve. The Ultrasound device is at the slowing growth stage of an S-shaped growth path. The Doppler Ultrasound and ECHO devices are about to complete the exponential growth phase and pass the slowing growth phase. After the 2014s, the growth rates of MR, CT, Doppler Ultrasound, and ECHO devices in private hospitals decreased, but their steady or accelerated growth continued in public hospitals.
Originality: The ‘diffusion of technology’ framework has been used to analyze the current transformation of the Turkish health system, and the contributions of public and private sectors to the medical technology intensity of the country’s health system have been explored.

References

  • Akdağ, R. (2011). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı yataklı sağlık tesisleri planlama rehberi. Ankara: Tedavi Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/25703,shgmyatirimpdf.pdf?0.
  • Atun, R., Aydın, S., Chakraborty, S., Sümer, S., Aran, M., Gürol, İ., Nazlıoğlu, S., Ozgülcü, S., Aydoğan, U., Ayar, B., Dilmen, U., & Akdağ, R. (2013). Universal health coverage in Turkey: Enhancement of equity. The Lancet, 382(9886), 65-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61051-X.
  • Bercovich, E., & Javitt , M. C. (2018). Medical imaging: From roentgen to the digital revolution, and beyond. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 9(4), e0034. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10355
  • Boyacı, İ. (2017). Private hospitals and enhancement of geographic equity in health access: The case of Turkey. Yale Fox International Fellowship Policy Brief Series 2017. https://foxfellowship.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Boyaci.pdf.
  • Boyacı, İ. (2020). Türkiye sağlık sisteminin dönüşümü (2003-13): Covid-19 pandemisi ile mücadele sürecinde sağlık reformlarına yeniden bakış. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 59-80. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iticusbe/issue/55168/754928.
  • Boyacı, İ. (2021). Türkiye sağlık sisteminin dönüşümü (2003-13): Sağlık hizmet bölgeleri planlaması ve şehir hastaneleri. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(40), 358-376. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.769087
  • Neumann, P. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991). The diffusion of new technology: Costs and benefits to health care. In A. C. Gelijns & E. A. Halm (Eds), The changing economics of medical technology (2, 21-34), Washington DC: National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234309/ OECD. (2016). Universal health coverage and health outcomes. Final Report for the G7 Health Ministerial Meeting. https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Universal-Health-Coverage-and-HealthOutcomes-OECD-G7-Health-Ministerial-2016.pdf
  • OECD. (2023). Health equipment. OECD Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1787/2dde6c4b-en
  • Ostensen, H. & World Health Organization (2001). Diagnostic imaging: What is it? When and how to use it where resources are limited? World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66703
  • Özbek, S. S. (2010). Günümüzde tıbbi ultrasonografi. Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, 23(2), 45-51. http://klinikgelisim.org.tr/kg23_2/9.pdf
  • Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. Free Press of Glenceo, New York.
  • Smith, S., Newhouse, J. P., & Freeland, M. S. (2009). Income, insurance, and technology: Why does health spending outpace economic growth?. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 28(5), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.1276
  • Sorenson, C., Drummond, M., & Bhuiyan-Khan, B. (2013). Medical technology as a key driver of rising health expenditure: Disentangling the relationship. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research: CEOR, 5, 223–234. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S39634
  • Squires D. A. (2012). Explaining high health care spending in the United States: An international comparison of supply, utilization, prices, and quality. Issue Brief (Commonwealth Fund), 10, 1–14. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_publications_issue_brief_2012_may_1595_squires_explaining_high_hlt_care_spending_intl_brief.pdf
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2002-2020). Sağlık istatistikleri yıllıkları 2002-2020. Ankara: Sağlık Araştırmaları Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,84930/saglik-istatistikleri-yilliklari.html
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2008). Türkiye sağlıkta dönüşüm programı – ilerleme raporu. Ankara: Recep Akdağ. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Home/GetDocument/183
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2012). Türkiye sağlıkta dönüşüm programı – değerlendirme raporu (2003-2011). Ankara: Recep Akdağ. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/kitaplar/SDPturk.pdf
  • Tatar, M., Mollahaliloğlu, S., Şahin, B., Aydın, S., Maresso, A., & Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2011). Turkey: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 13(6), 1–186. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330325/HiT-13-6-2011-eng.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
  • Teplensky, J. D., Pauly, M. V., Kimberly, J. R., Hillman, A. L., & Schwartz, J. S. (1995). Hospital adoption of medical technology: An empirical test of alternative models. Health Services Research, 30(3), 437–465. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495089/pdf/hsresearch00596-0041.pdf
  • Varabyova, Y., Blankart, C. R., Greer, A. L., & Schreyögg, J. (2017). The determinants of medical technology adoption in different decisional systems: A systematic literature review. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 121(3), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.01.005
  • Whitted, G. S. (1981). Medical technology diffusion and its effects on the modern hospital. Health Care Management Review, 6(2), 45–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44949522

TÜRKİYE SAĞLIK SİSTEMİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ (2003-13): TIBBİ TEKNOLOJİNİN YAYILIMI

Year 2023, , 115 - 134, 25.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1239500

Abstract

Amaç: Bu makale, sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunda Türkiye sağlık sisteminin kapasitesinin bütünüyle arttığı Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı (2003-2013) boyunca ve takip eden yıllarda, hastanelerin teknolojik donanımının nasıl değiştiğini açıklığa kavuşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Makalede, hastanelerdeki başlıca tanıya yardımcı tıbbi görüntüleme teknolojilerinin (MR, BT, Ultrason, Doppler Ultrason, EKO) 2002-2020 yılları içerisindeki yayılımları ve sektörlere dağılımlarının seyri betimlenerek, bu tıbbi cihazların ülkedeki toplam sayılarındaki değişimler yeniliklerin yayılımının incelenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan S eğrisi biçimindeki büyüme evreleri çerçevesinde ele alındılar.
Bulgular: Dönüşüm Programı boyunca ve sonrasında ülkedeki hastanelerin tıbbi cihaz kapasitesinde hızlı büyüme kaydedildiği açıkça görülmüştür. MR ve BT cihazlarının yayılım evrelerini geçirerek piyasanın taşıma kapasitesine yakınsama eğilimde olduğu, Ultrason cihazı sayısının yavaşlayan büyüme evresinde bulunduğu, Doppler Ultrason ve EKO cihazlarının ise hızlı büyüme evrelerini tamamlamak ve yavaşlayan büyüme evresine henüz geçmek üzere oldukları değerlendirilmiştir. 2014’lü yıllardan sonra MR, BT, Doppler Ultrason ve EKO cihazlarının özel hastanelerdeki büyüme hızları azalmış, fakat kamu hastanelerinde istikrarlı veya hızlanarak büyümeleri devam etmiştir.
Özgünlük: Böylece, Türkiye’de sağlık sisteminin geçirdiği güncel dönüşüm 'teknolojinin yayılımı' çerçevesinde incelenerek Türkiye sağlık sisteminin teknoloji kapsamı ve ülke sağlık sisteminin teknoloji yoğunluğunda kamu ve özel kesimlerinin katkıları aydınlatılmıştır.

References

  • Akdağ, R. (2011). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı yataklı sağlık tesisleri planlama rehberi. Ankara: Tedavi Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/25703,shgmyatirimpdf.pdf?0.
  • Atun, R., Aydın, S., Chakraborty, S., Sümer, S., Aran, M., Gürol, İ., Nazlıoğlu, S., Ozgülcü, S., Aydoğan, U., Ayar, B., Dilmen, U., & Akdağ, R. (2013). Universal health coverage in Turkey: Enhancement of equity. The Lancet, 382(9886), 65-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61051-X.
  • Bercovich, E., & Javitt , M. C. (2018). Medical imaging: From roentgen to the digital revolution, and beyond. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 9(4), e0034. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10355
  • Boyacı, İ. (2017). Private hospitals and enhancement of geographic equity in health access: The case of Turkey. Yale Fox International Fellowship Policy Brief Series 2017. https://foxfellowship.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Boyaci.pdf.
  • Boyacı, İ. (2020). Türkiye sağlık sisteminin dönüşümü (2003-13): Covid-19 pandemisi ile mücadele sürecinde sağlık reformlarına yeniden bakış. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(37), 59-80. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iticusbe/issue/55168/754928.
  • Boyacı, İ. (2021). Türkiye sağlık sisteminin dönüşümü (2003-13): Sağlık hizmet bölgeleri planlaması ve şehir hastaneleri. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(40), 358-376. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.769087
  • Neumann, P. J., & Weinstein, M. C. (1991). The diffusion of new technology: Costs and benefits to health care. In A. C. Gelijns & E. A. Halm (Eds), The changing economics of medical technology (2, 21-34), Washington DC: National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234309/ OECD. (2016). Universal health coverage and health outcomes. Final Report for the G7 Health Ministerial Meeting. https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Universal-Health-Coverage-and-HealthOutcomes-OECD-G7-Health-Ministerial-2016.pdf
  • OECD. (2023). Health equipment. OECD Indicators. https://doi.org/10.1787/2dde6c4b-en
  • Ostensen, H. & World Health Organization (2001). Diagnostic imaging: What is it? When and how to use it where resources are limited? World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66703
  • Özbek, S. S. (2010). Günümüzde tıbbi ultrasonografi. Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, 23(2), 45-51. http://klinikgelisim.org.tr/kg23_2/9.pdf
  • Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. Free Press of Glenceo, New York.
  • Smith, S., Newhouse, J. P., & Freeland, M. S. (2009). Income, insurance, and technology: Why does health spending outpace economic growth?. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 28(5), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.1276
  • Sorenson, C., Drummond, M., & Bhuiyan-Khan, B. (2013). Medical technology as a key driver of rising health expenditure: Disentangling the relationship. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research: CEOR, 5, 223–234. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S39634
  • Squires D. A. (2012). Explaining high health care spending in the United States: An international comparison of supply, utilization, prices, and quality. Issue Brief (Commonwealth Fund), 10, 1–14. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_publications_issue_brief_2012_may_1595_squires_explaining_high_hlt_care_spending_intl_brief.pdf
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2002-2020). Sağlık istatistikleri yıllıkları 2002-2020. Ankara: Sağlık Araştırmaları Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,84930/saglik-istatistikleri-yilliklari.html
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2008). Türkiye sağlıkta dönüşüm programı – ilerleme raporu. Ankara: Recep Akdağ. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Home/GetDocument/183
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2012). Türkiye sağlıkta dönüşüm programı – değerlendirme raporu (2003-2011). Ankara: Recep Akdağ. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/kitaplar/SDPturk.pdf
  • Tatar, M., Mollahaliloğlu, S., Şahin, B., Aydın, S., Maresso, A., & Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2011). Turkey: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 13(6), 1–186. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330325/HiT-13-6-2011-eng.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
  • Teplensky, J. D., Pauly, M. V., Kimberly, J. R., Hillman, A. L., & Schwartz, J. S. (1995). Hospital adoption of medical technology: An empirical test of alternative models. Health Services Research, 30(3), 437–465. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2495089/pdf/hsresearch00596-0041.pdf
  • Varabyova, Y., Blankart, C. R., Greer, A. L., & Schreyögg, J. (2017). The determinants of medical technology adoption in different decisional systems: A systematic literature review. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 121(3), 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.01.005
  • Whitted, G. S. (1981). Medical technology diffusion and its effects on the modern hospital. Health Care Management Review, 6(2), 45–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44949522
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Economy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İsrafil Boyacı 0000-0002-5327-0499

Publication Date June 25, 2023
Submission Date January 19, 2023
Acceptance Date April 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Boyacı, İ. (2023). TÜRKİYE SAĞLIK SİSTEMİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ (2003-13): TIBBİ TEKNOLOJİNİN YAYILIMI. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(46), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1239500