EN
TR
Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes
Abstract
This paper investigates the root causes of Türkiye's persistent economic challenges, focusing on the interplay between historical events, social dynamics, and structural barriers to innovation. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), it explores Türkiye’s reliance on low-value goods, dependence on foreign capital, and slow transition to an innovation-driven economy. Drawing on Schumpeter's theory (1934), which links low innovation to low-profit goods, the study analyzes barriers to innovative entrepreneurship, particularly in education and cultural norms. The study employs the GEM framework to assess Türkiye’s 13 Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions (EFCs). Using GEM’s Adult Population Survey (APS) and National Expert Survey (NES), it examines entrepreneurship stages, finance, policy, infrastructure, education, and cultural attitudes. Data from GEM, academic research, and government sources provide insights into barriers that hinder innovation and economic growth. Findings inform strategic recommendations for fostering an innovation-driven economy in Türkiye. Türkiye ranks low in global innovation and entrepreneurship indices, placing 39th out of 132 countries in the Global Innovation Index (GII, 2023) and 35th out of 50 in the GEM National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI, 2021). Weaknesses in Entrepreneurial Education at the School Stage (2.06/9) and Cultural and Social Norms (3.68/9) highlight gaps that hinder innovation. This produces low-value goods production, limited domestic savings, and high foreign capital dependence. This study uniquely applies GEM’s EFCs to identify structural barriers to entrepreneurship in Türkiye. By linking historical, economic, and social factors, it offers a novel perspective beyond short-term policy fixes. It provides insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to foster a resilient, innovation-driven economy.
Keywords
References
- Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097-1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015
- Baumol, W. J. (2002). The free-market innovation machine: Analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Princeton University Press.
- Cornell University, INSEAD, & World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2019). https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019
- Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. (R. Opie, Trans.). New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
- Doran, J., McCarthy, N., & O’Connor, M. (2018). The role of entrepreneurship in stimulating economic growth in developed and developing countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1442093. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1442093
- Erdisna, E., Ridwan, M., & Syahputra, H. (2022). Developing Digital Entrepreneurship Learning Model: 4-D Competencies-Based for Millennial Generation in Higher Education. Utaxmax: Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education, 4(2), 84-100. https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v4i2.10081
- Farinha, L., Ferreira, J. J. M., & Nunes, S. (2016). Linking innovation and entrepreneurship to economic growth. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(4), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2016-0045
- Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2022). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/2022 Global Report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2021-2022-global-report
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Entrepreneurship
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
March 28, 2025
Submission Date
October 22, 2024
Acceptance Date
January 20, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2025 Volume: 24 Number: Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik
APA
Tayeh, A., & Balcı, Y. (2025). Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1571687
AMA
1.Tayeh A, Balcı Y. Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2025;24(Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik):1-28. doi:10.46928/iticusbe.1571687
Chicago
Tayeh, Adel, and Yusuf Balcı. 2025. “Fostering Innovative Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Economic Development in Türkiye by Transforming Education and Social Attitudes”. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 (Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1571687.
EndNote
Tayeh A, Balcı Y (March 1, 2025) Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik 1–28.
IEEE
[1]A. Tayeh and Y. Balcı, “Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 24, no. Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik, pp. 1–28, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.46928/iticusbe.1571687.
ISNAD
Tayeh, Adel - Balcı, Yusuf. “Fostering Innovative Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Economic Development in Türkiye by Transforming Education and Social Attitudes”. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24/Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik (March 1, 2025): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1571687.
JAMA
1.Tayeh A, Balcı Y. Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2025;24:1–28.
MLA
Tayeh, Adel, and Yusuf Balcı. “Fostering Innovative Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Economic Development in Türkiye by Transforming Education and Social Attitudes”. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 24, no. Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik, Mar. 2025, pp. 1-28, doi:10.46928/iticusbe.1571687.
Vancouver
1.Adel Tayeh, Yusuf Balcı. Fostering innovative entrepreneurship for sustainable economic development in Türkiye by transforming education and social attitudes. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2025 Mar. 1;24(Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik):1-28. doi:10.46928/iticusbe.1571687