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NÜFUS YAŞLANMASININ EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 42, 1544 - 1565, 19.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.987104

Abstract

Amaç: Dünyada doğum oranları azalırken, yaşam süreleri uzamakta ve toplumdaki yaşlı nüfusun oranı hızla artmaktadır. Yapılan nüfus projeksiyonları, günümüzde genç nüfusa sahip olan birçok ülkenin yakın gelecekte nüfusu yaşlı ülkeler arasında yer alacağını göstermektedir. Bu durum, yakın geçmişe kadar gelişmiş ülkelere özgü bir sorun olarak kabul edilen yaşlanma olgusunun günümüzde gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından da önemli bir sorun haline geldiğine işaret etmektedir. Yaşlanma olgusu ülke ekonomileri üzerinde doğrudan ve dolaylı etkiler yaratırken, bu etkilerin hangi yönde gerçekleştiği konusunda görüş birliği sağlanamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, nüfus yaşlanmasının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır.
Yöntem: Araştırmada kullanılan veriler Birleşmiş Milletler, Dünya Bankası ve OECD veri tabanından elde edilmiş ve analiz yöntemi olarak panel veri analizi modeli tercih edilmiştir. Çalışma, OECD ülkelerinin 1995-2017 dönemini kapsamaktadır.
Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgulara göre, yaşlı bağımlılık oranı ve ortalama eğitim yılında meydana gelen artışlar ekonomik büyümeyi olumsuz yönde etkilerken, ulusal tasarruf ve sosyal harcamalarda yaşanan artışlar ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu yönde etkilemektedir.
Özgünlük: Nüfus ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çeşitli çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, nüfusun yaş yapısındaki değişimin ekonomik etkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar nispeten daha sınırlı düzeyde kalmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yaşlanan nüfusun ekonomik etkileri incelenmekte ve nüfusun yaşlanma göstergelerinin yanı sıra sosyal harcamalar, ulusal tasarruflar ve ortalama eğitim süreleri gibi yaşlanma olgusuyla ilişkili olan kavramlara da yer verilmektedir.

References

  • Acemoğlu, D. and Restrepo P. (2017). Secular Stagnatıon? The Effect of Agıng on Economıc Growth in The Age of Automatıon. NBER Working Paper No: 23077, January 2017.
  • Bloom, D. and Williamson, J. (1998). Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia. The World Bank Economic Review, 12(3), 419-455.
  • Bloom, D., Canning D. and Fink G. (2011). Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth. Program on the Global Demography of Aging, Working Paper Series, No: 64, January 2011.
  • Bloom, D., Canning D., Fink G. and Finlay J. (2007). Fertility, Female Labor Force Participation and the Demographic Dividend. NBER, Working Paper No: 13583, November 2007.
  • Bloom, D., Canning, D., and Sevilla, J. (2003). The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change. Santa Monica, CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation.
  • Bouman, R., Horne, R., Milası, S. and Prasad, N. (2015) Ageing and Labour Market Implications for Lithuania. Research Department Working Paper, No.6 International Labour Office, Research Department.- Geneva.
  • Fougere, M. and Merette, M. (1998). Population Ageing and Economic Growth in Seven OECD Countries. Economic Studies and Policy Analysis Division Department of Finance, Canada.
  • Galor, O., and Weil, D. (1999). From Malthusian Stagnation to Modern Growth. The American Economic Review, 89(2), 150-154.
  • Gujarati, D. (2016). Örneklerle Ekonometri. Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT Explorer, https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2020.
  • Karabiyik, C. ve Dilber, İ. (2016). Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University. 11(44), 316-325.
  • Li, H. and Zhang X. (2015). Population Aging and Economic Growth: The Chinese Experience of Solow Model. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(3), 199-206.
  • Maestas, N., Mullen K. and Powell D. (2014). The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper No:14-012.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, (22), 265-312.
  • Prettner, K. (2011). Population Ageing and Endogenous Economic Growth. Program on the Global Demography on Aging, Working Paper No:72. https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1288/2013/10/PGDA_WP_72.pdf
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • UN, Human Developments Reports. http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/103006 Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2021.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Volume II: Demographic Profiles.
  • WorldBank. World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Zaim, S. (1997). Çalışma Ekonomisi (10. Baskı). Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Zhang, H., Zhang H. and Zhang, J. (2015), Demographic Age Structure And Economic Development: Evidence From Chinese Provinces. Journal of Comparative Economics 43, 170–185.

THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION AGING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: EXAMPLE OF OECD COUNTRIES

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 42, 1544 - 1565, 19.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.987104

Abstract

Purpose: While birth rates are decreasing in the world, life expectancy is getting longer and the proportion of the elderly population in the society is increasing rapidly. Population projections show that many countries with a young population today will be among the older countries in the near future. This indicates that the phenomenon of aging, which was considered to be a problem specific to developed countries until recently, has become an important problem for developing countries as well. While the phenomenon of aging creates direct and indirect effects on national economies, there is no consensus on the direction of these effects. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of population aging on economic growth.
Method: The data used in the research were obtained from the United Nations, World Bank and OECD databases and the panel data analysis model was preferred as the analysis method. The study covers the period of 1995-2017 of OECD countries.
Findings: According to the findings, while increases in the elderly dependency ratio and average education year affect economic growth negatively, increases in national savings and social expenditures affect economic growth positively.
Originality: There are several studies examining the relationship between population and economic growth. However, studies examining the economic effects of the change in the age structure of the population remain relatively limited. In this study, the economic effects of the aging population are examined and besides the aging indicators of the population, concepts related to the aging phenomenon such as social expenditures, national savings and average education periods are also included.

References

  • Acemoğlu, D. and Restrepo P. (2017). Secular Stagnatıon? The Effect of Agıng on Economıc Growth in The Age of Automatıon. NBER Working Paper No: 23077, January 2017.
  • Bloom, D. and Williamson, J. (1998). Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia. The World Bank Economic Review, 12(3), 419-455.
  • Bloom, D., Canning D. and Fink G. (2011). Implications of Population Aging for Economic Growth. Program on the Global Demography of Aging, Working Paper Series, No: 64, January 2011.
  • Bloom, D., Canning D., Fink G. and Finlay J. (2007). Fertility, Female Labor Force Participation and the Demographic Dividend. NBER, Working Paper No: 13583, November 2007.
  • Bloom, D., Canning, D., and Sevilla, J. (2003). The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change. Santa Monica, CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation.
  • Bouman, R., Horne, R., Milası, S. and Prasad, N. (2015) Ageing and Labour Market Implications for Lithuania. Research Department Working Paper, No.6 International Labour Office, Research Department.- Geneva.
  • Fougere, M. and Merette, M. (1998). Population Ageing and Economic Growth in Seven OECD Countries. Economic Studies and Policy Analysis Division Department of Finance, Canada.
  • Galor, O., and Weil, D. (1999). From Malthusian Stagnation to Modern Growth. The American Economic Review, 89(2), 150-154.
  • Gujarati, D. (2016). Örneklerle Ekonometri. Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT Explorer, https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2020.
  • Karabiyik, C. ve Dilber, İ. (2016). Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University. 11(44), 316-325.
  • Li, H. and Zhang X. (2015). Population Aging and Economic Growth: The Chinese Experience of Solow Model. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(3), 199-206.
  • Maestas, N., Mullen K. and Powell D. (2014). The Effect of Population Aging on Economic Growth. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper No:14-012.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, (22), 265-312.
  • Prettner, K. (2011). Population Ageing and Endogenous Economic Growth. Program on the Global Demography on Aging, Working Paper No:72. https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1288/2013/10/PGDA_WP_72.pdf
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • UN, Human Developments Reports. http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/103006 Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2021.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Volume II: Demographic Profiles.
  • WorldBank. World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • Zaim, S. (1997). Çalışma Ekonomisi (10. Baskı). Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Zhang, H., Zhang H. and Zhang, J. (2015), Demographic Age Structure And Economic Development: Evidence From Chinese Provinces. Journal of Comparative Economics 43, 170–185.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hüseyin Karagöz 0000-0002-5973-5402

Publication Date December 19, 2021
Submission Date August 25, 2021
Acceptance Date December 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20 Issue: 42

Cite

APA Karagöz, H. (2021). NÜFUS YAŞLANMASININ EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(42), 1544-1565. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.987104