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TÜRKİYE'NİN SEKTÖREL İHRACAT POTANSİYELİNİN YAPISAL ÇEKİM MODELİ İLE ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 45, 1096 - 1112, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1094434

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye'nin sektörel ihracat potansiyelini Yapısal Çekim Modeli ile analiz etmektir. Bir değişkenin (GSYİH, reel döviz kuru, ticaret anlaşmaları gibi) Türkiye'nin sektörel ihracatı üzerindeki ortalama etkilerini bulmak amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye'nin hangi ülke ve sektörlerde potansiyelin altında veya üzerinde ihracat yaptığı araştırılmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin sektörel ihracat potansiyelini analiz etmek için çekim modeli kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Toplu sonuçlar, Türkiye'nin potansiyelinin altında ihracat yaptığını göstermektedir. 2010-2019 döneminde tarım sektörünün potansiyel açığı 21-36 milyar dolar arasındadır. Bu, Türkiye'nin tarım sektöründeki kullanılmayan potansiyel hacminin neredeyse iki katına tekabül etmektedir. Öte yandan, genel olarak sanayi sektörünün potansiyel açığı 5-31 milyar dolardır. Bahse konu değerler Türkiye’nin tarihsel süreç içerisinde potansiyel açığın kapatılması açısından sanayi sektöründe tarım sektörüne göre belli başarılar elde edilsede son dönemler itibarı ile iki sektörde de potansiyelin altında ihracat gerçekleştirdiği ve potansiyel düzeye yaklaşılabilecek politikalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu şeklinde yorumlanabilir.
Özgünlük: Türkiye'nin sektörel ihracat potansiyeli Yapısal Çekim Modeli ile analiz edilmiş olup, ilk olarak Çekim Modeli 179 ülke ve 2010-2019 dönemi için inşa edilmiştir. Ardından sektörel düzeyde ülke çifti için ihracat potansiyelleri tahmin edilmiştir. İkinci olarak, bir değişkenin (GSYİH, reel döviz kuru, ticaret anlaşmaları gibi) Türkiye'nin sektörel ihracatı üzerindeki ortalama etkileri incelenmiştir. Sektörel ayrım yapılması ve ülke sayısının geniş tutulması açısından çalışma özgün bir niteliğe sahiptir.

References

  • Abbas, S. and Waheed, A. (2019). Pakistan’s Global Trade Potential: A Gravity Model Approach, Global Business Review, 20 (6), 1361-1371, doi: 10.1177/0972150919848936
  • Antoine, G. (2019). Indirect measures of trade costs: Limitations and caveats, Economics Letters, 176(C), 96-102, doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.12.027 Anderson, J. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Model, American Economic Review, 69(1), 106-116, Retrieved From: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1802501
  • Anderson, J., Larch M. and Yotov Y. (2015). Estimating General Equilibrium Trade Policy Effects: GE PPML, CESI Working Paper, No. 5592, Retrieved From: https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp5592.pdf
  • Anderson, J. E. and van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle, American Economic Review, 93 (1), 170–92, doi: 10.1257/000282803321455214
  • Anderson, J. E. and van Wincoop, E. (2004). Trade costs, Journal of Economic Literature, 42 (3), 691–751, doi: 10.1257/0022051042177649
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2004). Economic determinants of free trade agreements, Journal of International Economics, 64(1), 29–63, doi:10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00079-5
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2006). Estimating the effects of free trade agreements on trade flows using matching econometrics, Journal of International Economics (2009) 77(1), 63–76, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.09.006
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2007). Do free trade agreements actually increase members international trade?, Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 72–95, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.005
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2009). Bonus vetus OLS: a simple method for approximating international trade-cost effects using the gravity equation, Journal of International Economics 77(1), 77–85, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.10.004
  • Baldwin, R. and Taglioni, D., (2006). Gravity for dummies and dummies for gravity equations, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 12516, Retrieved From: https://www.nber.org/papers/w12516
  • Bayar, G. (2015). Determinants of Turkish Exports to European Union Countries: A Sectoral Panel data Analysis, Emerging markets Finance and Trade, 51(6), 1-19, doi:10.1080/1540496X.2015.1011506
  • Bayar, G., Ünal, M. and Tokpunar, S. (2015). Determinants of Turkish Exports to European Union Countries: A Sectoral Panel Data Analysis, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, doi:51. 1-19, doi:10.1080/1540496X.2015.1011506
  • Shepherd, B. (2016). The Gravity Model of International Trade: A User Guide, ARTNeT, Retrieved From: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/GravityUserGuide-REVISED-02.pdf
  • Dahi, O. and Demir F. (2013). Prefential trade aggrements and manufactured goods exports: does it matter whom you PTA with?, Applied Economics, 45(34), 4754-4772, doi:10.1080/00036846.2013.804169
  • Fally, T. (2015). Structural Gravity and Fixed Effects, Journal of International Economics, 97(1), 76-85, doi: 10.3386/w21212
  • Odularu, G. (2020). Fostering Trade in Africa, Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-36632-2_1
  • Morland,C., Schier, F. and Weimar H. (2020). The Structural Gravity Model and Its Implications on Global Forest Product Trade, 11(2), 178, doi:10.3390/f11020178
  • Mulabdic, A. and Yasar, P. (2021). Gravity Model–Based Export Potential An Application to Turkey, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, doi:10.1596/1813-9450-9557
  • Papazoglou, C. (2007). Greece’s Potential Trade Flows: A Gravity Model Approach, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, 13(4), 403-414, doi:10.1007/s11294-007-9107-x
  • World Trade Organisation. (2012). A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis, Retrieved From: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wto_unctad12_e.pdf
  • World Trade Organisation. (2016). An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis, Retrieved From: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/advancedwtounctad2016_e.pdf

AN ANALYSIS OF SECTORAL EXPORT POTENTIAL OF TURKEY BY USING STRUCTURAL GRAVITY MODEL

Year 2022, Volume: 21 Issue: 45, 1096 - 1112, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1094434

Abstract

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the sectoral export potential of Turkey with the Structural Gravity Model. It is aimed to find the average effects of a variable (such as GDP, real exchange rate, trade agreements) on Turkey's sectoral exports. It has been researched in which countries and sectors that Turkey exports below or above the potential.
Method: The gravity model was used in this study to analyze Turkey's sectoral export potential.
Findings: The aggregated results show that Turkey exports below its potential. The potential deficit of the agricultural sector in the 2010-2019 period is between 21-36 billion dollars. This corresponds to almost twice the volume of unused potential in Turkey's agricultural sector. On the other hand, the potential gap of the industrial sector in general is 5-31 billion dollars. The aforementioned values can be interpreted as the fact that Turkey has achieved some success in the industrial sector compared to the agricultural sector in terms of closing the potential gap in the historical process, but as of recent periods, both sectors have exported below the potential and policies that can approach the potential level are needed.
Originality: Turkey's sectoral export potential was analyzed with the Structural Gravity Model, and the Gravity Model was first built for 179 countries and the period 2010-2019. Then, export potentials were estimated for the country pair at the sectoral level. Second, the average effects of a variable (such as GDP, real exchange rate, trade agreements) on Turkey's sectoral exports are examined. The study has a unique quality in terms of making a sectoral distinction and keeping the number of countries wide.

References

  • Abbas, S. and Waheed, A. (2019). Pakistan’s Global Trade Potential: A Gravity Model Approach, Global Business Review, 20 (6), 1361-1371, doi: 10.1177/0972150919848936
  • Antoine, G. (2019). Indirect measures of trade costs: Limitations and caveats, Economics Letters, 176(C), 96-102, doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.12.027 Anderson, J. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Model, American Economic Review, 69(1), 106-116, Retrieved From: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1802501
  • Anderson, J., Larch M. and Yotov Y. (2015). Estimating General Equilibrium Trade Policy Effects: GE PPML, CESI Working Paper, No. 5592, Retrieved From: https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp5592.pdf
  • Anderson, J. E. and van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the border puzzle, American Economic Review, 93 (1), 170–92, doi: 10.1257/000282803321455214
  • Anderson, J. E. and van Wincoop, E. (2004). Trade costs, Journal of Economic Literature, 42 (3), 691–751, doi: 10.1257/0022051042177649
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2004). Economic determinants of free trade agreements, Journal of International Economics, 64(1), 29–63, doi:10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00079-5
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2006). Estimating the effects of free trade agreements on trade flows using matching econometrics, Journal of International Economics (2009) 77(1), 63–76, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.09.006
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2007). Do free trade agreements actually increase members international trade?, Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 72–95, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.02.005
  • Baier, S. L. and Bergstrand, J. H. (2009). Bonus vetus OLS: a simple method for approximating international trade-cost effects using the gravity equation, Journal of International Economics 77(1), 77–85, doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.10.004
  • Baldwin, R. and Taglioni, D., (2006). Gravity for dummies and dummies for gravity equations, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 12516, Retrieved From: https://www.nber.org/papers/w12516
  • Bayar, G. (2015). Determinants of Turkish Exports to European Union Countries: A Sectoral Panel data Analysis, Emerging markets Finance and Trade, 51(6), 1-19, doi:10.1080/1540496X.2015.1011506
  • Bayar, G., Ünal, M. and Tokpunar, S. (2015). Determinants of Turkish Exports to European Union Countries: A Sectoral Panel Data Analysis, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, doi:51. 1-19, doi:10.1080/1540496X.2015.1011506
  • Shepherd, B. (2016). The Gravity Model of International Trade: A User Guide, ARTNeT, Retrieved From: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/GravityUserGuide-REVISED-02.pdf
  • Dahi, O. and Demir F. (2013). Prefential trade aggrements and manufactured goods exports: does it matter whom you PTA with?, Applied Economics, 45(34), 4754-4772, doi:10.1080/00036846.2013.804169
  • Fally, T. (2015). Structural Gravity and Fixed Effects, Journal of International Economics, 97(1), 76-85, doi: 10.3386/w21212
  • Odularu, G. (2020). Fostering Trade in Africa, Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-36632-2_1
  • Morland,C., Schier, F. and Weimar H. (2020). The Structural Gravity Model and Its Implications on Global Forest Product Trade, 11(2), 178, doi:10.3390/f11020178
  • Mulabdic, A. and Yasar, P. (2021). Gravity Model–Based Export Potential An Application to Turkey, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, doi:10.1596/1813-9450-9557
  • Papazoglou, C. (2007). Greece’s Potential Trade Flows: A Gravity Model Approach, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, 13(4), 403-414, doi:10.1007/s11294-007-9107-x
  • World Trade Organisation. (2012). A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis, Retrieved From: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wto_unctad12_e.pdf
  • World Trade Organisation. (2016). An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis, Retrieved From: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/advancedwtounctad2016_e.pdf
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Selim Süleyman 0000-0002-1548-0874

Early Pub Date December 30, 2022
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date March 28, 2022
Acceptance Date December 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 21 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Süleyman, S. (2022). AN ANALYSIS OF SECTORAL EXPORT POTENTIAL OF TURKEY BY USING STRUCTURAL GRAVITY MODEL. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(45), 1096-1112. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1094434