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Türkiye ve Mısır'da inovasyon: Ulusal kültürün rolü

Year 2025, Volume: 24 Issue: Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik, 100 - 118, 28.03.2025

Abstract

İçinde yaşadığımız dinamik dünya, ekonomik büyümeyi, rekabetçiliği ve teknolojik ilerlemeyi teşvik eden faktörler olarak inovasyon ve girişimcilik üzerine araştırmaları gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Mısır ve Türkiye'de ulusal kültür boyutları ile inovasyon arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak ve hangi kültürel boyutun ulusal inovasyona katkıda bulunduğunu analiz etmektir. Çalışmada Hofstede'nin Kültürel Modeli ve inovasyon ölçümü olarak Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi (KİE) göstergelerinden elde edilen ikincil veriler kullanılarak teorik bir yaklaşım benimsenmektedir. Veriler 2013-2023 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Bulgularımıza göre, yüksek belirsizlikten kaçınma ve güç mesafesi gibi kültürel benzerlikleri paylaşmalarına rağmen, Mısır ve Türkiye bireycilik ve hoşgörü açısından farklılık gösterirken, Mısır Türkiye'ye kıyasla oldukça kolektivisttir. Her iki ülkedeki yüksek güç mesafesi eşitlikçilik eksikliğini yansıtmakta ve iletişim ve inovasyonu engelleyebilmektedir. Mısır ve Türkiye kısa vadeli yönelim konusunda yüksek puanlara sahiptir. Bu durum, eğitime ve uzun vadeli getirilerine odaklanarak geleceği düşünen daha pragmatik bir yaklaşım gerektirmektedir. KİE’ye göre Mısır ve Türkiye'nin performansı, GSYİH'lerine oranla gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre beklenen seviyededir. İnovasyon açısından Mısır ve Türkiye, iş politikaları ve faaliyet ortamlarının istikrarı konusunda zayıf yönleri paylaşmaktadır. Bu eksiklikler, yenilikçi süreçlerin hızını yavaşlatan sistematik sorunları yansıtmaktadır. Bu çalışma teorik bir temel sağlamayı amaçlasa da Mısır ve Türkiye'nin ulusal kültürel değerlerini göz önünde bulundurarak inovasyon kapasitelerini nasıl artırabileceklerini analiz etmek için ampirik araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır. MENA bölgesi gibi tek bir kültürel küme içinde bile kültürel boyutlara ilişkin puanlara odaklanmanın ötesine geçmek, inovasyon araştırmaları için bir ön koşuldur. Bu durum, her bir ülkede inovasyon faaliyetlerini engelleyen nedenleri tam olarak anlamak için çok yönlü bir yaklaşıma duyulan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, KİE'nin tanımladığı ülke bazlı yapısal zorluklar, toplumun kültürel yapısı göz önünde bulundurularak değerlendirilmelidir.

References

  • Alon, I., Lerner, M., & Shoham, A (2016). Cross-national cultural values and nascent entrepreneurship. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 16(3), 321-340. DOI: 10.1177/1470595816674744
  • Andrijauskienė, M. & Dumčiuvienė, D. (2017). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and national innovation level. Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting, 3(1), 189–205. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/276270
  • Autio, E., Pathak, S., & Wennberg, K. (2013). Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(4), 334–362. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23434167
  • Espig, A., Mazzini, I.T., Zimmermann, C. & De Carvalho, L.C. (2022). National culture and innovation: a multidimensional analysis, Innovation & Management Review, 19(4), 322-338. https://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-09-2020-0121
  • Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2008). National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development. Research Policy, 37, 1417–1435.
  • Furman, J., Porter, M.E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899-933.
  • Handoyo, S. (2018). The role of national culture in national innovative capacity. The Asian Journal of Technology Management, 11(2), 137-149.
  • Herbig, P., & Dunphy, S. (1998). Culture and innovation. Cross Cultural Management, 5, 13-21.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
  • Khan, R., & Cox, P. (2017). Country culture and national innovation. Archives of Business Research, 5(2), 85–101.
  • Lee, H., Chernikov, S.U., Nagy, S., & Degtereva, E.A. (2022). The impact of national culture on innovation: A comparative analysis between developed and developing nations during the pre- and post-crisis period 2007–2021. Social Sciences, 11, 522. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/socsci11110522
  • Leung, K., & Wang, J. (2015). A cross-cultural analysis of creativity. C. E. Shalley, M. A. Hitt, & J. Zhou (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship (s. 261-278) içinde. Oxford University.
  • Porter, M.E., & Stern, S. (2001). Innovation: Location matters. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42(4), 28-36.
  • Prim, A., Filho, L., Zamur, G., & Di Serio, L. (2017). The relationship between national culture dimensions and degree of innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 1-22.
  • Rinne, T., Steel, G., & Fairweather, J. (2012). Hofstede and Shane revisited: The role of power distance and individualism in national-level innovation success. Cross-Cultural Research, 46, 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111423898
  • Sabry, M.I. (2018). State business relations and innovation in the MENA region. Middle East Development Journal, 10(2), 195-224.
  • Shane, S. (1995). Uncertainty avoidance and the preference for innovation championing roles. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, 47-68.
  • Shane, S. (1992). Why do some societies invent more than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 7(1), 29–46.
  • Shane, S. (1993). Cultural influences on national rates of innovation. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 59–73.
  • Schumpeter, J. (2003). The Theory of Economic Development. (U. Backhaus, Çev.). J. Backhaus (Ed.), The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences Series, Cilt 1: Joseph Alois Schumpeter: Entrepreneurship, style and vision (s. 61-116) içinde. Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48082-4_3
  • Schwartz, S. (2014). Rethinking the concept and measurement of societal culture in light of empirical findings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 5–13.
  • Taylor, M., & Wilson, S. (2012). Does culture still matter? The effects of individualism on national innovation rates. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 234-247.
  • Tian, M., Deng, P., Zhang, Y. & Salmador, M.P. (2018). How does culture influence innovation? A systematic literature review. Management Decision, 56(5), 1088-1107. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2017-0462
  • Williams, L. K., & McGuire, S.J.J. (2010). Economic creativity and innovation implementation: The entrepreneurial drivers of growth? Evidence from 63 countries. Small Business Economics, 34, 391–412. Doi: 10.1007/s11187-008-9145-7

Innovation in Türkiye and Egypt: The role of national culture

Year 2025, Volume: 24 Issue: Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik, 100 - 118, 28.03.2025

Abstract

The dynamic globe where we live necessitates research on innovation and entrepreneurship as factors fostering economic growth, competitiveness, and technological advancement. This study aims to understand the relationship between national culture dimensions and innovation in Egypt and Türkiye, and to analyze which cultural dimension contributes national innovation. The study adopts a theoretical approach using secondary data from Hofstede’s cultural model, and Global Innovation Index (GII) indicators as a measurement of innovation. Data covers 2013-2023. It is found out that despite sharing cultural similarities like high uncertainty avoidance and power distance, Egypt and Türkiye differ in individualism and indulgence, whereas Egypt is highly collectivist, compared to Türkiye. High power distance in both countries reflects a lack of egalitarianism and can impede communication and innovation. Egypt and Türkiye have high scores on short-term orientation. This necessitates a more pragmatic approach, considering the future by focusing on education and its long-run returns. According to the GII, the performance in Egypt and Türkiye, is at expectations for their level of development, relative to their GDP. In terms of innovation, Egypt and Türkiye share weaknesses concerning their business policies and the stability of their operational environments. These deficiencies reflect systematic problems slowing the pace of innovative processes. While this study aims to provide a theoretical foundation, empirical research is necessary to analyze further how Egypt and Türkiye can increase their innovative capacity, considering their national cultural values. Moving beyond a mere focus on scores on cultural dimensions, even within a single cultural cluster like the MENA region, is a prerequisite for research on innovation. This highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to understand the exact reasons impeding innovative activities in each country. Also, country-based structural challenges that the GII identifies should be considered while acknowledging the cultural structure of society.

References

  • Alon, I., Lerner, M., & Shoham, A (2016). Cross-national cultural values and nascent entrepreneurship. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 16(3), 321-340. DOI: 10.1177/1470595816674744
  • Andrijauskienė, M. & Dumčiuvienė, D. (2017). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and national innovation level. Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting, 3(1), 189–205. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/276270
  • Autio, E., Pathak, S., & Wennberg, K. (2013). Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(4), 334–362. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23434167
  • Espig, A., Mazzini, I.T., Zimmermann, C. & De Carvalho, L.C. (2022). National culture and innovation: a multidimensional analysis, Innovation & Management Review, 19(4), 322-338. https://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-09-2020-0121
  • Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2008). National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development. Research Policy, 37, 1417–1435.
  • Furman, J., Porter, M.E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899-933.
  • Handoyo, S. (2018). The role of national culture in national innovative capacity. The Asian Journal of Technology Management, 11(2), 137-149.
  • Herbig, P., & Dunphy, S. (1998). Culture and innovation. Cross Cultural Management, 5, 13-21.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
  • Khan, R., & Cox, P. (2017). Country culture and national innovation. Archives of Business Research, 5(2), 85–101.
  • Lee, H., Chernikov, S.U., Nagy, S., & Degtereva, E.A. (2022). The impact of national culture on innovation: A comparative analysis between developed and developing nations during the pre- and post-crisis period 2007–2021. Social Sciences, 11, 522. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/socsci11110522
  • Leung, K., & Wang, J. (2015). A cross-cultural analysis of creativity. C. E. Shalley, M. A. Hitt, & J. Zhou (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship (s. 261-278) içinde. Oxford University.
  • Porter, M.E., & Stern, S. (2001). Innovation: Location matters. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42(4), 28-36.
  • Prim, A., Filho, L., Zamur, G., & Di Serio, L. (2017). The relationship between national culture dimensions and degree of innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 1-22.
  • Rinne, T., Steel, G., & Fairweather, J. (2012). Hofstede and Shane revisited: The role of power distance and individualism in national-level innovation success. Cross-Cultural Research, 46, 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111423898
  • Sabry, M.I. (2018). State business relations and innovation in the MENA region. Middle East Development Journal, 10(2), 195-224.
  • Shane, S. (1995). Uncertainty avoidance and the preference for innovation championing roles. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, 47-68.
  • Shane, S. (1992). Why do some societies invent more than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 7(1), 29–46.
  • Shane, S. (1993). Cultural influences on national rates of innovation. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 59–73.
  • Schumpeter, J. (2003). The Theory of Economic Development. (U. Backhaus, Çev.). J. Backhaus (Ed.), The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences Series, Cilt 1: Joseph Alois Schumpeter: Entrepreneurship, style and vision (s. 61-116) içinde. Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48082-4_3
  • Schwartz, S. (2014). Rethinking the concept and measurement of societal culture in light of empirical findings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 5–13.
  • Taylor, M., & Wilson, S. (2012). Does culture still matter? The effects of individualism on national innovation rates. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(2), 234-247.
  • Tian, M., Deng, P., Zhang, Y. & Salmador, M.P. (2018). How does culture influence innovation? A systematic literature review. Management Decision, 56(5), 1088-1107. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2017-0462
  • Williams, L. K., & McGuire, S.J.J. (2010). Economic creativity and innovation implementation: The entrepreneurial drivers of growth? Evidence from 63 countries. Small Business Economics, 34, 391–412. Doi: 10.1007/s11187-008-9145-7
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Development Economics - Macro, Socio-Economic Development
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Deena Saleh 0000-0003-4628-4064

Publication Date March 28, 2025
Submission Date October 8, 2024
Acceptance Date February 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 24 Issue: Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik

Cite

APA Saleh, D. (2025). Innovation in Türkiye and Egypt: The role of national culture. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(Özel Sayı - İnovasyon ve Girişimcilik), 100-118. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1560472