Research Article
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Year 2023, , 496 - 509, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717

Abstract

References

  • Acroyd, Peter. (2002). Londra Yanıyor (A. Çelik, Çev.). İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Ackroyd, Peter. (2003). London: The Biography. New York: Anchor.
  • Acroyd, Peter. (2004). Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Londra: Vintage.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2016). What Are Dissociative Disorders. Erişim: 25.11.2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
  • Ball, J.C. (2004). Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Bilgili, G. Ö. (2017). “Yalan Söylemek Üzerine”, Ayrıntıdergi, sayı 19, Ocak-Şubat, https://ayrintidergi.com.tr/yalan-soyleme-sanati-ustune/
  • Bradford, R. (2007). The Novel Now. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chalupsky, Petr. (2016). Horror and Beauty: The World of Peter Acroyd’s London Novels. Prag: Karolinum Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2001). Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde - Ben ve İd (A. Babaoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2016). Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (A. Yardımcı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Head, Dominic. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Modern British Fiction, 1950-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606199
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2006). “The Historical Turn in British Fiction”, Contemporary British Fiction (J. F. English, Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 167-187.
  • Kinnes, Sally. (2004). “Peter Ackroyd’s London”, The Times, 2 Mayıs 2004.
  • Murray, A. (2007). Recalling London: Literature and History in the Work of Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Londra: Continuum.
  • Onega, Susana. (1998). Peter Ackroyd. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Robinson, Alan. (2011). Narrating the Past: Historiography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (2004). Writing London. Vol. 2: materialisty, memory, spectrality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230514751
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (1999). “Imagining the Labyrinth: A Conversation with Peter Ackroyd”, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. Fall, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 97-114.
Year 2023, , 496 - 509, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717

Abstract

References

  • Acroyd, Peter. (2002). Londra Yanıyor (A. Çelik, Çev.). İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Ackroyd, Peter. (2003). London: The Biography. New York: Anchor.
  • Acroyd, Peter. (2004). Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Londra: Vintage.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2016). What Are Dissociative Disorders. Erişim: 25.11.2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
  • Ball, J.C. (2004). Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Bilgili, G. Ö. (2017). “Yalan Söylemek Üzerine”, Ayrıntıdergi, sayı 19, Ocak-Şubat, https://ayrintidergi.com.tr/yalan-soyleme-sanati-ustune/
  • Bradford, R. (2007). The Novel Now. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chalupsky, Petr. (2016). Horror and Beauty: The World of Peter Acroyd’s London Novels. Prag: Karolinum Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2001). Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde - Ben ve İd (A. Babaoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2016). Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (A. Yardımcı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Head, Dominic. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Modern British Fiction, 1950-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606199
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2006). “The Historical Turn in British Fiction”, Contemporary British Fiction (J. F. English, Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 167-187.
  • Kinnes, Sally. (2004). “Peter Ackroyd’s London”, The Times, 2 Mayıs 2004.
  • Murray, A. (2007). Recalling London: Literature and History in the Work of Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Londra: Continuum.
  • Onega, Susana. (1998). Peter Ackroyd. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Robinson, Alan. (2011). Narrating the Past: Historiography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (2004). Writing London. Vol. 2: materialisty, memory, spectrality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230514751
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (1999). “Imagining the Labyrinth: A Conversation with Peter Ackroyd”, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. Fall, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 97-114.

Peter Ackroyd’un Londra Yanıyor Adlı Eserinde Akademisyen Tiplemesi

Year 2023, , 496 - 509, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717

Abstract

Çağdaş İngiliz edebiyatının önemli isimlerinden Peter Ackroyd’un kurmacalarında edebiyatla örülü mekânsal bir bellek öne çıkar ve mekân olarak kendi geçmişi ile bir şehir ve onun yarattığı karakterler kurmacalarında geçmiş ile şimdi arasında kurulan bir bağla varlık kazanır. Bu bağlamda onun ilk ama aynı zamanda sonraki eserlerinin bir prototipi olan Londra Yanıyor, farklı bölüm açılışları ile küçük hikayelerden ana bir hikâyeye yol alır. Her bölümle her bir kurmaca karakterinin Londra yaşamı, bilinçli bir şekilde mercek altına tutulur. Kitabın olay örgüsü, her bir olayın diğer bir olayla görünmeyen veya önemsiz gibi görünen etkili bir ilişkiler bütünü üzerine kurulur. Farklı ve ilginç karakterler, yüzyıllar ötesindeki yazar ve eserlerinin hala yankılandığı Londra’nın gizemli geçmişine kök salarak hayat bulmuş gibidir. Bunların içinde Cambridge’de akademisyen Rowan Philips, Ackroyd’un özellikle kurmaca içinde oynadığı ve böylelikle dikkat çektiği bir ana karakterdir. Rowan, 1666 meşhur Londra Yangını’nın hala sönmeyen bir ateşi olarak okur karşısına çıkar ve görünen kişiliğinin gerisinde görünmeyen güçlü bir üst kimlikle diğer karakterler üzerinde baskındır. Onun, her bir karakterin yaşamına gizli ve dolaylı ama aynı zamanda olumsuz ve kasıtlı bir etkisi vardır. Bir tarafta başarılı, entelektüel, alanına hâkim ve geleceği parlak akademisyen Rowan diğer tarafta da Londra’da cinsel hazlarının peşinde koşan, erkek düşkünü, yalancı, farklı rollere kolayca bürünebilen, toplumsal sorumluluk ve merhametten yoksun, kısacası insani değerlerin yozlaştığı bir Rowan vardır. Rowan’ın bu ikinci ama asıl kişiliği, Cambridge’den daha çok Londra’da depreşir ve Londra gibi aydınlığın yarattığı korkunç karanlığın temsilcisidir. Ackroyd, bu sıradışı tiplemesi ile toplumda yer edinmiş üniversite ve akademisyen bakışını adeta yıkar ve onun yerine açık hava hapishanelerine benzettiği bir üniversiteyi ve bilgiyi vampirce emen, kendi haz ve doyumu için her şeyi yapa(bile)n bir tiplemeyi koyar. Edebiyatın alışkanlık kırma işlevini ustaca kullanan Ackroyd, günümüz akademisyen kimliğini farklı uç noktalara çekerek sorgular ve kurmaca yoluyla insanların gözündeki saygın ve imrenilen akademisyen algısını derinden sarsmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler

References

  • Acroyd, Peter. (2002). Londra Yanıyor (A. Çelik, Çev.). İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Ackroyd, Peter. (2003). London: The Biography. New York: Anchor.
  • Acroyd, Peter. (2004). Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Londra: Vintage.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2016). What Are Dissociative Disorders. Erişim: 25.11.2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
  • Ball, J.C. (2004). Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Bilgili, G. Ö. (2017). “Yalan Söylemek Üzerine”, Ayrıntıdergi, sayı 19, Ocak-Şubat, https://ayrintidergi.com.tr/yalan-soyleme-sanati-ustune/
  • Bradford, R. (2007). The Novel Now. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chalupsky, Petr. (2016). Horror and Beauty: The World of Peter Acroyd’s London Novels. Prag: Karolinum Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2001). Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde - Ben ve İd (A. Babaoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2016). Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (A. Yardımcı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Head, Dominic. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Modern British Fiction, 1950-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606199
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2006). “The Historical Turn in British Fiction”, Contemporary British Fiction (J. F. English, Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 167-187.
  • Kinnes, Sally. (2004). “Peter Ackroyd’s London”, The Times, 2 Mayıs 2004.
  • Murray, A. (2007). Recalling London: Literature and History in the Work of Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Londra: Continuum.
  • Onega, Susana. (1998). Peter Ackroyd. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Robinson, Alan. (2011). Narrating the Past: Historiography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (2004). Writing London. Vol. 2: materialisty, memory, spectrality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230514751
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (1999). “Imagining the Labyrinth: A Conversation with Peter Ackroyd”, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. Fall, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 97-114.

Academician Typology in The Great Fire of London by Peter Ackroyd

Year 2023, , 496 - 509, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717

Abstract

In the fictions of Peter Ackroyd, an important name of the contemporary English literature, a spatial memory woven with literature comes to the fore, and a city with its past as space and the characters it creates come into existence in these fictions. In this context, The Great Fire of London, his first novel but also a prototype for his later ones, proceeds from small stories to a main story with different chapter. The plot is based on an invisible effective set of relationships of each event with another event. Different and interesting characters seem to have come to life, rooted in the mysterious past of London, where its authors and their works have still resonated over the centuries. Among them, Rowan Philips, a Cambridge academician, one of the main characters, appears before the reader as the still unquenchable fire of the famous 1666 Fire of London, and with a strong upper identity not appearing behind his visible personality. He has a hidden, indirect, but also negative, deliberate effect on each character's life. On the one hand, there is a Rowan, a successful, intellectual, competent and bright academician; on the other hand, there is another Rowan pursuing his sexual pleasures, a man-loving, liar, easily taking on different roles, lacking social responsibility and compassion with corrupted human values. Rowan is a representative of the terrible darkness created by the light like London. With his Rowan typology, Ackroyd almost destroys the acceptance of universities and academicians that have gained ground in the society, and replaces them with both open-air prisons that absorb information mercilessly and a character that can do/does everything for his own pleasure and satisfaction. Using the defamiliarization function of literature skillfully, Ackroyd questions today's academic identity by pulling it to different extremes and deeply shakes the perception of respected and enviable academicians in the eyes of people through fiction.

References

  • Acroyd, Peter. (2002). Londra Yanıyor (A. Çelik, Çev.). İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Ackroyd, Peter. (2003). London: The Biography. New York: Anchor.
  • Acroyd, Peter. (2004). Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Londra: Vintage.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2016). What Are Dissociative Disorders. Erişim: 25.11.2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
  • Ball, J.C. (2004). Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Bilgili, G. Ö. (2017). “Yalan Söylemek Üzerine”, Ayrıntıdergi, sayı 19, Ocak-Şubat, https://ayrintidergi.com.tr/yalan-soyleme-sanati-ustune/
  • Bradford, R. (2007). The Novel Now. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chalupsky, Petr. (2016). Horror and Beauty: The World of Peter Acroyd’s London Novels. Prag: Karolinum Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2001). Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde - Ben ve İd (A. Babaoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2016). Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (A. Yardımcı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Head, Dominic. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Modern British Fiction, 1950-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606199
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2006). “The Historical Turn in British Fiction”, Contemporary British Fiction (J. F. English, Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 167-187.
  • Kinnes, Sally. (2004). “Peter Ackroyd’s London”, The Times, 2 Mayıs 2004.
  • Murray, A. (2007). Recalling London: Literature and History in the Work of Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Londra: Continuum.
  • Onega, Susana. (1998). Peter Ackroyd. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Robinson, Alan. (2011). Narrating the Past: Historiography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (2004). Writing London. Vol. 2: materialisty, memory, spectrality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230514751
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (1999). “Imagining the Labyrinth: A Conversation with Peter Ackroyd”, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. Fall, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 97-114.
Year 2023, , 496 - 509, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717

Abstract

References

  • Acroyd, Peter. (2002). Londra Yanıyor (A. Çelik, Çev.). İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Ackroyd, Peter. (2003). London: The Biography. New York: Anchor.
  • Acroyd, Peter. (2004). Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Londra: Vintage.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2016). What Are Dissociative Disorders. Erişim: 25.11.2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
  • Ball, J.C. (2004). Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Bilgili, G. Ö. (2017). “Yalan Söylemek Üzerine”, Ayrıntıdergi, sayı 19, Ocak-Şubat, https://ayrintidergi.com.tr/yalan-soyleme-sanati-ustune/
  • Bradford, R. (2007). The Novel Now. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chalupsky, Petr. (2016). Horror and Beauty: The World of Peter Acroyd’s London Novels. Prag: Karolinum Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2001). Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde - Ben ve İd (A. Babaoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2016). Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (A. Yardımcı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Head, Dominic. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Modern British Fiction, 1950-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606199
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2006). “The Historical Turn in British Fiction”, Contemporary British Fiction (J. F. English, Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 167-187.
  • Kinnes, Sally. (2004). “Peter Ackroyd’s London”, The Times, 2 Mayıs 2004.
  • Murray, A. (2007). Recalling London: Literature and History in the Work of Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Londra: Continuum.
  • Onega, Susana. (1998). Peter Ackroyd. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Robinson, Alan. (2011). Narrating the Past: Historiography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (2004). Writing London. Vol. 2: materialisty, memory, spectrality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230514751
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (1999). “Imagining the Labyrinth: A Conversation with Peter Ackroyd”, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. Fall, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 97-114.
Year 2023, , 496 - 509, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717

Abstract

References

  • Acroyd, Peter. (2002). Londra Yanıyor (A. Çelik, Çev.). İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Ackroyd, Peter. (2003). London: The Biography. New York: Anchor.
  • Acroyd, Peter. (2004). Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Londra: Vintage.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2016). What Are Dissociative Disorders. Erişim: 25.11.2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
  • Ball, J.C. (2004). Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Bilgili, G. Ö. (2017). “Yalan Söylemek Üzerine”, Ayrıntıdergi, sayı 19, Ocak-Şubat, https://ayrintidergi.com.tr/yalan-soyleme-sanati-ustune/
  • Bradford, R. (2007). The Novel Now. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chalupsky, Petr. (2016). Horror and Beauty: The World of Peter Acroyd’s London Novels. Prag: Karolinum Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2001). Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde - Ben ve İd (A. Babaoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2016). Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (A. Yardımcı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Head, Dominic. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Modern British Fiction, 1950-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606199
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2006). “The Historical Turn in British Fiction”, Contemporary British Fiction (J. F. English, Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 167-187.
  • Kinnes, Sally. (2004). “Peter Ackroyd’s London”, The Times, 2 Mayıs 2004.
  • Murray, A. (2007). Recalling London: Literature and History in the Work of Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Londra: Continuum.
  • Onega, Susana. (1998). Peter Ackroyd. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Robinson, Alan. (2011). Narrating the Past: Historiography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (2004). Writing London. Vol. 2: materialisty, memory, spectrality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230514751
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (1999). “Imagining the Labyrinth: A Conversation with Peter Ackroyd”, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. Fall, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 97-114.
Year 2023, , 496 - 509, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717

Abstract

References

  • Acroyd, Peter. (2002). Londra Yanıyor (A. Çelik, Çev.). İstanbul: Can Yayınları.
  • Ackroyd, Peter. (2003). London: The Biography. New York: Anchor.
  • Acroyd, Peter. (2004). Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Londra: Vintage.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2016). What Are Dissociative Disorders. Erişim: 25.11.2022, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders
  • Ball, J.C. (2004). Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Bilgili, G. Ö. (2017). “Yalan Söylemek Üzerine”, Ayrıntıdergi, sayı 19, Ocak-Şubat, https://ayrintidergi.com.tr/yalan-soyleme-sanati-ustune/
  • Bradford, R. (2007). The Novel Now. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chalupsky, Petr. (2016). Horror and Beauty: The World of Peter Acroyd’s London Novels. Prag: Karolinum Press.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2001). Haz İlkesinin Ötesinde - Ben ve İd (A. Babaoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Freud, Sigmund. (2016). Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (A. Yardımcı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Head, Dominic. (2002). The Cambridge Introduction to Modern British Fiction, 1950-2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606199
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2006). “The Historical Turn in British Fiction”, Contemporary British Fiction (J. F. English, Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 167-187.
  • Kinnes, Sally. (2004). “Peter Ackroyd’s London”, The Times, 2 Mayıs 2004.
  • Murray, A. (2007). Recalling London: Literature and History in the Work of Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Londra: Continuum.
  • Onega, Susana. (1998). Peter Ackroyd. Plymouth: Northcote House.
  • Robinson, Alan. (2011). Narrating the Past: Historiography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (2004). Writing London. Vol. 2: materialisty, memory, spectrality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230514751
  • Wolfreys, Julian. (1999). “Imagining the Labyrinth: A Conversation with Peter Ackroyd”, Interdisciplinary Literary Studies. Fall, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 97-114.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aytaç Ören 0000-0003-4208-548X

Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Ören, A. (2023). Peter Ackroyd’un Londra Yanıyor Adlı Eserinde Akademisyen Tiplemesi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 496-509. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1244717
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.