Research Article

Glass Ceiling: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Female Employees

Volume: 14 Number: 3 September 30, 2025
EN TR

Glass Ceiling: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Female Employees

Abstract

Making women more visible in leadership roles in organisations contributes to a more just and sustainable society by creating an inclusive and diverse work environment. The aim of this study is to examine the experiences of white-collar female employees regarding the glass ceiling syndrome from the perspective of inclusion management. The study aims to understand the invisible barriers that women face in their career development processes, the factors that prevent them from reaching promotion positions and the feelings they feel in this process. In this context, the study questions the role of inclusion in breaking the glass ceiling. The participants of the study consist of white-collar female employees who work/ have worked in organisations in different sectors in Turkey. In this research, participants from different ages, sectors and positions were reached by using purposive sampling method. The data obtained through semi-structured interviews in the research designed with phenomenology design were analysed by content analysis method. Maxqda Analytics Pro was used to visualise the findings. The participants' experiences related to the glass ceiling syndrome were described under the themes of “looking at the glass ceiling, lived experiences, what I felt, causes of the glass ceiling, what happened as a result, breaking the glass ceiling”. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the experiences of female white-collar employees regarding the glass ceiling syndrome are largely shaped by the non-inclusive policies and practices of enterprises and managers. Adopting inclusion policies as an organisational culture is important in breaking the glass ceiling. In the context of inclusive talent management, transparent, fair promotion, performance and reward practices led by the HR department are needed to retain qualified female employees and prevent the glass ceiling. The results of the study show that sustainable HRM practices based on inclusion in organisations can be effective in supporting women to reach leadership positions and combating the glass ceiling. This study highlights the need to develop concrete policies and practices to empower and support female white-collar employees. It emphasises the importance of creating an inclusive work environment that is consistent with gender equality-based sustainability goals.

Keywords

Glass Ceiling Syndrome , Inclusion Management , Sustainability , Career Barriers , Qualitative Research

References

  1. Alam, M. S., & Shin, D. (2021). A moderated mediation model of employee experienced diversity management: Openness to experience, perceived visible diversity discrimination, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Manpower, 42(5), 733-755. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-06-2019-0286
  2. Amon, M. J. (2017). Looking through the glass ceiling: A qualitative study of STEM women’s career narratives. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00236
  3. Alparslan, A. M., Çetinkaya Bozkurt, Ö., & Özgöz, A. (2015). Problems of women workers and gender discrimination in organization. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 2(1), 66-81.
  4. Akpinar-Sposito, C. (2013). Career barriers for women executives and the glass ceiling syndrome: The case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 488–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.053
  5. Balasubramanian, S. A., & Lathabhavan, R. (2017). Women’s glass ceiling beliefs predict work engagement and burnout. Journal of Management Development, 36(9), 1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2016-0282
  6. Baxter, J., & Wright, E. O. (2000). The glass ceiling hypothesis: A comparative study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia. Gender and Society, 14(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124300014002004
  7. Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (H. Aydın, Transl.). Eğitim Kitabevi.
  8. Browers, C.S. & Ho, H.W.L. (2022). Seeing through their eyes: the diversity and inclusion lessons learned from rural university students. Higher Education Evaluation and Development, 16(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/HEED-12-2020-0053
  9. Charmaz, K. (2015). Gömülü (Grounded) teori yapılandırması (R. Hoş, Çev.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  10. Chalermchaikit, V., Kozak, M., & Preudhikulpradab, S. (2024). Gender inclusion: The practices of organizational development and human resource management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2024.103773
APA
Yıldız, F. Z. (2025). Cam Tavan: Kadın Çalışanların Deneyimlerine İlişkin Nitel Bir Araştırma. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(3), 1754-1778. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1704520