Türkiye’s Role in Global Value Chains: A Value-Added Analysis of Key Industrial Sectors (2000–2020)

Banu Erkök

doi:10.15869/itobiad.1815998

Research Article

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 86 - 112 , 31.03.2026

Banu Erkök

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1815998

https://izlik.org/JA93ZT63CH

Abstract

References

Acemoğlu, D. (2018). To go forward, Turkey must look back. Bloomberg, To Go Forward, Turkey Must Look Back - Bloomberg
Aromi, J. D. (2021). Large current account deficits and neglected vulnerabilities. IMF Economic Review, 69, 597–623. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-021-00137-5
Aichele, R., & Heiland, I. (2018). Where is the value added? Trade liberalization and production networks. Journal of International Economics. 115, 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.09.002
Amador, J., & Cabral, S. (2017). Networks of value‐added trade. The World Economy, 40(7), 1291-1313. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12469
Athukorala, P. C., & Patunru, A. A. (2022). Domestic value added, exports and employment: an input–output analysis of Indonesian manufacturing. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(3), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2022.2134554
Bas, T., Kara, F. & Alola, A.A. The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 62677–62689 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15171-z
Blanchard, E. J., Bown, C. P., & Johnson, R. C. (2025). Global value chains and trade policy. Review of Economic Studies, rdaf017. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaf017
Çelebi Boz, F., Gültekin, Ö. F., & Bayramoğlu, T. (2019). BRICS ve MIST ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ile yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.533402
Devadas, S. & Loayza, N. (2018). When is a current account deficit bad?. World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 130415. ssrn-3263512.pdf
Erkan, B. (2017). Türkiye’nin İhracatında Uzmanlaşma ve Rekabet Edebilirlik Düzeyi: Avrupa Birliği Piyasası-Küresel Piyasalar Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 68-88. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.356234
Erkök, B. (2018). Türkiye Sanayisinin Küresel Değer Zincirine Entegrasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(2), 637-666. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.571631
Erkök, B. (2021). Current account deficit and automotive sector nexus in Turkey: an input-output analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.06
Erkök, B. (2023). An input-output analysis: the linkages and leakages of exporting sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşim, 34(126). ekonomikyaklasim.org, doi: 10.5455/ey.25002
Gereffi, G., Lim, H. C., & Lee, J. (2021). Trade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(4), 506. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00102-z
Gundoğdu, C., & Şaracoğlu, D. Ş. (2016). Participation of Turkey in global value chains: An analysis based on the World Input-Output Database. ERC Working Papers in Economics, 16/10. Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
Hisamitsu S. & Toshiyuki M. (2025). Foreign direct investment and quality‐upgrading spillovers in Indonesia. The World Economy 48:5, pages 1127-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13688
Horner, R., & Nadvi, K. (2018). Global value chains and the rise of the Global South: unpacking twenty‐first century polycentric trade. Global Networks, 18(2), 207-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12180
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(1), 75-96.
Inditex Group. (2023). Suppliers. SUPPLIERS.pdf
Kee, H. L., & Tang, H. (2016). Domestic value added in exports: Theory and firm evidence from China. American Economic Review, 106(6), 1402-1436. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20131687
Kılıcaslan, Y., Aytun, U., & Mecik, O. (2021). Global value chain integration and productivity: The case of Turkish manufacturing firms. Middle East Development Journal, 13(1), 150–171.
Konak, A. & Erkök, B. (2024). Analysis of the effects of the economic crises and pandemic on foreign trade in 1994-2022 with RALS-LM Structural Break Unit Root Test Method: The Case of Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(1), 326-341. Doi: 10.25295/fsecon.1381933
Koopman, R., Wang, Z., & Wei, S. (2014). Trading value added and double counting in gross exports. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (2), 459–494.
Kowalski, P., Lopez Gonzalez, J., Ragoussis, A., & Ugarte, C. (2015). Participation of developing countries in global value chains: implications for trade and trade-related policies. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 179, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
Labonte, M. (2010). Is the US current account deficit sustainable? Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service.
Martinez‐Galan, E., & Fontoura, M. P. (2019). Global value chains and inward foreign direct investment in the 2000s. The World Economy, 42(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12660
McWilliam, S. E., Kim, J. K., Mudambi, R., & Nielsen, B. B. (2020). Global value chain governance: Intersections with international business. Journal of World Business, 55(4), 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101067
Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). EKONOMİK GÖRÜNÜM Nisan 2024, PowerPoint Sunusu
Nagengast, A. J., & Stehrer, R. (2016). Accounting for the differences between gross and value added trade balances. The World Economy, 39(9), 1276-1306. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12401.
OECD. (2023a). Guide to OECD’s Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators. 2023 Edition. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/tiva/
OECD. (2023b). OECD Data Explorer. OECD Data Explorer
OECD. (2023c). Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023, Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023
OECD. (2025a). Trade in value-added. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/trade-in-value-added.html
OECD. (2025b). Import content of exports. Import content of exports | OECD,
OECD. (2025c) Domestic value added in gross exports. Domestic value added in gross exports | OECD
Rodrik, D. (2012). The Turkish Economy after the Global Financial Crisis, Ekonomi-Tek, 1(1), 41-61.
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı-2007-2013,
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı-2014-2018,
Saygılı, H. (2023). Invoicing currency, exchange rate pass‐through, and value‐added trade: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(4), 4401-4419.
Statista. (2025a). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1389730/turkey-share-in-world-exports/
Statista. (2025b). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1407469/turkey-main-export-commodities-to-the-eu/
Statista. (2025c). https://www.statista.com/statistics/191896/leading-cotton-importing-countries/
Statista. (2025d). https://www.statista.com/statistics/268184/leading-import-countries-worldwide/
Statista. (2025e). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1388232/turkey-foreign-trade-balance/
Taymaz, E., Voyvoda, E., & Yılmaz, K. (2011). Uluslararası üretim zincirlerinde dönüşüm ve Türkiye’nin konumu. Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu Çalışma Raporları Serisi, TUSİAD – Koç Üniversitesi Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu, no. EAF-RP/11-01.
Tufaner, M. B. (2021). The Impacts of Sectoral Value Added to Economic Growth in Turkey. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1166-1178. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.864991
Türkiye Exporters Assembly. (TİM). (2025). Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi, 239, TIMReport239.pdf
Turkstat. (2025a). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=dis-ticaret-104&dil=1
Turkstat. (2025b). Uluslararası Hizmet Ticareti İstatistikleri - 2023 - Veri Portalı - TÜİK; biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=71&locale=tr
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017a). Measures of participation in global value chains and global business cycles. NBER Working Paper. No. 23222. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23222
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017b). Characterizing global value chains: production length and upstreamness. NBER Working Paper. No. 23261. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23261
Yanıkkaya, H., Altun, A., & Tat, P. (2022). The impacts of openness and global value chains on the performance of Turkish sectors. Panoeconomicus, 1–24.
Yu, C., & Luo, Z. (2018). What are China's real gains within global value chains? Measuring domestic value added in China’s exports of manufactures, China Economic Review, 47, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.08.010

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 86 - 112 , 31.03.2026

Banu Erkök

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1815998

https://izlik.org/JA93ZT63CH

Abstract

References

Acemoğlu, D. (2018). To go forward, Turkey must look back. Bloomberg, To Go Forward, Turkey Must Look Back - Bloomberg
Aromi, J. D. (2021). Large current account deficits and neglected vulnerabilities. IMF Economic Review, 69, 597–623. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-021-00137-5
Aichele, R., & Heiland, I. (2018). Where is the value added? Trade liberalization and production networks. Journal of International Economics. 115, 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.09.002
Amador, J., & Cabral, S. (2017). Networks of value‐added trade. The World Economy, 40(7), 1291-1313. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12469
Athukorala, P. C., & Patunru, A. A. (2022). Domestic value added, exports and employment: an input–output analysis of Indonesian manufacturing. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(3), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2022.2134554
Bas, T., Kara, F. & Alola, A.A. The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 62677–62689 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15171-z
Blanchard, E. J., Bown, C. P., & Johnson, R. C. (2025). Global value chains and trade policy. Review of Economic Studies, rdaf017. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaf017
Çelebi Boz, F., Gültekin, Ö. F., & Bayramoğlu, T. (2019). BRICS ve MIST ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ile yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.533402
Devadas, S. & Loayza, N. (2018). When is a current account deficit bad?. World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 130415. ssrn-3263512.pdf
Erkan, B. (2017). Türkiye’nin İhracatında Uzmanlaşma ve Rekabet Edebilirlik Düzeyi: Avrupa Birliği Piyasası-Küresel Piyasalar Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 68-88. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.356234
Erkök, B. (2018). Türkiye Sanayisinin Küresel Değer Zincirine Entegrasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(2), 637-666. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.571631
Erkök, B. (2021). Current account deficit and automotive sector nexus in Turkey: an input-output analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.06
Erkök, B. (2023). An input-output analysis: the linkages and leakages of exporting sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşim, 34(126). ekonomikyaklasim.org, doi: 10.5455/ey.25002
Gereffi, G., Lim, H. C., & Lee, J. (2021). Trade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(4), 506. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00102-z
Gundoğdu, C., & Şaracoğlu, D. Ş. (2016). Participation of Turkey in global value chains: An analysis based on the World Input-Output Database. ERC Working Papers in Economics, 16/10. Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
Hisamitsu S. & Toshiyuki M. (2025). Foreign direct investment and quality‐upgrading spillovers in Indonesia. The World Economy 48:5, pages 1127-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13688
Horner, R., & Nadvi, K. (2018). Global value chains and the rise of the Global South: unpacking twenty‐first century polycentric trade. Global Networks, 18(2), 207-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12180
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(1), 75-96.
Inditex Group. (2023). Suppliers. SUPPLIERS.pdf
Kee, H. L., & Tang, H. (2016). Domestic value added in exports: Theory and firm evidence from China. American Economic Review, 106(6), 1402-1436. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20131687
Kılıcaslan, Y., Aytun, U., & Mecik, O. (2021). Global value chain integration and productivity: The case of Turkish manufacturing firms. Middle East Development Journal, 13(1), 150–171.
Konak, A. & Erkök, B. (2024). Analysis of the effects of the economic crises and pandemic on foreign trade in 1994-2022 with RALS-LM Structural Break Unit Root Test Method: The Case of Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(1), 326-341. Doi: 10.25295/fsecon.1381933
Koopman, R., Wang, Z., & Wei, S. (2014). Trading value added and double counting in gross exports. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (2), 459–494.
Kowalski, P., Lopez Gonzalez, J., Ragoussis, A., & Ugarte, C. (2015). Participation of developing countries in global value chains: implications for trade and trade-related policies. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 179, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
Labonte, M. (2010). Is the US current account deficit sustainable? Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service.
Martinez‐Galan, E., & Fontoura, M. P. (2019). Global value chains and inward foreign direct investment in the 2000s. The World Economy, 42(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12660
McWilliam, S. E., Kim, J. K., Mudambi, R., & Nielsen, B. B. (2020). Global value chain governance: Intersections with international business. Journal of World Business, 55(4), 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101067
Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). EKONOMİK GÖRÜNÜM Nisan 2024, PowerPoint Sunusu
Nagengast, A. J., & Stehrer, R. (2016). Accounting for the differences between gross and value added trade balances. The World Economy, 39(9), 1276-1306. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12401.
OECD. (2023a). Guide to OECD’s Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators. 2023 Edition. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/tiva/
OECD. (2023b). OECD Data Explorer. OECD Data Explorer
OECD. (2023c). Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023, Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023
OECD. (2025a). Trade in value-added. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/trade-in-value-added.html
OECD. (2025b). Import content of exports. Import content of exports | OECD,
OECD. (2025c) Domestic value added in gross exports. Domestic value added in gross exports | OECD
Rodrik, D. (2012). The Turkish Economy after the Global Financial Crisis, Ekonomi-Tek, 1(1), 41-61.
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı-2007-2013,
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı-2014-2018,
Saygılı, H. (2023). Invoicing currency, exchange rate pass‐through, and value‐added trade: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(4), 4401-4419.
Statista. (2025a). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1389730/turkey-share-in-world-exports/
Statista. (2025b). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1407469/turkey-main-export-commodities-to-the-eu/
Statista. (2025c). https://www.statista.com/statistics/191896/leading-cotton-importing-countries/
Statista. (2025d). https://www.statista.com/statistics/268184/leading-import-countries-worldwide/
Statista. (2025e). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1388232/turkey-foreign-trade-balance/
Taymaz, E., Voyvoda, E., & Yılmaz, K. (2011). Uluslararası üretim zincirlerinde dönüşüm ve Türkiye’nin konumu. Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu Çalışma Raporları Serisi, TUSİAD – Koç Üniversitesi Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu, no. EAF-RP/11-01.
Tufaner, M. B. (2021). The Impacts of Sectoral Value Added to Economic Growth in Turkey. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1166-1178. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.864991
Türkiye Exporters Assembly. (TİM). (2025). Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi, 239, TIMReport239.pdf
Turkstat. (2025a). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=dis-ticaret-104&dil=1
Turkstat. (2025b). Uluslararası Hizmet Ticareti İstatistikleri - 2023 - Veri Portalı - TÜİK; biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=71&locale=tr
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017a). Measures of participation in global value chains and global business cycles. NBER Working Paper. No. 23222. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23222
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017b). Characterizing global value chains: production length and upstreamness. NBER Working Paper. No. 23261. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23261
Yanıkkaya, H., Altun, A., & Tat, P. (2022). The impacts of openness and global value chains on the performance of Turkish sectors. Panoeconomicus, 1–24.
Yu, C., & Luo, Z. (2018). What are China's real gains within global value chains? Measuring domestic value added in China’s exports of manufactures, China Economic Review, 47, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.08.010

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 86 - 112 , 31.03.2026

Banu Erkök

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1815998

https://izlik.org/JA93ZT63CH

Abstract

References

Acemoğlu, D. (2018). To go forward, Turkey must look back. Bloomberg, To Go Forward, Turkey Must Look Back - Bloomberg
Aromi, J. D. (2021). Large current account deficits and neglected vulnerabilities. IMF Economic Review, 69, 597–623. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-021-00137-5
Aichele, R., & Heiland, I. (2018). Where is the value added? Trade liberalization and production networks. Journal of International Economics. 115, 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.09.002
Amador, J., & Cabral, S. (2017). Networks of value‐added trade. The World Economy, 40(7), 1291-1313. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12469
Athukorala, P. C., & Patunru, A. A. (2022). Domestic value added, exports and employment: an input–output analysis of Indonesian manufacturing. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(3), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2022.2134554
Bas, T., Kara, F. & Alola, A.A. The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 62677–62689 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15171-z
Blanchard, E. J., Bown, C. P., & Johnson, R. C. (2025). Global value chains and trade policy. Review of Economic Studies, rdaf017. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaf017
Çelebi Boz, F., Gültekin, Ö. F., & Bayramoğlu, T. (2019). BRICS ve MIST ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ile yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.533402
Devadas, S. & Loayza, N. (2018). When is a current account deficit bad?. World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 130415. ssrn-3263512.pdf
Erkan, B. (2017). Türkiye’nin İhracatında Uzmanlaşma ve Rekabet Edebilirlik Düzeyi: Avrupa Birliği Piyasası-Küresel Piyasalar Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 68-88. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.356234
Erkök, B. (2018). Türkiye Sanayisinin Küresel Değer Zincirine Entegrasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(2), 637-666. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.571631
Erkök, B. (2021). Current account deficit and automotive sector nexus in Turkey: an input-output analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.06
Erkök, B. (2023). An input-output analysis: the linkages and leakages of exporting sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşim, 34(126). ekonomikyaklasim.org, doi: 10.5455/ey.25002
Gereffi, G., Lim, H. C., & Lee, J. (2021). Trade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(4), 506. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00102-z
Gundoğdu, C., & Şaracoğlu, D. Ş. (2016). Participation of Turkey in global value chains: An analysis based on the World Input-Output Database. ERC Working Papers in Economics, 16/10. Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
Hisamitsu S. & Toshiyuki M. (2025). Foreign direct investment and quality‐upgrading spillovers in Indonesia. The World Economy 48:5, pages 1127-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13688
Horner, R., & Nadvi, K. (2018). Global value chains and the rise of the Global South: unpacking twenty‐first century polycentric trade. Global Networks, 18(2), 207-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12180
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(1), 75-96.
Inditex Group. (2023). Suppliers. SUPPLIERS.pdf
Kee, H. L., & Tang, H. (2016). Domestic value added in exports: Theory and firm evidence from China. American Economic Review, 106(6), 1402-1436. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20131687
Kılıcaslan, Y., Aytun, U., & Mecik, O. (2021). Global value chain integration and productivity: The case of Turkish manufacturing firms. Middle East Development Journal, 13(1), 150–171.
Konak, A. & Erkök, B. (2024). Analysis of the effects of the economic crises and pandemic on foreign trade in 1994-2022 with RALS-LM Structural Break Unit Root Test Method: The Case of Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(1), 326-341. Doi: 10.25295/fsecon.1381933
Koopman, R., Wang, Z., & Wei, S. (2014). Trading value added and double counting in gross exports. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (2), 459–494.
Kowalski, P., Lopez Gonzalez, J., Ragoussis, A., & Ugarte, C. (2015). Participation of developing countries in global value chains: implications for trade and trade-related policies. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 179, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
Labonte, M. (2010). Is the US current account deficit sustainable? Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service.
Martinez‐Galan, E., & Fontoura, M. P. (2019). Global value chains and inward foreign direct investment in the 2000s. The World Economy, 42(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12660
McWilliam, S. E., Kim, J. K., Mudambi, R., & Nielsen, B. B. (2020). Global value chain governance: Intersections with international business. Journal of World Business, 55(4), 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101067
Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). EKONOMİK GÖRÜNÜM Nisan 2024, PowerPoint Sunusu
Nagengast, A. J., & Stehrer, R. (2016). Accounting for the differences between gross and value added trade balances. The World Economy, 39(9), 1276-1306. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12401.
OECD. (2023a). Guide to OECD’s Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators. 2023 Edition. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/tiva/
OECD. (2023b). OECD Data Explorer. OECD Data Explorer
OECD. (2023c). Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023, Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023
OECD. (2025a). Trade in value-added. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/trade-in-value-added.html
OECD. (2025b). Import content of exports. Import content of exports | OECD,
OECD. (2025c) Domestic value added in gross exports. Domestic value added in gross exports | OECD
Rodrik, D. (2012). The Turkish Economy after the Global Financial Crisis, Ekonomi-Tek, 1(1), 41-61.
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı-2007-2013,
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı-2014-2018,
Saygılı, H. (2023). Invoicing currency, exchange rate pass‐through, and value‐added trade: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(4), 4401-4419.
Statista. (2025a). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1389730/turkey-share-in-world-exports/
Statista. (2025b). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1407469/turkey-main-export-commodities-to-the-eu/
Statista. (2025c). https://www.statista.com/statistics/191896/leading-cotton-importing-countries/
Statista. (2025d). https://www.statista.com/statistics/268184/leading-import-countries-worldwide/
Statista. (2025e). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1388232/turkey-foreign-trade-balance/
Taymaz, E., Voyvoda, E., & Yılmaz, K. (2011). Uluslararası üretim zincirlerinde dönüşüm ve Türkiye’nin konumu. Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu Çalışma Raporları Serisi, TUSİAD – Koç Üniversitesi Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu, no. EAF-RP/11-01.
Tufaner, M. B. (2021). The Impacts of Sectoral Value Added to Economic Growth in Turkey. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1166-1178. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.864991
Türkiye Exporters Assembly. (TİM). (2025). Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi, 239, TIMReport239.pdf
Turkstat. (2025a). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=dis-ticaret-104&dil=1
Turkstat. (2025b). Uluslararası Hizmet Ticareti İstatistikleri - 2023 - Veri Portalı - TÜİK; biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=71&locale=tr
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017a). Measures of participation in global value chains and global business cycles. NBER Working Paper. No. 23222. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23222
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017b). Characterizing global value chains: production length and upstreamness. NBER Working Paper. No. 23261. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23261
Yanıkkaya, H., Altun, A., & Tat, P. (2022). The impacts of openness and global value chains on the performance of Turkish sectors. Panoeconomicus, 1–24.
Yu, C., & Luo, Z. (2018). What are China's real gains within global value chains? Measuring domestic value added in China’s exports of manufactures, China Economic Review, 47, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.08.010

Türkiye’s Role in Global Value Chains: A Value-Added Analysis of Key Industrial Sectors (2000–2020)

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 86 - 112 , 31.03.2026

Banu Erkök

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1815998

https://izlik.org/JA93ZT63CH

Abstract

This paper evaluates Türkiye’s involvement in global value chains (GVCs) by examining foreign value-added (FVA) and domestic value-added (DVA) shares embodied in gross exports over the period 2000–2020, using Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators derived from the OECD Inter-Country Input–Output tables, 2023 edition. The analysis adopts a data-driven sectoral focus by ranking the sectors according to their time average foreign value-added shares over the sample period and selecting those with the highest values: coke and refined petroleum products; motor vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers; electrical equipment; computer, electronic, and optical products; basic metals; and chemicals and chemical products. For these sectors, the paper examines corresponding domestic value-added shares and compares Türkiye’s performance with OECD and G20 TiVA regional aggregates, providing a relevant benchmark given Türkiye’s position between advanced and emerging economies. The findings show that Türkiye consistently exhibits higher foreign value-added shares and lower domestic value-added shares than the OECD and G20 TiVA regional aggregates across the selected sectors, indicating a strong reliance on imported intermediate inputs in export production. These results suggest that Türkiye’s participation in global value chains, in these manufacturing sectors, is associated with relatively high import dependence and lower domestic value retention. From a policy perspective, the results highlight the potential relevance of strategies to strengthen domestic production capabilities and enhance domestic value retention in sectors with high foreign-input dependence. Policies that support firm-level capability development and domestic supplier participation may contribute to higher domestic value-added shares over time, while maintaining integration into international production networks.

Keywords

International Trade , Global Value Chains , Value-Added , TiVA Data Set , Import Dependency

References

Acemoğlu, D. (2018). To go forward, Turkey must look back. Bloomberg, To Go Forward, Turkey Must Look Back - Bloomberg
Aromi, J. D. (2021). Large current account deficits and neglected vulnerabilities. IMF Economic Review, 69, 597–623. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-021-00137-5
Aichele, R., & Heiland, I. (2018). Where is the value added? Trade liberalization and production networks. Journal of International Economics. 115, 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.09.002
Amador, J., & Cabral, S. (2017). Networks of value‐added trade. The World Economy, 40(7), 1291-1313. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12469
Athukorala, P. C., & Patunru, A. A. (2022). Domestic value added, exports and employment: an input–output analysis of Indonesian manufacturing. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(3), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2022.2134554
Bas, T., Kara, F. & Alola, A.A. The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 62677–62689 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15171-z
Blanchard, E. J., Bown, C. P., & Johnson, R. C. (2025). Global value chains and trade policy. Review of Economic Studies, rdaf017. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaf017
Çelebi Boz, F., Gültekin, Ö. F., & Bayramoğlu, T. (2019). BRICS ve MIST ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ile yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.533402
Devadas, S. & Loayza, N. (2018). When is a current account deficit bad?. World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 130415. ssrn-3263512.pdf
Erkan, B. (2017). Türkiye’nin İhracatında Uzmanlaşma ve Rekabet Edebilirlik Düzeyi: Avrupa Birliği Piyasası-Küresel Piyasalar Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 68-88. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.356234
Erkök, B. (2018). Türkiye Sanayisinin Küresel Değer Zincirine Entegrasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(2), 637-666. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.571631
Erkök, B. (2021). Current account deficit and automotive sector nexus in Turkey: an input-output analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.06
Erkök, B. (2023). An input-output analysis: the linkages and leakages of exporting sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşim, 34(126). ekonomikyaklasim.org, doi: 10.5455/ey.25002
Gereffi, G., Lim, H. C., & Lee, J. (2021). Trade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(4), 506. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00102-z
Gundoğdu, C., & Şaracoğlu, D. Ş. (2016). Participation of Turkey in global value chains: An analysis based on the World Input-Output Database. ERC Working Papers in Economics, 16/10. Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
Hisamitsu S. & Toshiyuki M. (2025). Foreign direct investment and quality‐upgrading spillovers in Indonesia. The World Economy 48:5, pages 1127-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13688
Horner, R., & Nadvi, K. (2018). Global value chains and the rise of the Global South: unpacking twenty‐first century polycentric trade. Global Networks, 18(2), 207-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12180
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(1), 75-96.
Inditex Group. (2023). Suppliers. SUPPLIERS.pdf
Kee, H. L., & Tang, H. (2016). Domestic value added in exports: Theory and firm evidence from China. American Economic Review, 106(6), 1402-1436. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20131687
Kılıcaslan, Y., Aytun, U., & Mecik, O. (2021). Global value chain integration and productivity: The case of Turkish manufacturing firms. Middle East Development Journal, 13(1), 150–171.
Konak, A. & Erkök, B. (2024). Analysis of the effects of the economic crises and pandemic on foreign trade in 1994-2022 with RALS-LM Structural Break Unit Root Test Method: The Case of Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(1), 326-341. Doi: 10.25295/fsecon.1381933
Koopman, R., Wang, Z., & Wei, S. (2014). Trading value added and double counting in gross exports. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (2), 459–494.
Kowalski, P., Lopez Gonzalez, J., Ragoussis, A., & Ugarte, C. (2015). Participation of developing countries in global value chains: implications for trade and trade-related policies. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 179, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
Labonte, M. (2010). Is the US current account deficit sustainable? Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service.
Martinez‐Galan, E., & Fontoura, M. P. (2019). Global value chains and inward foreign direct investment in the 2000s. The World Economy, 42(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12660
McWilliam, S. E., Kim, J. K., Mudambi, R., & Nielsen, B. B. (2020). Global value chain governance: Intersections with international business. Journal of World Business, 55(4), 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101067
Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). EKONOMİK GÖRÜNÜM Nisan 2024, PowerPoint Sunusu
Nagengast, A. J., & Stehrer, R. (2016). Accounting for the differences between gross and value added trade balances. The World Economy, 39(9), 1276-1306. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12401.
OECD. (2023a). Guide to OECD’s Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators. 2023 Edition. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/tiva/
OECD. (2023b). OECD Data Explorer. OECD Data Explorer
OECD. (2023c). Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023, Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023
OECD. (2025a). Trade in value-added. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/trade-in-value-added.html
OECD. (2025b). Import content of exports. Import content of exports | OECD,
OECD. (2025c) Domestic value added in gross exports. Domestic value added in gross exports | OECD
Rodrik, D. (2012). The Turkish Economy after the Global Financial Crisis, Ekonomi-Tek, 1(1), 41-61.
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı-2007-2013,
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı-2014-2018,
Saygılı, H. (2023). Invoicing currency, exchange rate pass‐through, and value‐added trade: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(4), 4401-4419.
Statista. (2025a). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1389730/turkey-share-in-world-exports/
Statista. (2025b). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1407469/turkey-main-export-commodities-to-the-eu/
Statista. (2025c). https://www.statista.com/statistics/191896/leading-cotton-importing-countries/
Statista. (2025d). https://www.statista.com/statistics/268184/leading-import-countries-worldwide/
Statista. (2025e). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1388232/turkey-foreign-trade-balance/
Taymaz, E., Voyvoda, E., & Yılmaz, K. (2011). Uluslararası üretim zincirlerinde dönüşüm ve Türkiye’nin konumu. Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu Çalışma Raporları Serisi, TUSİAD – Koç Üniversitesi Ekonomik Araştırma Forumu, no. EAF-RP/11-01.
Tufaner, M. B. (2021). The Impacts of Sectoral Value Added to Economic Growth in Turkey. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 1166-1178. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.864991
Türkiye Exporters Assembly. (TİM). (2025). Türkiye İhracatçılar Meclisi, 239, TIMReport239.pdf
Turkstat. (2025a). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=dis-ticaret-104&dil=1
Turkstat. (2025b). Uluslararası Hizmet Ticareti İstatistikleri - 2023 - Veri Portalı - TÜİK; biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=71&locale=tr
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017a). Measures of participation in global value chains and global business cycles. NBER Working Paper. No. 23222. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23222
Wang, Z., Wei, S., Yu, X., & Zhu, K. (2017b). Characterizing global value chains: production length and upstreamness. NBER Working Paper. No. 23261. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w23261
Yanıkkaya, H., Altun, A., & Tat, P. (2022). The impacts of openness and global value chains on the performance of Turkish sectors. Panoeconomicus, 1–24.
Yu, C., & Luo, Z. (2018). What are China's real gains within global value chains? Measuring domestic value added in China’s exports of manufactures, China Economic Review, 47, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.08.010

Küresel Değer Zincirlerinde Türkiye'nin Rolü: Anahtar Sanayi Sektörlerinin Katma Değer Analizi (2000–2020)

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 1 , 86 - 112 , 31.03.2026

Banu Erkök

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1815998

https://izlik.org/JA93ZT63CH

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin küresel değer zincirlerindeki (KDZ) katılımını, 2000–2020 döneminde brüt ihracat bünyesinde yer alan yabancı katma değer (FVA) ve yerli katma değer (DVA) paylarını inceleyerek değerlendirmektedir. Analizde, OECD tarafından 2023 yılında yayımlanan Ülkeler Arası Girdi-Çıktı tablolarından türetilen Katma Değer Ticareti (TiVA) göstergeleri kullanılmaktadır. Çalışma, veri temelli bir sektörel yaklaşım benimseyerek, tüm sektörleri örneklem dönemi boyunca ortalama yabancı katma değer paylarına göre sıralamakta ve en yüksek değerlere sahip olan sektörleri seçmektedir. Buna göre analiz kapsamına alınan sektörler şunlardır: kok ve rafine petrol ürünleri; motorlu taşıtlar, römorklar ve yarı römorklar; elektrikli ekipman; bilgisayar, elektronik ve optik ürünler; temel metaller; ve kimyasallar ve kimyasal ürünler. Bahse konu sektörler için ilgili yurt içi katma değer payları incelenmekte ve Türkiye’nin performansı, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ekonomiler arasındaki konumu dikkate alınarak, OECD ve G20 ekonomileriyle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bulgular, Türkiye’nin seçilen sektörler genelinde OECD ve G20 ülkelerine kıyasla daha yüksek yabancı katma değer ve daha düşük yurtiçi katma değer paylarına sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum, ihracata yönelik üretimde ithal ara girdilere güçlü bir bağımlılığa işaret etmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, söz konusu imalat sektörlerinde Türkiye’nin küresel değer zincirlerine katılımının görece yüksek ithalat bağımlılığı ve daha düşük yurt içi katma değer tutma oranı ile ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Politika perspektifinden bakıldığında ise sonuçlar, yabancı girdi bağımlılığı yüksek olan sektörlerde yurt içi üretim kapasitesini güçlendirmeye ve yurt içi katma değer tutulumunu artırmaya yönelik stratejilerin potansiyel önemini vurgulamaktadır. Firma düzeyinde yetkinlik gelişimini ve yurt içi tedarikçi katılımını destekleyen politikalar, uluslararası üretim ağlarıyla entegrasyonu korurken, zaman içinde daha yüksek yurt içi katma değer paylarına katkı sağlayabilir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Ticaret , Küresel Değer Zincirleri , Katma değer , TiVA veri seti , Ithalat Bağımlılığı.

References

Acemoğlu, D. (2018). To go forward, Turkey must look back. Bloomberg, To Go Forward, Turkey Must Look Back - Bloomberg
Aromi, J. D. (2021). Large current account deficits and neglected vulnerabilities. IMF Economic Review, 69, 597–623. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-021-00137-5
Aichele, R., & Heiland, I. (2018). Where is the value added? Trade liberalization and production networks. Journal of International Economics. 115, 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.09.002
Amador, J., & Cabral, S. (2017). Networks of value‐added trade. The World Economy, 40(7), 1291-1313. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12469
Athukorala, P. C., & Patunru, A. A. (2022). Domestic value added, exports and employment: an input–output analysis of Indonesian manufacturing. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(3), 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2022.2134554
Bas, T., Kara, F. & Alola, A.A. The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 62677–62689 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15171-z
Blanchard, E. J., Bown, C. P., & Johnson, R. C. (2025). Global value chains and trade policy. Review of Economic Studies, rdaf017. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaf017
Çelebi Boz, F., Gültekin, Ö. F., & Bayramoğlu, T. (2019). BRICS ve MIST ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ile yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.533402
Devadas, S. & Loayza, N. (2018). When is a current account deficit bad?. World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 130415. ssrn-3263512.pdf
Erkan, B. (2017). Türkiye’nin İhracatında Uzmanlaşma ve Rekabet Edebilirlik Düzeyi: Avrupa Birliği Piyasası-Küresel Piyasalar Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 68-88. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.356234
Erkök, B. (2018). Türkiye Sanayisinin Küresel Değer Zincirine Entegrasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 75(2), 637-666. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.571631
Erkök, B. (2021). Current account deficit and automotive sector nexus in Turkey: an input-output analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.06
Erkök, B. (2023). An input-output analysis: the linkages and leakages of exporting sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşim, 34(126). ekonomikyaklasim.org, doi: 10.5455/ey.25002
Gereffi, G., Lim, H. C., & Lee, J. (2021). Trade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(4), 506. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00102-z
Gundoğdu, C., & Şaracoğlu, D. Ş. (2016). Participation of Turkey in global value chains: An analysis based on the World Input-Output Database. ERC Working Papers in Economics, 16/10. Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
Hisamitsu S. & Toshiyuki M. (2025). Foreign direct investment and quality‐upgrading spillovers in Indonesia. The World Economy 48:5, pages 1127-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13688
Horner, R., & Nadvi, K. (2018). Global value chains and the rise of the Global South: unpacking twenty‐first century polycentric trade. Global Networks, 18(2), 207-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12180
Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K. M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(1), 75-96.
Inditex Group. (2023). Suppliers. SUPPLIERS.pdf
Kee, H. L., & Tang, H. (2016). Domestic value added in exports: Theory and firm evidence from China. American Economic Review, 106(6), 1402-1436. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20131687
Kılıcaslan, Y., Aytun, U., & Mecik, O. (2021). Global value chain integration and productivity: The case of Turkish manufacturing firms. Middle East Development Journal, 13(1), 150–171.
Konak, A. & Erkök, B. (2024). Analysis of the effects of the economic crises and pandemic on foreign trade in 1994-2022 with RALS-LM Structural Break Unit Root Test Method: The Case of Türkiye. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(1), 326-341. Doi: 10.25295/fsecon.1381933
Koopman, R., Wang, Z., & Wei, S. (2014). Trading value added and double counting in gross exports. Am. Econ. Rev. 104 (2), 459–494.
Kowalski, P., Lopez Gonzalez, J., Ragoussis, A., & Ugarte, C. (2015). Participation of developing countries in global value chains: implications for trade and trade-related policies. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 179, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
Labonte, M. (2010). Is the US current account deficit sustainable? Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service.
Martinez‐Galan, E., & Fontoura, M. P. (2019). Global value chains and inward foreign direct investment in the 2000s. The World Economy, 42(1), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12660
McWilliam, S. E., Kim, J. K., Mudambi, R., & Nielsen, B. B. (2020). Global value chain governance: Intersections with international business. Journal of World Business, 55(4), 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101067
Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). EKONOMİK GÖRÜNÜM Nisan 2024, PowerPoint Sunusu
Nagengast, A. J., & Stehrer, R. (2016). Accounting for the differences between gross and value added trade balances. The World Economy, 39(9), 1276-1306. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12401.
OECD. (2023a). Guide to OECD’s Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators. 2023 Edition. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/tiva/
OECD. (2023b). OECD Data Explorer. OECD Data Explorer
OECD. (2023c). Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023, Insights on engagement in global value chains in 2023
OECD. (2025a). Trade in value-added. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/trade-in-value-added.html
OECD. (2025b). Import content of exports. Import content of exports | OECD,
OECD. (2025c) Domestic value added in gross exports. Domestic value added in gross exports | OECD
Rodrik, D. (2012). The Turkish Economy after the Global Financial Crisis, Ekonomi-Tek, 1(1), 41-61.
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2006). Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı-2007-2013,
Presidency of Turkey, Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (SBB). (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı-2014-2018,
Saygılı, H. (2023). Invoicing currency, exchange rate pass‐through, and value‐added trade: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(4), 4401-4419.
Statista. (2025a). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1389730/turkey-share-in-world-exports/
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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Regional Development and Globalisation in International Economics
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Banu Erkök 0000-0002-3410-9210
Submission Date	November 2, 2025
Acceptance Date	March 2, 2026
Publication Date	March 31, 2026
DOI	https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1815998
IZ	https://izlik.org/JA93ZT63CH
Published in Issue	Year 2026 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Erkök, B. (2026). Türkiye’s Role in Global Value Chains: A Value-Added Analysis of Key Industrial Sectors (2000–2020). İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 86-112. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1815998

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