A Balance Philosopher in the Relationship between Reason and Revelation (John Toland as a Different Face of the Age of Enlightenment)
Abstract
In
the history of philosophy, each period has come to the forefront with its
unique features and the namings have been mostly made by taking these features
into consideration. In the all namings such as Natural Philosophy, Human
Philosophy, Hellenistic Philosophy, Patristic Philosophy, Scholastic
Philosophy, Enlightenment Philosophy, Modern Philosophy, some dominant factors
have been determinative. The Enlightenment Philosophy, which is a
breaking point in the history of Western thought, is a philosophy that has
emerged based on reason against religion. John Toland (1670-1722) lived in
a period when the philosophical conditions entirely developed in favor of
reason in the West. Toland living in an environment where the
confrontation between reason and religion was very sharp showed a tolerant
approach to both sides, emphasized that religion and reason can work well
together, and that there is no need to sacrifice any of them. It can be
said that the attitude of Toland is a very original and constructive attitude
in the conditions of the period. In this article, Toland's views on
religion and how he evaluated the problems that emerged about religion will be
examined
Keywords
References
- Angus, Samuel. (1915). The Environment of Early Christianity, New York.
- Boyer, Abel. (1722). The Political State of Great Britain, c. XXIII, London.
- Cevizci, Ahmet. (2000). Paradigma Felsefe Terimleri Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
- Cevizci, Ahmet. (2017). Felsefenin Kısa Tarihi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
- de Beer. E.S. (1989). The Correspondence of John Locke. vol. 8, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
- Duggan, J.N. (2010). John Toland: Ireland’s Forgotten Philosopher, Scholar, … Heretic. Barcelona: TAF Publishing.
- Heinemann, F.H. (1949). “John Toland, France, Holland and Dr. Williams”, The Review of English Studies. vol. 25, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Jones, F. Stenly. (2012). The Rediscovery of Jewis Christianity: from Toland to Baur, Society of Biblical Literature History of Biblical Studies. vol. 5., Atlanta.
- Kant, Immanuel (1983). “Aydınlanma Nedir?”, Felsefe Yazıları. (çev. Nejat Bozkurt), İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
- Küçükalp, Kasım-Cevizci, Ahmet. (2014). Batı Düşüncesi-Felsefi Temeller. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları.
- Robbins, Caroline. (1968). The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman. New York: Athenum.
- Skirbekk G.-Gilje N. (2004). Antik Yunan’dan Modern Döneme Felsefe Tarihi. (çev. Emrullah Akbaş, Şule Mutlu), İstanbul: Üniversite Kitabevi Yayınları.
- Smith, George H. (2017). Free Thought and Freedom. Washington: Cato Institue,
- Toland, John. (1898). An Apology for Mr. Toland, in a Letter from himself to a Member of the House of Commons in Ireland. London.
- Toland, John. (1696). Christianity is not Mysterious. Second Adition, London: Printed for Sam Buckley.
- Toland, John. (1702). Vindicius Liberius: Or M. Toland’s Defence of Himself Against The Late Lower House of Convocation. London: Printed For Bernard Lintott.
- Toland, John. (1704). Letters to Serena. London: Printed for Bernard Lintot.
- Toland, John. (1718). Nazarenus or Jewis, Gentile and Mahometan Christianity. London.
- Toland, John. (1720). Tetradymus. London: Printed: and sold by J. Brotherton and W. Meadows in Cornhill.
- Toland, John. (1726). “The Primitive Constitution Of The Christian Church” in A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, vol. II. London: Printed for J. Peele, at Locke’s Head in Pater-Noster Row.
- Toland, John (1751), Pantheisticon: or the From of Celebrating the Socratic-Society. London: Printed for Sam. Paterson.
- Wigelsworth, J. Robert. (2000). The Nominal Essence of Motion: John Toland’s Natural Philosophy. Calgary: Department of History.
Abstract
Felsefe tarihinde her dönem
kendine özgü bazı özellikleri ile ön plana çıkmış, adlandırmalar büyük oranda
bu özellikler dikkate alınarak yapılmıştır. Doğa Felsefesi, İnsan Felsefesi,
Helenistik Felsefe, Patristik Felsefe, Skolastik Felsefe, Aydınlanma Felsefesi,
Modern Felsefe gibi tüm adlandırmalarda başat bazı unsurlar belirleyici
olmuştur. Batı düşünce tarihinde bir kırılma noktası olan Aydınlanma Felsefesi
de din karşısında aklı esas almasıyla temayüz etmiş bir felsefedir. John Toland
(1670-1722) Batı’da felsefi koşulların bütünüyle aklın lehine gelişim
gösterdiği bir dönemde yaşamıştır. Akıl ve din arasında cepheleşmenin çok
keskinleştiği bir ortamda Toland her iki tarafa da toleranslı yaklaşım
sergilemiş, dinle aklın pekâlâ birlikte iş görebileceğini, birisinin varlığı
için ötekisinin feda edilmesine gerek olmadığını özellikle vurgulamıştır.
Toland’ın takınmış olduğu bu tavrın, dönemin şartları göz önüne alındığında
aslında gayet orijinal ve yapıcı bir tavır olduğu söylenebilir. Bu makalede
ağırlıklı olarak Toland’ın din ile ilgili görüşleri ve yine dinle ilgili ortaya
çıkmış olan problemleri nasıl değerlendirdiği inceleme konusu yapılacaktır.
References
- Angus, Samuel. (1915). The Environment of Early Christianity, New York.
- Boyer, Abel. (1722). The Political State of Great Britain, c. XXIII, London.
- Cevizci, Ahmet. (2000). Paradigma Felsefe Terimleri Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları.
- Cevizci, Ahmet. (2017). Felsefenin Kısa Tarihi. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
- de Beer. E.S. (1989). The Correspondence of John Locke. vol. 8, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
- Duggan, J.N. (2010). John Toland: Ireland’s Forgotten Philosopher, Scholar, … Heretic. Barcelona: TAF Publishing.
- Heinemann, F.H. (1949). “John Toland, France, Holland and Dr. Williams”, The Review of English Studies. vol. 25, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Jones, F. Stenly. (2012). The Rediscovery of Jewis Christianity: from Toland to Baur, Society of Biblical Literature History of Biblical Studies. vol. 5., Atlanta.
- Kant, Immanuel (1983). “Aydınlanma Nedir?”, Felsefe Yazıları. (çev. Nejat Bozkurt), İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
- Küçükalp, Kasım-Cevizci, Ahmet. (2014). Batı Düşüncesi-Felsefi Temeller. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları.
- Robbins, Caroline. (1968). The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman. New York: Athenum.
- Skirbekk G.-Gilje N. (2004). Antik Yunan’dan Modern Döneme Felsefe Tarihi. (çev. Emrullah Akbaş, Şule Mutlu), İstanbul: Üniversite Kitabevi Yayınları.
- Smith, George H. (2017). Free Thought and Freedom. Washington: Cato Institue,
- Toland, John. (1898). An Apology for Mr. Toland, in a Letter from himself to a Member of the House of Commons in Ireland. London.
- Toland, John. (1696). Christianity is not Mysterious. Second Adition, London: Printed for Sam Buckley.
- Toland, John. (1702). Vindicius Liberius: Or M. Toland’s Defence of Himself Against The Late Lower House of Convocation. London: Printed For Bernard Lintott.
- Toland, John. (1704). Letters to Serena. London: Printed for Bernard Lintot.
- Toland, John. (1718). Nazarenus or Jewis, Gentile and Mahometan Christianity. London.
- Toland, John. (1720). Tetradymus. London: Printed: and sold by J. Brotherton and W. Meadows in Cornhill.
- Toland, John. (1726). “The Primitive Constitution Of The Christian Church” in A Collection of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, vol. II. London: Printed for J. Peele, at Locke’s Head in Pater-Noster Row.
- Toland, John (1751), Pantheisticon: or the From of Celebrating the Socratic-Society. London: Printed for Sam. Paterson.
- Wigelsworth, J. Robert. (2000). The Nominal Essence of Motion: John Toland’s Natural Philosophy. Calgary: Department of History.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Religious Studies |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 |
