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The Relationship between Migration and Economic Growth in Turkey: Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test

Year 2020, , 2618 - 2635, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.748770

Abstract

In this study has been examined the relationship between economic growth and immigration which has attracted attention recently. In this study in the period, 1991-2018 gross domestic product and the total immigrant population are used data annual Turkey’s who is home to a lot of immigrants in recent years. In this study, the question of whether international migration leads to economic growth has been started. The main aim of this study examined the migration taking centers of economic growth is to identify the problems associated with economic growth in Turkey. Toda-Yamamoto causality method for this purpose in Turkey 1991-2018 period is concerned with an annual gross domestic product and total immigrant population data it was determined the direction of the causal relationship between the two variables. Turkey in recent years, especially in the study and investigation of the relationship between economic growth and population increase of immigrants faced in many countries are expected to contribute to the literature in terms. In addition, although the studies in the literature on the subject of Turkey is estimated to create differences in terms of examining the relationship between economic growth and migration. In order to determine the causal relationship between economic growth and migration, first of all, ADF, KPSS, and Box-Ljung tests were used for stability testing. Then, the Engle-Granger cointegration test was used to investigate whether there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. Finally, the causality relationship between economic growth and migration and the direction of this relationship was determined by the Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test. Empirical evidence suggests that there is unidirectional causality from migration to economic growth. 

References

  • Ager, P., & Brückner, M. (2013). Cultural diversity and economic growth: Evidence from the US during the age of mass migration. European Economic Review, 64(C), 76-97.
  • Ahmed, M. S. (2010, Junuary-June). Migrant Workers Remittance and Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangladesh. ASA University Review, 4(1), 1-13.
  • Altunç, Ö. F., Ucan, O., & Akyıldız, A. (2017). Dış göçlerin Türkiye ekonomisinde işsizlik enflasyon ve ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkileri: Ekonometrik bir analiz(1985-2015). Researcher:Social Science Studies, 5(8), 197-212.
  • Boubtane, E., Caulibaly, D., & Rault, C. (2013). Immigration, unemployment and GDP in the host country: Bootstrap panel Granger Causality analysis on OECD countries. Economing Modelling(33), 261-269.
  • Bove, V., & Elia, L. (2017). Migration, Diversity and Economic Growth. World Development(89), 227-239.
  • Castles, S., & Mark, J. M. (2008). Göçler Çağı: Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri. (B. U. Bal, & İ. Akbulut, Çev.) İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Chen, H.-J., & Fang, I.-H. (2013). Migration, social security, and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 32, 386-389.
  • Cooray, A. (2012). The Impact of Migrant Remittances on Economic Growth: Evidence from South Asia. Review of International Economics, 20(5), 985-998.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of The American Statistical Society(75), 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica(49), 1057-1072.
  • Dickey, D., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica(49), 1057-1072.
  • Dolado, J., Goria, A., & Ichino, A. (1994). Immigration, human capital and growth in the host country. Journal of Population Economics(7), 193-215.
  • Ekici, S., & Tuncel, G. (2015). Göç ve İnsan. Birey ve Toplum, 5(9), 9-22.
  • Engle, R., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Represention, estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Ersoy, M. (1985). Göç ve Kentsel Bütünleşme. Ankara: Türkiye Geliştirme ve Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Furlaretto, F., & Robstad, O. (2019). Immigration and the macroeconomy: Some new emprical evidence. Review of Economics Dynamics(34), 1-19.
  • Göv, A., & Dürü, Z. (2017, Aralık). Göç ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Seçilmiş beş ülke üzerine bir ekonometrik analiz. International Journal of Economic Studies, 3(4), 490-502.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
  • Gujarati, D. (2011). Temel Ekonometri. (Ü. Şenesen, & G. G. Şenesen, Çev.) Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, Unemployment and Development: Two Sector Analysis. The American Economic Review, 60(1), 126-142.
  • IOM, International Organization for Migration, https://migrationdataportal.org/?i=stock_abs_&t=2019 (Erişim Tarihi; 9 Kasım 2019).
  • Jean, S., & Jimenez, M. (2011). The unemployment impact of immigration in OECD countries. European Journal of Political Economy(27), 241-256.
  • Kane, H. (1995). Leaving Home. Society, 32(4), 16-25.
  • Kemnitz, A. (2001). Endogenous growth and the gains from immigration. Economics Letters(72), 215-218.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing The Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure Are We That The Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root? Journal of Econometrics(54), 159-178.
  • Latif, E. (2015). The relationship between immigration and unemployment: Panel data evidence from Canada. Economic Modelling(50), 162-167.
  • Lewis, A. W. (1966). Sınırsız Emek Arzı ile İktisadi Kalkınma. (M. Berk, Çev.) Ankara: İktisadi Kalkınma Seçme Yazılar.
  • Mihi-Ramírez, A., Rudzionis, A., & Kumpikaite, V. (2014). European economic migration flow, earnings and unemployment in decade of 2000. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences(110 ), 122 – 129.
  • Miracle, M. P., & Berry, S. S. (1970). Migrant labour and economic development. Oxford Economic Papers, 22(1), 86-108.
  • Morley, B. (2006). Causality Between Economic Growth and Immigration: An ARDL Bounds Testing. Economics Letters(90), 72-76.
  • Piore, M. J. (1986). The Shifting Grounds for Immigration. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science(485), 23-33.
  • Sevinç, H., Bozkurt, E., Kürü, S., & Sevinç, D. E. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Göç İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelere Dayalı Bir Analiz. International Conference On Eurasian Economies 2016, 398-403.
  • Tarasyev, A. A., & Jabbar, J. B. (2018). Dynamic Modeling of Labor Migration Impact on the Economic System Development. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(32), 407-412.
  • The World Bank, https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx (Erişim Tarihi; 11 Kasım 2019).
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1), 225-250.
  • Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American Economic Review(59), 138-148.
  • Yılmaz, A. (2014). Uluslararası Göç: Çeşitleri, Nedenleri ve Etkileri. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 9(2), 1685-1704.

Türkiye’de Göç ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi

Year 2020, , 2618 - 2635, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.748770

Abstract

Bu çalışmada son zamanlarda dikkat çeken Türkiye’ye yönelik dış göçün ekonomik büyüme ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Son yıllarda oldukça fazla göçmene ev sahipliği yapan Türkiye’nin 1991-2018 dönemi yıllık gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla ve toplam göçmen nüfusu verileri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada uluslararası göçün ekonomik büyümeye yol açıp açmadığı sorusundan yola çıkılmıştır. Ekonomik büyüme problemini merkez alarak incelenen bu çalışmanın temel amacı, göçün Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme ile ilişkisini tespit etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik yöntemi ile Türkiye’de 1991-2018 dönemi yıllık gayri safi yurtiçi hâsıla (GSYH) ve toplam göçmen nüfusu verileri kullanılarak ilgili dönemde söz konusu iki değişken arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin yönü tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın son yıllarda özellikle Türkiye’nin ve birçok ülkenin karşı karşıya kaldığı göçmen nüfusu artışının ekonomik büyüme ile ilişkisinin makroekonomik düzeyde incelenmesi açısından literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Ekonomik büyüme ile göç arasındaki nedensel ilişkiyi tespit etmek için ilk olarak her iki değişkenin ADF, KPSS ve Box-Ljung testleri ile durağanlık sınaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra Engle-Granger eşbütünleşme testi ile değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Son olarak Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi aracılığıyla ekonomik büyüme ile göç arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi ve bu ilişkinin yönü tespit edilmiştir. Ampirik bulgular göçten ekonomik büyümeye doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik olduğunu göstermektedir. 

References

  • Ager, P., & Brückner, M. (2013). Cultural diversity and economic growth: Evidence from the US during the age of mass migration. European Economic Review, 64(C), 76-97.
  • Ahmed, M. S. (2010, Junuary-June). Migrant Workers Remittance and Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangladesh. ASA University Review, 4(1), 1-13.
  • Altunç, Ö. F., Ucan, O., & Akyıldız, A. (2017). Dış göçlerin Türkiye ekonomisinde işsizlik enflasyon ve ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkileri: Ekonometrik bir analiz(1985-2015). Researcher:Social Science Studies, 5(8), 197-212.
  • Boubtane, E., Caulibaly, D., & Rault, C. (2013). Immigration, unemployment and GDP in the host country: Bootstrap panel Granger Causality analysis on OECD countries. Economing Modelling(33), 261-269.
  • Bove, V., & Elia, L. (2017). Migration, Diversity and Economic Growth. World Development(89), 227-239.
  • Castles, S., & Mark, J. M. (2008). Göçler Çağı: Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri. (B. U. Bal, & İ. Akbulut, Çev.) İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Chen, H.-J., & Fang, I.-H. (2013). Migration, social security, and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 32, 386-389.
  • Cooray, A. (2012). The Impact of Migrant Remittances on Economic Growth: Evidence from South Asia. Review of International Economics, 20(5), 985-998.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of The American Statistical Society(75), 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica(49), 1057-1072.
  • Dickey, D., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica(49), 1057-1072.
  • Dolado, J., Goria, A., & Ichino, A. (1994). Immigration, human capital and growth in the host country. Journal of Population Economics(7), 193-215.
  • Ekici, S., & Tuncel, G. (2015). Göç ve İnsan. Birey ve Toplum, 5(9), 9-22.
  • Engle, R., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Represention, estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Ersoy, M. (1985). Göç ve Kentsel Bütünleşme. Ankara: Türkiye Geliştirme ve Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Furlaretto, F., & Robstad, O. (2019). Immigration and the macroeconomy: Some new emprical evidence. Review of Economics Dynamics(34), 1-19.
  • Göv, A., & Dürü, Z. (2017, Aralık). Göç ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Seçilmiş beş ülke üzerine bir ekonometrik analiz. International Journal of Economic Studies, 3(4), 490-502.
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
  • Gujarati, D. (2011). Temel Ekonometri. (Ü. Şenesen, & G. G. Şenesen, Çev.) Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, Unemployment and Development: Two Sector Analysis. The American Economic Review, 60(1), 126-142.
  • IOM, International Organization for Migration, https://migrationdataportal.org/?i=stock_abs_&t=2019 (Erişim Tarihi; 9 Kasım 2019).
  • Jean, S., & Jimenez, M. (2011). The unemployment impact of immigration in OECD countries. European Journal of Political Economy(27), 241-256.
  • Kane, H. (1995). Leaving Home. Society, 32(4), 16-25.
  • Kemnitz, A. (2001). Endogenous growth and the gains from immigration. Economics Letters(72), 215-218.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing The Null Hypothesis of Stationarity Against the Alternative of a Unit Root: How Sure Are We That The Economic Time Series Have a Unit Root? Journal of Econometrics(54), 159-178.
  • Latif, E. (2015). The relationship between immigration and unemployment: Panel data evidence from Canada. Economic Modelling(50), 162-167.
  • Lewis, A. W. (1966). Sınırsız Emek Arzı ile İktisadi Kalkınma. (M. Berk, Çev.) Ankara: İktisadi Kalkınma Seçme Yazılar.
  • Mihi-Ramírez, A., Rudzionis, A., & Kumpikaite, V. (2014). European economic migration flow, earnings and unemployment in decade of 2000. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences(110 ), 122 – 129.
  • Miracle, M. P., & Berry, S. S. (1970). Migrant labour and economic development. Oxford Economic Papers, 22(1), 86-108.
  • Morley, B. (2006). Causality Between Economic Growth and Immigration: An ARDL Bounds Testing. Economics Letters(90), 72-76.
  • Piore, M. J. (1986). The Shifting Grounds for Immigration. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science(485), 23-33.
  • Sevinç, H., Bozkurt, E., Kürü, S., & Sevinç, D. E. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Göç İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelere Dayalı Bir Analiz. International Conference On Eurasian Economies 2016, 398-403.
  • Tarasyev, A. A., & Jabbar, J. B. (2018). Dynamic Modeling of Labor Migration Impact on the Economic System Development. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(32), 407-412.
  • The World Bank, https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx (Erişim Tarihi; 11 Kasım 2019).
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1), 225-250.
  • Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American Economic Review(59), 138-148.
  • Yılmaz, A. (2014). Uluslararası Göç: Çeşitleri, Nedenleri ve Etkileri. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 9(2), 1685-1704.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Oytun Meçik 0000-0002-7409-6266

Tuğba Koyuncu 0000-0002-2721-1313

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Meçik, O., & Koyuncu, T. (2020). Türkiye’de Göç ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 2618-2635. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.748770

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