Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu ve Duygusal Dışavurum İlişkisi: Empatinin Aracılık ve Düzenleyici Etkisi

Year 2021, , 1446 - 1469, 30.06.2021

Mehmet Emin Turan

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.832238

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu gibi sosyal kaygı ile ilişkili durumlarda duyguların ifade edilmesi, duyguların dışavurumu büyük önem taşımaktadır. Empati duygusal gelişim açısından önemli bir kavram olarak görülmüştür. Dolayısı ile bu çalışmada olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu ve duygusal dışavurum arasındaki ilişkide bu iki psikolojik yapı ile ilişkili olduğu değerlendirilen empatinin aracılık ve düzenleyici etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışma grubunu 104’ü kız, 108’i erkek olmak üzere toplam 212 birey oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu ve duygusal dışavurum arasındaki ilişkide empatinin aracılık ve düzenleyici etkisi SPSS PROCESS makro ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Ölçeği Kısa Formu, Berkeley Duygusal Dışavurum Ölçeği ve Temel Empati Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun empatiyi yordama durumu incelenmiş ve olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun empatiyi anlamlı bir biçimde yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonra olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun duygusal dışavurumu yordama durumu incelenmiş ve sonuç anlamlı bulunmuştur. Daha sonra ise olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu ve duygusal dışavurum arasındaki ilişkide empatinin aracılık etkisi incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak empatinin kısmi aracılık etkisi gösterdiği sonucu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca empatinin bu ilişkide düzenleyici etkisinin olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu ve duygusal dışavurum arasındaki ilişkide empatinin düzenleyici etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlara göre empati sosyal kaygı gibi kaygı durumları ile ilişkili psikolojik yapıların (olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu gibi) daha iyi anlaşılmasında önemli bir yapı olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu çalışma sonucunda, sosyal kaygı ile ilişkili durumlarda empatinin baş etme sürecinde önemli bir rol oynayabileceği düşünülmüştür. Bireyin duygularını dışavurması ve sosyal kaygı gibi kavramların doğasının daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için empatinin nedensellik, düzenleyici etkisinin farklı modellerle (örneğin iki faktörlü duygusal dışavurum veya iki faktörlü empati) incelenmesi önerilmiştir.

Keywords

Olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu, empati, duygusal dışavurum, aracılık etkisi, düzenleyici etki

The Relationship between Fear of Negative Evaluation and Expressivity: The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Empathy

Abstract

Expressing emotions in situations related to social anxiety such as the fear of negative evaluation is of great importance. Empathy is an important concept for emotional development. Therefore, in this study, the mediating and moderating effects of empathy in the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and expressivity was examined. The study group consists of a total of 212 individuals, 104 of whom are girls and 108 of them are boys. Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire and Basic Empathy Scale were used in the study. In the study, firstly, the predictive status of fear of negative evaluation on empathy was examined. It was concluded that the fear of negative evaluation predicted empathy significantly. Then, the predictive status of fear of negative evaluation on expressivity was examined. The result was found significant. After this, the mediating effect of empathy in the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and expressivity was examined. As a result, it was found that empathy had a partial mediating effect. In addition, it was investigated whether empathy has a moderating effect on this relationship. Empathy has been shown to have a moderator effect. According to these results, empathy can be considered as an important construct in better understanding psychological structures associated with anxiety states such as social anxiety (such as fear of negative evaluation). As a result of this study, it was thought that empathy may play an important role in the coping process in situations related to social anxiety. It has been suggested to examine the causality and moderating effect of empathy with different models (for example, two-factor expressivity or empathy) in order to better understand the nature of concepts such as expressivity and social anxiety.

Keywords

Fear of negative evaluation, empathy, expressivity, mediation effect, moderation effect

References

• Akın, A. (2011). The validity and reliability of the turkish version of the Berkeley Expressivity Scale. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.006
• Albayrak, A. S. (2005). Çoklu doğrusal bağlantı halinde en küçük kareler tekniğinin alternatifi yanlı tahmin teknikleri ve bir uygulama. Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 105-126. Erişim adresi: https://kutuphane.dogus.edu.tr/mvt/pdf.php?pdf=0005293&lng=0
• Allport, G. W. & Vernon, P. E. (1933). Studies in expressive movement. New York: MacMillan.
• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Arlington: APA.
• Amir, N., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Cognitive biases in social phobia. In S. G. Hofmann & P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), From social anxiety to social phobia: Multiple perspectives (pp. 254–267). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
• Atlı, A.(2008). Çocuk yuvaları ve yetiştirme yurtlarında çalışan personelin empatik eğilim düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). İnönü Üniversitesi: Malatya.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022- 3514.51.6.1173
• Birk, S. L., Horenstein, A., Weeks, J., Olino, T., Heimberg, R., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Neural responses to social evaluation: The role of fear of positive and negative evaluation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 67, 102-114. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102114
• Brook, M., & Kosson, D. S. (2013). Impaired cognitive empathy in criminal psychopathy: Evidence from a laboratory measure of empathic accuracy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 156–166. doi: 10.1037/a0030261
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
• Cameron, L. D., & Overall, N. C. (2018). Suppression and expression as distinct emotion-regulation processes in daily interactions: Longitudinal and meta-analyses. Emotion, 18(4), 465–480. doi:10.1037/emo0000334
• Camras, L., Kolmodin, K., & Yinghe Chen. (2008). Mothers’ self-reported emotional expression in mainland chinese, chinese american and european american families. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(5), 459–463. doi:10.1177/0165025408093665
• Chen, J., Milne, K., Dayman, J., & Kemps, E. (2018). Interpretation bias and social anxiety: Does interpretation bias mediate the relationship between trait social anxiety and state anxiety responses? Cognition and Emotion, 33(4), 630–645. doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1476323
• Chen, V., & Drummond, P. D. (2007). Fear of negative evaluation augments negative affect and somatic symptoms in social-evaluative situations. Cognition and Emotion, 22(1), 21–43. doi:10.1080/02699930701273815
• Coles, M.E., Turk, C.L., Heimberg, R.G., & Fresco, D.M. (2001). Effects of varying levels of anxiety within social situations: Relationship to memory and perspective and attributions in social phobia. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 39, 651-665. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00035-8
• Çetin, B., Doğan, T. ve Sapmaz, F. (2010). Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun türkçe uyarlaması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(156), 205-216. Erişim adresi: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/539
• Damiano, R. F., de Andrade Ribeiro, L. M., Dos Santos, A. G., Da Silva, B. A., & Lucchetti, G. (2017). Empathy is associated with meaning of life and mental health treatment but not religiosity among brazilian medical students. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 1003-1017. doi: 10.1007/s10943-016-0321-9
• Davila, J., & Beck, J. G. (2002). Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? A preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy, 33. 427-446. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80037-5
• Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
• Diggs, K. A., & Lester, D. (1996). Emotional control, depression and suicidality. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 774–774. doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.774
• Dobbs, J. L., Sloan, D. M., & Karpinski, A. (2007). A psychometric investigation of two self- report measures of emotional expressivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 693–702. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.01.010
• Dökmen, Ü. (1994). İletişim çatışmaları ve empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
• Dua, J.(2019). Investigating the role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between fears of evaluation and social anxiety (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Eastern Illinois University: Illinois.
• Earnst, K. S., & Kring, A. M. (1999). emotional responding in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 88, 191-207. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00083-9
• Eisenberg, N., & Strayer J. (1987). Empathy and its development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14(2), 131–149. doi:10.1007/bf00991640
• Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1993). Voluntary Smiling Changes Regional Brain Activity. American Psychologist, 4(5), 342-345. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063059
• Endresen, I. M., & Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In A. C. Bohart & D. J. Stipek (Eds.), Constructive & destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, & society (pp. 147–165). doi: 10.1037/10433-007
• Erwin, B.A., Heimberg, R.G., Schneier, F.R., & Liebowitz, M.R. (2003). Anger experience and expression in social anxiety disorder: Pretreatment profile and predictors of attrition and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behavior Therapy, 34, 331- 350. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(03)80004-7
• Fang, J., Wang, X., Yuan, K.-H., Wen, Z., Yu, X., & Zhang, G. (2020). Callous-Unemotional traits and cyberbullying perpetration: The mediating role of moral disengagement and the moderating role of empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 109829. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109829
• Friedman, H. S., & Booth-Kewley, S. (1987). The disease-prone personality: a meta-analytic view of the construct. American Psychologist, 42, 539-555. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.42.6.539
• Geng, Y., Gu, J., Zhu, X., Yang, M., Shi, D., Shang, J., & Zhao, F. (2020). Negative emotions and quality of life among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20(2), 118–125. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.02.001
• Gilbert, N., & Meyer, C. (2005). Fear of negative evaluation and the development of eating psychopathology: A longitudinal study among nonclinical women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4), 307–312. doi:10.1002/eat.20105
• Gleason, K. A., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Ickes, W. (2009). The role of empathic accuracy in adolescents’ peer relations and adjustment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 997–1011. doi: 10.1177/0146167209336605
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1995). Facets of emotional expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(4), 555–568. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00055-b
• Hackney, H., & Cormier, L. S. (2008). Psikolojik danışma ilke ve teknikleri: Psikolojik yardım süreci el kitabı. Ankara: Mentis.
• Hair, J. F.., Black, W. C., Babin, B.J. ve Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis. Hampshire: Cengage
• Hao, Z., Jin, L., Lyu, R., & Rabia Akram, H. (2020). Problematic mobile phone use and altruism in Chinese undergraduate students: The mediation effects of alexithymia and empathy. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105402
• Hartmann, T., Zahner, L., Pühse, U., Schneider, S., Puder, J. J., & Kriemler, S. (2010). Physical activity, bodyweight, health and fear of negative evaluation in primary school children. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(1), e27–e34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00888.x
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
• Herpertz, S. C., Werth, U., Lukas, G., Quanaibi, M., Schuerkens, A.,… Sas, H. (2001). Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.737
• Hoffman, M. L. (1989). Empathic emotions and justice in society. Social Justice Research, 3(4), 283-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048080
• Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027580
• Huppert, J. D., Pasupuleti, R. V., Foa, E. B., & Mathews, A. (2007). Interpretation biases in social anxiety: Response generation, response selection, and self-appraisals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1505–1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.006
• Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29(4), 589–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010
• Kanai, Y., Sasagawa, S., Chen, J., Shimada, H., & Sakano, Y. (2009). Interpretation bias for ambiguous social behavior among individuals with high and low levels of social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9273-7
• Kaya, Ö. S. (2018). Romantik ilişkilerde problem çözme becerilerinin empati ve mental iyi oluş açısından incelenmesi. Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 8(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2018.248
• Kelly, L., Keaten, J. A., & Millette, D. (2020). Seeking safer spaces: The mitigating impact of young adults’ Facebook and Instagram audience expectations and posting type on fear of negative evaluation. Computers in Human Behavior, 109, 106333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106333
• Kerr, S. L., Melley, A. M., Travea, L. ve Pole, M. (2003). The relationship of emotional expression and experience to adult attachment style. Individual Differences Research, 1, 108-123.
• Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093007
• Leising, D., Müller, J., & Hahn, C. (2007). An adjective list for assessing emotional expressivity in psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.552
• Liu, M., Wang, N., Wang, P., Wu, H., Ding, X., & Zhao, F. (2021). Negative emotions and job burnout in news media workers: A moderated mediation model of rumination and empathy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.123
• Lu, X., & Zhang, R. (2020). Impact of patient information behaviours in online health communities on patient compliance and the mediating role of patients’ perceived empathy. Patient Education and Counseling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.07.001
• MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
• Mansell, W., & Clark, D. M. (1999). How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 419-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00148-x
• Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525- 543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
• Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2012). An examination of the psychopathic personality Inventory's nomological network: A meta-analytic review. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024567
• Nedim-Bal, P. & Bilge, Y. (2016). Empati becerisi psiko-eğitim programının üstün zekâlı ergenler üzerindeki etkisi. Hasan Âli Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 23-36. Erişim adresi: https://hayefjournal.org/Content/files/sayilar/91/91-389.pdf
• Nonterah, C. W., Hahn, N. C., Utsey, S. O., Hook, J. N., Abrams, J. A., Hubbard, R. R., & Opare-Henako, A. (2015). Fear of negative evaluation as a mediator of the relation between academic stress, anxiety and depression in a sample of Ghanaian college students. Psychology and Developing Societies, 27(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971333614564747
• Orta, İ. M., Uysal, A., Helvacı, E., Akbaş, G. & Bryan, J. L. (2016). Dolaylı Utanma Ölçeğinin Amerika örnekleminde geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Yayınları, 1(37), 48-56. Erişim adresi: https://www.psikolog.org.tr/tr/yayinlar/dergiler/1031828/tpy1301996120160000m000055.pdf
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experience as a therapeutic process. Psycholological Science, 8(3), 162-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x
• Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition & Emotion, 10(6), 601-626. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999396380079
• Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 239-45. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.56.2.239
• Pfabigan, D., Seidel, E., Wucherer, A., Keckeis, K., Derntl, B., & Lamm, C. (2015). Affective empathy differs in male violent offenders with high-and low-trait psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29, 42–61. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2014_28_145.
• Preston, O. C., & Anestis, J. C. (2020). The indirect relationships between psychopathic traits and proactive and reactive aggression through empathy and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 42(3), 409–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09760-z
• Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 737–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004
• Schipper, M., & Petermann, F. (2013). Relating empathy and emotion regulation: Do deficits in empathy trigger emotion dysregulation? Social Neuroscience, 8(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2012.761650
• Schipper, M., & Petermann, F. (2013). Relating empathy and emotion regulation: Do deficits in empathy trigger emotion dysregulation? Social Neuroscience, 8(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2012.761650
• Selye H. (1976) Stress without distress. In G. Serban (Ed), Psychopathology of human adaptation (pp.137–146). New York: Plenum.
• Sloan D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004). Taking pen to hand: evaluating theories underlying the written disclosure paradigm. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(2), 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bph062
• Sloan, D. M., Strauss, M. E., & Wisner, K. L. (2001). Diminished response to pleasant stimuli by depressed women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 488-493. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.110.3.488
• Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 174-184. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.174
• Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007
• Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social issues, 55(4), 729-743. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00144
• Thompson, K. L., & Gullone, E. (2003). Promotion of empathy and prosocial behaviour in children through humane education. Australian Psychologist, 38, 175- 182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707187
• Topçu, Ç., Erdur Baker, Ö. ve Aydın, Y. Ç. (2010). Temel Empati Ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4, 174-182. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/200174
• Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D.M. (2005). Emotion regulation deficits with generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1651-1
• Türk, F., Kaçmaz, T., Türnüklü, A. ve Tercan, M. (2018). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının penceresinden Türk ve Suriyeli ilkokul öğrencilerinin gruplararası empati deneyimlerinin incelenmesi. İlköğretim Online, 17(2), 786-811. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2018.419304
• Tzoannopoulou, M. (2016). Foreign language anxiety and fear of negative evaluation in the Greek university classroom. Selected Papers on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, 21, 823–838. https://doi.org/10.26262/istal.v21i0.5272
• Wang, W.-T., Hsu, W.-Y., Chiu, Y.-C., & Liang, C.-W. (2012). The hierarchical model of social interaction anxiety and depression: The critical roles of fears of evaluation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.004
• Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027806
• Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.002
• Weeks, J. W., Jakatdar, T. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2010). Comparing and contrasting fears of positive and negative evaluation as facets of social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(1), 68–94. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.1.68
• Weiß, M., Rodrigues, J., Boschet, J. M., Pittig, A., Mussel, P., & Hewig, J. (2020). How depressive symptoms and fear of negative evaluation affect feedback evaluation in social decision-making. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 1, 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100004
• World Health Organization. (‎2004)‎. ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Genève: World Health Organization.
• Yokuş, H. (2013). Investigation of relationship between the fear of negative evaluation and musical instrument achievements of music teacher candidates (Gaziosmanpasa University sampling). International Journal of New Trends in Arts, Sports & Science Education, 2(3), 16–22. Erişim adresi: http://www.ijtase.net/ojs/index.php/IJTASE/article/download/226/293
• Zahavi, D. (2007). Expression and empathy. In D.D. Hutto & M. Ratcliffe (Eds.), Folk Psychology Re-Assessed (pp. 25–40). Dordrecht: Springer.