Kişilerarası Gönüllü Dijital Gözetim ve Gençlik: Gündelik İlişkilere Yansımaları Bağlamında Siyasal ve Dinsel Kimliklerin İfşası

Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 5, 2546 - 2573, 28.11.2017

Serdar Ünal

Abstract

Dijital sosyal
ağlarda kimliğe dair sunulan veya paylaşılan tüm göstergeler bireylerin
gündelik hayat pratiklerinin de bir anlamda sergilenmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Çalışmada,
genç bireylerin yeni ilişkilenme pratikleri ya da
dijital dolayımlı ilişkiler vasıtasıyla diğerleri hakkında siyasal ve dinsel
kimliklere dair bilgi arama amaçlı gözetlemeye yükledikleri anlamlar ve bunun
bireylerin gündelik hayatın belirli alanlarındaki (arkadaşlık ilişkileri,
romantik ilişkiler ve kurumsal ilişkiler gibi) ilişkilerinin seyri üzerindeki
yansımaları ampirik düzeyde ele alınmaktadır. Araştırma, nitel yöntem
kapsamında anlama ve yorumlamaya dayalı bir perspektif üzerine kuruludur.
Bulgulara göre, gençler, merak, belirsizlik ve risk azaltma, çıkar sağlama ve
önlem alma gibi gerekçelerle diğerleri hakkında bilgi edinmeye ihtiyaç
duymaktadırlar. Bu mecralarda siyasal ve dinsel kimliklere
dair bilgi arama amaçlı gözetimin bireylerin ilişkide oldukları kişiler
hakkındaki kanaatlerinin şekillendirilmesinde temel referans kaynağı olarak
dikkate alınması aynı zamanda gündelik yüz yüze edinilebilecek bilgilerin
ikincil planda kalmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu durum da, çoğu zaman
bireylerarası temasın ve potansiyel bir ilişkinin kurulamaması ya da devam
ettirilememesine yol açabilmektedir.

Keywords

Gençlik, Kimlik paylaşımı, Bilgi arama, Gönüllü dijital gözetim, Gündelik ilişkiler, Belirsizlik ve risk azaltma

Interpersonal Voluntary Digital Surveillance and Youth: Disclosure of Political and Religious Identities in the context of Reflections on Everyday Relationships

Abstract

In the digital social networks, all the representations or sharing’s about
identity imply the exhibition of everyday life practices of the individuals. In
the study, the meanings young
people assign to the surveillance for information about the political and religious
identities of others through new relationship practices or digitally mediated
relations, and the reflections of these on their relationships (such as
friendship relations, romantic relationships and institutional relations) in
everyday life are examined empirically. The research is based on a perspective
based on understanding and interpretation within the qualitative methodology. According to the results, young
people need to seek information about others for reasons such as curiosity,
uncertainty and risk reduction, gain advantage and prevention. The fact that
the information obtained about political and religious identities through
surveillance in these environments is regarded as the basic reference source in
shaping individual’s thoughts about the people to whom they are related may
lead to the ignorance of everyday face-to-face information. This may often
weaken interpersonal contacts and leads to the failure to establish or
termination of a potential relationship.

Keywords

Youth, Disclosure of Identity, Search for Information, Voluntary Digital Surveillance, Everyday Relationships, Uncertainty And Risk Reduction

References

• Albrechtslund, A. (2008). Online Social Networking as Participatory Surveillance. First Monday, 13 (3). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v13i3.2142
• Andrejevic, M. (2005). The Work of Watching one Another: Lateral Surveillance, Risk, and Governance. Surveillance & Society, 2(4):479–497. http://www.surveillance-and-society.org/articles2(4)/lateral.pdf
• Antheunis, M. L., Valkenburg, P. M. & Peter, J. (2010). Getting Acquainted Through Social Network Sites: Testing a Model of Online Uncertainty Reduction and Social Attraction. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(1):100–109. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.07.005
• Antheunis, M. L., Schouten, A. P., Valkenburg, P. M. & Peter, J. (2012). Interactive Uncertainty Reduction Strategies and Verbal Affection in Computer-Mediated Communication. Communication Research, 39(6):757–780. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650211410420
• Armağan, A. (2013). Gençlerin Sanal Alanı Kullanım Tercihler ve Kendilerini Sunum Taktikleri: Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(27):78-92.
• Bauman, Z. & Lyon, D. (2013). Akışkan Gözetim. Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Bentham, J. (1995). Panopticon. (ed.) M. Bozovic, The Panopticon Writings (ss.11-12), Londra:Verso.
• Berger, C.R. & Calabrese, R.J. (1975) Some Explorations in Initial Interaction and Beyond: Toward a Developmental Theory of Interpersonal Communication. Human Communication Research, 1(2):99-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x
• Berger, C. R. (1979). Beyond Initial Interaction: Uncertainty, Understanding, and The Development of Interpersonal Relationships. In H. Giles & R. St. Clair (Eds.), Language and Social Psychology (pp.122–144). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Boulianne, S. (2015) Social media use and participation: A Metaanalysis of Current Research, Information, Communication & Society, 18(5):524-538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
• Boyd, D. & Heer, J. (2006). Profiles as Conversation: Networked Identity Performance on Friendster. Proceedings of the 39th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, http://danah.org/papers/HICSS2006.pdf
• Boyd, D. & Ellison, N.B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1):210-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
• Boyd, D. (2011) Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications. In Z. Papacharissi, (ed.) A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites. (pp.39-589), New York.
• Boyd, D. (2014). It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. (pp.39–58). London: Yale University Press.utledge.
• Castells, M. (2006). Kimliği Gücü, Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür. 2. Cilt. Çev. E. Kılıç, 1. Baskı, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Castells, M. (2008). Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür. 1. Cilt: 2. Baskı, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Clayton, R.B., Nagurney, A. & Smith, J.R. (2013). Cheating, Breakup, and Divorce: Is Facebook Use to Blame? Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(10):717. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0424
• Darvell, M.J., Walsh, S.P. & White, K.M. (2011). Facebook Tells Me So: Applying The Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Partner-Monitoring Behavior on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(12):717–722. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0035
• Ellison, N., Heino, R., & Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing Impressions Online: Self‐Presentation Processes in the Online Dating Environment. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 11(2):415-441. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x
• Flanagin, A.J. & Metzger, M.J. (2000). Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3):515–540. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700304
• Flanagin, A.J. & Metzger, M.J. (2007). The Role of Site Features, User Attributes, and Information Verification Behaviors on the Perceived Credibility of Web-Based Information. New Media & Society, 9(2):319-342. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444807075015
• Foucault M. (1979). Discipline and Punish, New York: Vintage Books.
• Fox, J., Peterson, A. & Warber, K.M. (2013). Attachment Style, Sex, and the Use of Secret Tests via Social Networking Sites in Romantic Relationships. The Multi-Level Motivations in Close Relationship Dynamics Conference of the International Association for Relationship Research, Louisville.
• Fox, J. & Warber, K.M. (2013). Romantic Relationship Development in the Age of Facebook: An Exploratory Study of Emerging Adults’ Perceptions, Motives, and Behaviors. CyberPsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 16(1):3-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0288
• Fox, J. & Warber, K.M. (2014) Social Networking Sites in Romantic Relationships: Attachment, Uncertainty, and Partner Surveillance on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(1):3-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0667
• Fox, J. (2016) The Dark Side Of Social Networking Sites in Romantic Relationships. The Psychology of Social Networking: Communication, Presence, Identity, and Relationships in Online Communities. (pp.78-89), Versita, 3.
• Fuchs, C. & Trottier, D. (2015). Towards a Theoretical Model of Social Media Surveillance in Contemporary Society. Communications, 40(1):113-135. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2014-0029
• Gibbs, J. L., Ellison, N.B. & Lai, C.H. (2011). First Comes Love, Then Comes Google: An Investigation of Uncertainty Reduction Strategies and Self-Disclosure in Online Dating. Communication Research, 38(1):70–100. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650210377091
• Goffman, E. (2014). Günlük Yaşamda Benliğin Sunumu. 3. Basım, Metis Yay., İstanbul.
• Goodings, L., Abigail L. & Steven D.B. (2007). Social Networking Technology: Place and Identity in Mediated Communities. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 17(6):463–476. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.939
• Griffin, E.A. (2012). A First Look at Communication Theory. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
• Güven, S.K. (2011). Gözetimin Toplumsal Meşruiyeti. (ed.) H.Köse, Medya Mahrem. (ss.173-199), Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Hargittai E. & Hsieh P.Y. (2011) From Dabblers to Omnivores - A Typology of Social Network Site Usage. A Networked Self: Identity, Community and Culture on Social Network Sites, (ed.) Zizi A. Papacharissi, (pp.146-168), UK by Routledge.
• Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social Networks and Internet Connectivity Effects. Information, Communication, & Society, 8(2):125-147. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691180500146185
• Humphreys, L. (2011). Who's Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillance. Journal of Communication, 61(4):575-595. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01570.x
• İşman, A., Buluş, B. & Yüzüncüyıl, K.S. (2016). Sosyalleşmenin Dijitale Dönüşümü ve Dijital Benliğin Sunumu. TRTAKADEMİ, 1(2):608-619.
• Jiow, H.J. & Morales, S. (2015). Lateral Surveillance in Singapore. Surveillance & Society, 13(3/4):327-337. http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/index
• Joinson, A.N. (2008) Looking at, Looking up or Keeping up with People?: Motives and Use of Facebook. In Proceeding of the Twenty-sixth Annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (pp.1027–1036).
• Karagülle, A.E. & Çaycı, B. (2014). Ağ Toplumunda Sosyalleşme ve Yabancılaşma. The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 4(1):1-9.
• Knapp, M.L. & Vangelisti, A. L. (2004). Interpersonal Communication and Human Relationships. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
• Knobloch L.K. & Solomon D.H. (2002). Information Seeking Beyond Initial Interaction: Negotiating Relational Uncertainty within Close Relationships. Human Communication Research, 28(2):243–257. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00806.x
• Knobloch L.K. & Theiss, J.A. (2011). Relational Uncertainty and Relationship Talk within Courtship: A Longitudinal Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. Communication Monographs, 78(1):3-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2010.542471
• Lampe, C., Ellison, N. & Steinfield, C. (2006) A Face (book) in the Crowd: Social Searching vs. Social Browsing. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 167-170). ACM.
• Lee, A. & Cook, P.S. (2015). The Conditions of Exposure and Immediacy: Internet Surveillance and Generation Y. Journal of Sociology, 51(3): 674-688. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783314522870
• Lyndon, A., Bonds-Raacke, J. & Cratty, A.D. (2011). College Students’ Facebook Stalking of Ex-Partners. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(12):711–716. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0588
• Lyon, D. (1993). An Electronic Panopticon? A Sociological Critique of Surveillance Theory. The Sociological Review, 41(4):653-678. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1993.tb00896.x
• Lyon, D. (2007). Surveillance Studies: An Overview. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
• Mahajan, P. (2009). Use of Social Networking in a Linguistically and Culturally Rich India. The International Information & Library Review, 41(3):129-136. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iilr.2009.07.004
• Marshall T.C. (2012) Facebook Surveillance of Former Romantic Partners: Associations with Postbreakup Recovery and Personal Growth. CyberPsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 15(10):521–526. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0125
• Marshall, T.C., Bejanyan, K., Di Castro, G. & Lee, R. A. (2013). Attachment Styles as Predictors of Facebook‐Related Jealousy and Surveillance in Romantic Relationships. Personal Relationships, 20(1):1-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01393.x
• Mathiesen, T. (1997). The Viewer Society: Michel Foucault's Panopticon' Revisited. Theoretical Criminology, 1(2):215-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480697001002003
• Marx, G. T. (2004). Surveillance and Society. In G. Ritzer (ed.), Encyclopedia of social theory (pp. 275–280). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Marwick, A. E. (2012). The Public Domain: Social Surveillance in Everyday Life. Surveillance & Society, 9(4):378-393. http://www.surveillance-and-society.org
• Marwick, A. (2013). Online Identity. In Hartley, J. et al. (eds), Companion to New Media Dynamics. Blackwell Companions to Cultural Studies. Malden, MA: Blackwell, (pp. 355-364).
• McEwan, B. (2013). Sharing, Caring, and Surveilling: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Model Examination of Facebook Relational Maintenance Strategies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 16(12):863-869. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0717
• Muise, A., Christofides, E. & Desmarais, S. (2009). More Information Than You Ever Wanted: Does Facebook Bring out The Green-Eyed Monster of Jealousy? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4):441–444. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0263
• Nevrla, J. (2010). Voluntary Surveillance: Privacy, Identity and the Rise of Social Panopticism in the Twenty-First Century. Commentary The UNHStudent Journal of Communication, University of New Hampshire, (pp. 5-12).
• Niedzviecki, H. (2010). Dikizleme Günlüğü. (Çev.) Gündüç, G., Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Okur, H. D. & Özkul, M. (2015). Modern İletişimin Arayüzü: Sanal İletişim Sosyal Paylaşım Sitelerinin Toplumsal İlişki Kurma Biçimlerine Etkisi (Facebook Örneği). Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Institute Of Social Sciences Year, 1(21):213-246
• Papacharissi, Z. (2013). A Networked Self Identity Performance and Sociability on Social Network Sites. In (ed.) Francis L.F. et al. Frontiers in New Media Research, (pp.207-221), Rouledge: UK.
• Papacharissi, Z. (2011). A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites. (ed.) Zizi A. Papacharissi, Routledge: UK.
• Papacharissi, Z. (2009). The Virtual Geographies of Social Networks: a Comparative Analysis of Facebook, LinkedIn and ASmallWorld. New Media & Society, 11(1&2):199-220. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444808099577
• Papp LM, Danielewicz JD. & Cayemberg C. (2012). ‘‘Are We Facebook Official?’’ Implications of Dating Partners’ Facebook Use and Profiles for Intimate Relationship Satisfaction. CyberPsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 15(2):85–90. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0291
• Planalp, S., Rutherford, D. K. & Honeycutt, J. M. (1988). Events that Increase Uncertainty in Personal Relationships II: Replication and Extension. Human Communication Research, 14(4):516–547. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1988.tb00166.x
• Poster, M. (1990). The Mode of Information: Poststructuralism and Social Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Pösteki, N. & Velioğlu, Ö. (2014). Bireyin Kendini Sunuş ve Konumlandırılış Biçimindeki Dönüşüm: Selfie Kimlikler. I. Uluslararası İletişim Bilimi ve Medya Araştırmaları Kongresi, 12-15 Mayıs, Kocaeli/Türkiye.
• Ramirez Jr, A. (2009). The Effect of Interactivity on Initial Interactions: The Influence of Information Seeking Role on Computer-Mediated Interaction. Western Journal of Communication, 73(3):300-325. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1988.tb00166.x
• Ruelle, O. & Peverelli, P. (2016). The Discursive Construction of Identity through Interaction on Social Media in a Chinese NGO. Chinese Journal of Communication, 10(1):12-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2016.1217899
• Shoemaker, P. J. (1996). Hardwired for News: Using Biological and Cultural Evolution to Explain the Surveillance Function. Journal of Communication, 46(3):32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x
• Sprecher S. (2010). The Influence of Social Networks on Romantic Relationships: Through the Lens of the Social Network. Personal Relationships, 18(4):639–644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01330.x
• Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B. & Lampe, C. (2008). Social Capital, Self-Esteem, and Use of Online Social Network Sites: A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6):434–445. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.002
• Stern, L. A. & Taylor, K. (2007). Social Networking on Facebook. Journal of the Communication, Speech & Theatre Association of North Dakota, 20:9–20.
• Stutzman, F. (2006). An Evaluation of Identity-Sharing Behavior in Social Network Communities. International Digital and Media Arts Journal, 3(1):10–18. http://www.units.miamioh.edu/codeconference/papers/papers/stutzman_track5.pdf
• Sütlüoğlu, T. (2015). Sosyal Paylaşım Ağlarında Gençlerin Sosyalleşme Ve Kimlik İnşası Süreçleri: Facebook Örneği. Folklor/Edebiyat, 21(83):125-147.
• Şener G. (2010). Kişiselleştirilmiş Cemaat Medyası Olarak Sosyal Ağlar: Türkiye’de Facebook Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, (ed.) Z. K. Uslu ve C. Bilgili, Kırılan Kalıplar 2: Kültürlerararsı İletişim, Çokkültürlülük, (ss.249-277), Beta Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, İstanbul.
• Timisi, N. (2005). Sanallığın Gerçekliği: İnternetin Kimlik ve Topluluk Alanlarına Girişi. İnternet, Toplum, Kültür, (der.) M. Binark ve B. Kılıçbay, (ss.89-106), epos Yay.
• Tokunaga, R.S. (2011). Social Networking Site or Social Surveillance Site? Understanding The Use of Interpersonal Electronic Surveillance in Romantic Relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2):705-713. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.014
• Tokunaga, R.S., & Gustafson, A. (2014). Seeking Interpersonal Information over The Internet: An Application of The Theory of Motivated Information Management to Internet Use. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(8):1019-1039. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407513516890
• Tong, S. T., Van Der Heide, B., Langwell, L., & Walther, J. B. (2008). Too Much of a Good Thing? The Relationship between Number of Friends and Interpersonal Impressions on Facebook. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(3):531–549. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00409.x
• Tong, S. T. (2013). Facebook Use During Relationship Termination: Uncertainty Reduction And Surveillance. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(11):788-793. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0549
• Toprak, A., Yıldırım, A., Aygül, E., Binark, M., Börekç, S. & Çomu, T. (2014). Toplumsal Paylaşım Ağı Facebook: “görülüyorum öyleyse varım!”. 2. Basım, Kalkedon, İstanbul.
• Tüfekçi Z. (2008) Can You See me Now? Audince and Disclosure Regulation in Online Social Network Sites. Bulletin of Science Technology Society, 28(20):20-36. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467607311484
• Uğurlu, Ö. (2011) Postmodern Pazarlama Stratejisi Olarak Dönüşen Mahremiyet “Fulya’nın İntikamı” Viral Kampanyası Örneği. (ed.) Köse, H., Medya Mahrem, Ayrıntı Yay., İstanbul.
• Utz, S. & Beukeboom, C. J. (2011). The Role of Social Network Sites in Romantic Relationships: Effects on Jealousy and Relationship Happiness. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 16(4):511-527. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01552.x
• Ünal, S. (2017). Ağ Toplumunun Genç Yurttaşları: Dijital Sosyal Ortamların Siyasal Temelde Kullanımına Yönelik Karşıt Yaklaşımlar. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(3):2510-2540. https://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i3.4672
• Üstakara, F. ve Türkoğlu, E. (2015). Y Kuşağının Bir Gözetim Mekanizması Olarak Sosyal Ağlar Üzerine Algısı: Gaziantep Üniversitesi Araştırması. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10(10):939-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8366
• Van Dijk, J. (2012). The Network Society. Sage Publications.
• Van Dijck, J. (2013). ‘You Have One Identity’: Performing The Self on Facebook and LinkedIn. Media, Culture & Society, 35(2):199-215. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443712468605
• Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide B., Hamel, L. M. & Shulman, H. C. (2009). Self-Generated Versus Other-Generated Statements and Impressions in Computer-Mediated Communication: A Test of Warranting Theory Using Facebook. Communication Research, 36(2):229-253. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650208330251
• Westerman, D., Van Der Heide, B., Klein, K. A., & Walther, J. B. (2008). How Do People Really Seek Information About Others?: Information Seeking Across Internet and Traditional Communication Channels. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(3):751-767. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00418.x
• Weisskirch, RS. & Delevi R. (2012). Its Ovr B/N U N Me: Technology Use, Attachment Styles, and Gender Roles in Relationship Dissolution. CyberPsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 15(9):521–526. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0169
• Whitaker, R. (1999). The End of Privacy: How Total Surveillance Is Becoming a Reality. New York: New Press. Xenos, M.,Vromen, A. & Loader, B. D. (2014). The Great Equalizer? Patterns of Social Media Use and Youth Political Engagement in Three Advanced Democracies. Information, Communication & Society, 17(2):151–167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.871318
• Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S. & Martin, J. (2008). Identity Construction on Facebook: Digital Empowerment in Anchored Relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5):1816-1836. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012