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Avrupa Birliği’nin Otoriterlik Sınavı: Macaristan Örneği

Year 2018, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 1554 - 1568, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.368622

Abstract

Öz



2010 yılı
itibariyle, Macaristan’da gittikçe artan bir şekilde otoriter bir siyasi yapı
gözlenmektedir. Başbakan Viktor Orbán’ın yönetiminde ki Fidesz hükümeti,
seçimlerde çoğunluğu alarak, anayasal değişiklikleri partinin amaçları
doğrultusunda yapabilmekte, medya organlarını yine parti çıkarlarına göre
yönlendirmekte ve muhalifleri susturmaktadır. Demokrasiye şekil veren hatta
başka ülkelerde demokrasinin desteklenmesini isteyen Batı bu kez kendi
içerisinde yükselen otoriterlikle mücadele etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu
çalışmamızda, Avrupa’da yükselen otoriterlik ve AB’nin tutumunu ele alacağız.
Çalışmamızda, otoriterlik üzerine söz konusu literatürü değerlendirdikten sonra
Macaristan’da yükselen otoriterlik konusuna örneklerle değineceğiz. Zaman zaman
Türkiye ile karşılaştırma yaptığımız çalışmamızda örnek vaka incelemesi (case
study) gerçekleştirdik. Çalışmamız tamamıyla doküman analiz yöntemi ile
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu açıdan, Venedik Komisyonu ve Avrupa Konseyi raporları
dikkate alınarak vaka incelemesi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, otoriterliğin
sadece Batı dışı ülkelerde değil aynı zamanda Batı içinde olabileceği
vurgulanmış ve AB’nin otoriterliği durdurma veya engelleme hususunda yeterli
tedbirler alamadığı belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Bogaards, Matthijs. 2009. "How to classify hybrid regimes? Defective democracy and electoral authoritarianism." Democratization 16 (2):399-423.
  • Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bunce, Valerie J., and Sharon L. Wolchik. 2010. "Defeating Dictators: Electoral Change and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes." World Politics 62 (01):43-86. doi: 10.1017/s0043887109990207.
  • Buzogany, A. 2017. "Illiberal democracy in Hungary: authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation?" Democratization 24 (7):1307-1325. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2017.1328676.
  • Carothers, T. 2002. "The end of the transition paradigm." Journal of Democracy 13 (1):5-21. doi: DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0003.
  • Collier, David, and Steven Levitsky. 1997. "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research." World Politics 49 (03):430-451. doi: 10.1353/wp.1997.0009.
  • Commission, Venice. 2011. "Opinion on the new Constitution of Hungary." Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 87th Plenary Session:17-18.
  • Commission, Venice. 2013. "Opinion on the fourth amendment to the fundamental law of Hungary." Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 95th Plenary Session:12-13.
  • Diamond, L. 2002. "Thinking about hybrid regimes." Journal of Democracy 13 (2):21-35. doi: DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0025.
  • Diamond, L. 2015. "Facing up to the Democratic Recession." Journal of Democracy 26 (1):141-155.
  • Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Donno, D. 2013. "Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes." American Journal of Political Science 57 (3):703-716. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12013.
  • Esen, B., and S. Gumuscu. 2016. "Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey." Third World Quarterly 37 (9):1581-1606. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732.
  • Fish, M. Steven. 2002. "Islam and Authoritarianism." World Politics 55 (01):4-37. doi: 10.1353/wp.2003.0004.
  • Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Geddes, Barbara. 1999. "What do we know about democratization after twenty years?" Annual Review of Political Science:115-144.
  • Geddes, Barbara. 2005. "Why parties and elections in authoritarian regimes?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington DC.
  • Gilbert, L., and P. Mohseni. 2011. "Beyond Authoritarianism: The Conceptualization of Hybrid Regimes." Studies in Comparative International Development 46 (3):270-297. doi: 10.1007/s12116-011-9088-x.
  • Güngörmüş, Naciye. 2010. "Macaristan'da Degisim ve Demokrasiye Geçis (1989-2009)." Köksav Yayinlari, Ankara.
  • Hale, Henry H. 2011. "Hybrid Regimes: When Democracy and Autocracy Mix." In The dynamics of democratization dictatorship, development and diffusion, 23-45. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Howard, M. M., and P. G. Roessler. 2006. "Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes." American Journal of Political Science 50 (2):365-381. doi: DOI 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00189.x.
  • Jenne, Erin K, and Cas Mudde. 2012. "Can outsiders help?" Journal of Democracy 23 (3):147-155.
  • Kelemen, R Daniel, and Michael Blauberger. 2017. "Introducing the debate: European Union safeguards against member states’ democratic backsliding." Journal of European Public Policy 24 (3):317-320.
  • Kelemen, R. D. 2017. "Europe's Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe's Democratic Union." Government and Opposition 52 (2):211-238. doi: 10.1017/gov.2016.41.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2002. "Elections without Democracy: The rise of competitive authoritarianism." Journal of Democracy 13 (2):51-65.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2010a. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Linz, Juan J. 1975. "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes." In Handbook of Political Science : Macropolitical Theory, 175-412. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Mahoney, James, and Kathleen Thelen. 2010. "A theory of gradual institutional change." In Explaining institutional change: Ambiguity, Agency and Power, 1-37. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Miller, Michael K. 2012. "Electoral authoritarianism and democracy: A formal model of regime transitions." Journal of Theoretical Politics 25 (2):153-181.
  • Morgenbesser, L. 2014. "Elections in Hybrid Regimes: Conceptual Stretching Revived." Political Studies 62 (1):21-36. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12020.
  • Müller, Jan‐Werner. 2015. "Should the EU protect democracy and the rule of law inside member states?" European Law Journal 21 (2):141-160. Nagy, Veronika. 2017. "How to silence the lambs? Constructing authoritarian governance in post-transitional Hungary." Surveillance & Society 15 (3/4):447.
  • Oktem, K., and K. Akkoyunlu. 2016. "Exit from democracy: illiberal governance in Turkey and beyond." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16 (4):469-480. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2016.1253231.
  • Ottoway, Marina. 2003. Democracy Challenged: The rise of semi-authoritarianism. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Ozbudun, Ergun. 2015. "Turkey's Judiciary and the Drift Toward Competitive Authoritarianism." International Spectator 50 (2):42-55. doi: 10.1080/03932729.2015.1020651.
  • Öniş, Ziya, and Mustafa Kutlay. 2017. "Global Shifts and the Limits of the EU’s Transformative Power in the European Periphery: Comparative Perspectives from Hungary and Turkey." Government and Opposition:1-28.
  • Pepinsky, Thomas. 2013. "The institutional turn in comparative authoritarianism." British Journal of Political Science:631-653.
  • Pierson, Paul. 2011. Politics in time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Przeworski, Adam. 1986. "Some problems in the study of transition to democracy." In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule Comparative Perspectives, 47-63. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Rupnik, Jacques. 2012. "How things went wrong." Journal of Democracy 23 (3):132-137.
  • Rupnik, Jacques. 2013. "Régression postdémocratique en Hongrie." Esprit (5):109-117.
  • Rupnik, Jacques. 2017. "La démocratie illibérale en Europe centrale." Esprit Juin (6):69-85. doi: 10.3917/espri.1706.0069.
  • Schedler, Andreas. 2002. "Elections without democracy: The menu of manipulation." Journal of Democracy 13 (2):36-50.
  • Schedler, Andreas. 2006. "The logic of electoral authoritarianism." In Electoral authoritarianism : the dynamics of unfree competition, 1-26. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Schlipphak, Bernd, and Oliver Treib. 2017. "Playing the blame game on Brussels: the domestic political effects of EU interventions against democratic backsliding." Journal of European Public Policy 24 (3):352-365.
  • Shirah, R. 2016. "Electoral authoritarianism and political unrest." International Political Science Review 37 (4):470-484. doi: 10.1177/0192512115580185.
  • Soest, Christian Von. 2015. "Forum Authoritarian, Democracy prevention: The international collaboration of authoritarian regimes." European Journal of Political Research 54:623-638.
  • Wigell, M. 2008. "Mapping 'Hybrid Regimes': Regime Types and Concepts in Comparative Politics." Democratization 15 (2):230-250. doi: 10.1080/13510340701846319.
  • Zakaria, Fareed. 2014. "The Rise of Putinism." Washington Post, 31 July 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-the-rise-of-putinism/2014/07/31/2c9711d6-18e7-11e4-9e3b-7f2f110c6265_story.html?utm_term=.222e9cf875ec.

Test of the European Union with Authoritarianism: Hungary

Year 2018, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 1554 - 1568, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.368622

Abstract

As of 2010, there is an
increasing authoritarian political structure in Hungary. Winning the elections,
the Fidesz government led by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán makes constitutional
amendments in line with the party's purposes, guides the media outlets
according to its interests, and silences the opponents. The West, which supports
democracy even in other countries, has had to struggle with rising
authoritarianism within itself. In this study, the rising authoritarianism in
Europe and the position of the EU is examined. The study deals with the issue
of authoritarianism in Hungary after evaluating the literature on
authoritarianism. In the present study, which includes some comparisons with
Turkey, a case study has been carried out. It has been conducted through
document analysis method, taking into account the reports published by the
Venice Commission and Council of Europe. As a result, it is emphasized how the
EU remains weak in preventing authoritarianism and that authoritarianism can be
not only in non-Western countries but also in the West.

References

  • Bogaards, Matthijs. 2009. "How to classify hybrid regimes? Defective democracy and electoral authoritarianism." Democratization 16 (2):399-423.
  • Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bunce, Valerie J., and Sharon L. Wolchik. 2010. "Defeating Dictators: Electoral Change and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes." World Politics 62 (01):43-86. doi: 10.1017/s0043887109990207.
  • Buzogany, A. 2017. "Illiberal democracy in Hungary: authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation?" Democratization 24 (7):1307-1325. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2017.1328676.
  • Carothers, T. 2002. "The end of the transition paradigm." Journal of Democracy 13 (1):5-21. doi: DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0003.
  • Collier, David, and Steven Levitsky. 1997. "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research." World Politics 49 (03):430-451. doi: 10.1353/wp.1997.0009.
  • Commission, Venice. 2011. "Opinion on the new Constitution of Hungary." Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 87th Plenary Session:17-18.
  • Commission, Venice. 2013. "Opinion on the fourth amendment to the fundamental law of Hungary." Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 95th Plenary Session:12-13.
  • Diamond, L. 2002. "Thinking about hybrid regimes." Journal of Democracy 13 (2):21-35. doi: DOI 10.1353/jod.2002.0025.
  • Diamond, L. 2015. "Facing up to the Democratic Recession." Journal of Democracy 26 (1):141-155.
  • Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Donno, D. 2013. "Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes." American Journal of Political Science 57 (3):703-716. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12013.
  • Esen, B., and S. Gumuscu. 2016. "Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey." Third World Quarterly 37 (9):1581-1606. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732.
  • Fish, M. Steven. 2002. "Islam and Authoritarianism." World Politics 55 (01):4-37. doi: 10.1353/wp.2003.0004.
  • Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Geddes, Barbara. 1999. "What do we know about democratization after twenty years?" Annual Review of Political Science:115-144.
  • Geddes, Barbara. 2005. "Why parties and elections in authoritarian regimes?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington DC.
  • Gilbert, L., and P. Mohseni. 2011. "Beyond Authoritarianism: The Conceptualization of Hybrid Regimes." Studies in Comparative International Development 46 (3):270-297. doi: 10.1007/s12116-011-9088-x.
  • Güngörmüş, Naciye. 2010. "Macaristan'da Degisim ve Demokrasiye Geçis (1989-2009)." Köksav Yayinlari, Ankara.
  • Hale, Henry H. 2011. "Hybrid Regimes: When Democracy and Autocracy Mix." In The dynamics of democratization dictatorship, development and diffusion, 23-45. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Howard, M. M., and P. G. Roessler. 2006. "Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes." American Journal of Political Science 50 (2):365-381. doi: DOI 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00189.x.
  • Jenne, Erin K, and Cas Mudde. 2012. "Can outsiders help?" Journal of Democracy 23 (3):147-155.
  • Kelemen, R Daniel, and Michael Blauberger. 2017. "Introducing the debate: European Union safeguards against member states’ democratic backsliding." Journal of European Public Policy 24 (3):317-320.
  • Kelemen, R. D. 2017. "Europe's Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe's Democratic Union." Government and Opposition 52 (2):211-238. doi: 10.1017/gov.2016.41.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2002. "Elections without Democracy: The rise of competitive authoritarianism." Journal of Democracy 13 (2):51-65.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2010a. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Linz, Juan J. 1975. "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes." In Handbook of Political Science : Macropolitical Theory, 175-412. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Mahoney, James, and Kathleen Thelen. 2010. "A theory of gradual institutional change." In Explaining institutional change: Ambiguity, Agency and Power, 1-37. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Miller, Michael K. 2012. "Electoral authoritarianism and democracy: A formal model of regime transitions." Journal of Theoretical Politics 25 (2):153-181.
  • Morgenbesser, L. 2014. "Elections in Hybrid Regimes: Conceptual Stretching Revived." Political Studies 62 (1):21-36. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12020.
  • Müller, Jan‐Werner. 2015. "Should the EU protect democracy and the rule of law inside member states?" European Law Journal 21 (2):141-160. Nagy, Veronika. 2017. "How to silence the lambs? Constructing authoritarian governance in post-transitional Hungary." Surveillance & Society 15 (3/4):447.
  • Oktem, K., and K. Akkoyunlu. 2016. "Exit from democracy: illiberal governance in Turkey and beyond." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16 (4):469-480. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2016.1253231.
  • Ottoway, Marina. 2003. Democracy Challenged: The rise of semi-authoritarianism. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Ozbudun, Ergun. 2015. "Turkey's Judiciary and the Drift Toward Competitive Authoritarianism." International Spectator 50 (2):42-55. doi: 10.1080/03932729.2015.1020651.
  • Öniş, Ziya, and Mustafa Kutlay. 2017. "Global Shifts and the Limits of the EU’s Transformative Power in the European Periphery: Comparative Perspectives from Hungary and Turkey." Government and Opposition:1-28.
  • Pepinsky, Thomas. 2013. "The institutional turn in comparative authoritarianism." British Journal of Political Science:631-653.
  • Pierson, Paul. 2011. Politics in time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Przeworski, Adam. 1986. "Some problems in the study of transition to democracy." In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule Comparative Perspectives, 47-63. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Rupnik, Jacques. 2012. "How things went wrong." Journal of Democracy 23 (3):132-137.
  • Rupnik, Jacques. 2013. "Régression postdémocratique en Hongrie." Esprit (5):109-117.
  • Rupnik, Jacques. 2017. "La démocratie illibérale en Europe centrale." Esprit Juin (6):69-85. doi: 10.3917/espri.1706.0069.
  • Schedler, Andreas. 2002. "Elections without democracy: The menu of manipulation." Journal of Democracy 13 (2):36-50.
  • Schedler, Andreas. 2006. "The logic of electoral authoritarianism." In Electoral authoritarianism : the dynamics of unfree competition, 1-26. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Schlipphak, Bernd, and Oliver Treib. 2017. "Playing the blame game on Brussels: the domestic political effects of EU interventions against democratic backsliding." Journal of European Public Policy 24 (3):352-365.
  • Shirah, R. 2016. "Electoral authoritarianism and political unrest." International Political Science Review 37 (4):470-484. doi: 10.1177/0192512115580185.
  • Soest, Christian Von. 2015. "Forum Authoritarian, Democracy prevention: The international collaboration of authoritarian regimes." European Journal of Political Research 54:623-638.
  • Wigell, M. 2008. "Mapping 'Hybrid Regimes': Regime Types and Concepts in Comparative Politics." Democratization 15 (2):230-250. doi: 10.1080/13510340701846319.
  • Zakaria, Fareed. 2014. "The Rise of Putinism." Washington Post, 31 July 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-the-rise-of-putinism/2014/07/31/2c9711d6-18e7-11e4-9e3b-7f2f110c6265_story.html?utm_term=.222e9cf875ec.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Recep Gülmez 0000-0002-5073-5051

Publication Date September 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gülmez, R. (2018). Test of the European Union with Authoritarianism: Hungary. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(3), 1554-1568. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.368622

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