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MENA Bölgesi'nde Refah, Cinsiyet Eşitliği ve Ekonomik Kalkınma

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 2273 - 2287, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.902062

Abstract

Bu çalışmada makroekonomik temeller, refah ve cinsiyet eşitliği faktörlerinin ekonomik kalkınma üzerindeki etkileri 18 Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika (MENA) ülkesinde incelenmiştir. MENA bölgesi ülkeleri son yıllarda ortalama zenginlik ve refah seviyelerinde ilerlemeler yaşamış olsalar da, bu olumlu değişiklikler bölgenin kalkınma ve ekonomik büyüme sıralamasında diğer dünya bölgelerinin gerisinde kalmasını engellemeye yeterli olmamıştır. 2009 ve 2019 zaman periyodu için bir panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Bu dönem aynı zamanda Arap Baharı öncesi ve sonrasına denk gelir. Refah ve cinsiyet eşitliğinin farklı yönlerinin MENA bölgesinde büyümeyi nasıl etkileyebileceğini anlamak için geniş bir gösterge yelpazesi kullanılmıştır. Bu şekilde ampirik analizde kolektif ve kapsayıcı bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Bağımlı değişkenlerden biri olan üretken kapasite, doğal kaynak kiraları, GSYİH ve çalışma çağındaki nüfusun etkilerini içeren bileşik bir gösterge olarak hesaplanır. Ana tahminlerde iki bileşik gösterge, ekonomik ortam ve kurumlar kullanılmıştır. Pazar erişimi ve altyapısı, yatırım ortamı, işletme koşulları ve ekonomik kalite, ekonomik ortam değişkenini oluşturmak için entegre edilmiştir. Yönetim, emniyet ve güvenlik ve kişisel özgürlük, kurumlar değişkenini oluşturmak için birleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra, bu iki bileşik göstergenin bileşenleri, bir sağlamlık kontrolü analizi gerçekleştirmek için tahminlerde ayrı ayrı kontrol edilmiştir. Ayrıca ampirik tahminlerde, 2011'deki Arap Baharı hadisesi, kadınların işgücüne katılım oranı, doğrudan yabancı yatırım (FDI), işsizlik oranı, doğal kaynak kiraları, ulusal parlamentodaki kadınların yüzdesi de kontrol edilmiştir. Kadınların işgücüne katılımının, doğrudan yabancı yatırımın, sosyal sermayenin, doğal kaynak kiralarının, eğitimin, daha iyi bir ekonomik ortamın ve emniyet-güvenlikteki iyileştirmelerin ekonomik büyümeyi, toplam faktör verimliliğini ve üretim kapasitesini olumlu etkileyebileceği bulunmuştur. Öte yandan, kurumların genel kalitesi ve ulusal parlamentolardaki kadın temsilcilerin oranının, bu MENA ülkelerinde ekonomik kalkınmayı önemli ölçüde etkilemediği gözükmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Refah, Esenlik, Cinsiyet Eşitliği, Ekonomik Kalkınma, MENA Ülkeleri

References

  • Abdychev, A., Jirasavetakul, L. B. F., Jonelis, M. A. W., Leigh, M. L., Moheeput, A., Parulian, F., ... & Mama, A. T. (2015). Increasing productivity growth in middle income countries. International Monetary Fund, 1-29.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J., & Thaicharoen, Y. (2003). Institutional Causes, Macroeconomic Symptoms: Volatility, Crises and Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 49-123.
  • Alvaredo, F., Assouad, L., & Piketty, T. (2019). Measuring lnequality in the Middle East 1990–2016: The World’s Most Unequal Region?. Review of Income and Wealth, 65(4), 685-711.
  • Baier, S. L., Dwyer Jr, G. P., & Tamura, R. (2006). How Important Are Capital and Total Factor Productivity for Economic Growth?. Economic Inquiry, 44(1), 23-49.
  • Beblawi, H. (1987). The Rentier State in the Arab World. Arab Studies Quarterly, 383-398.
  • Bellin, E. (1994). The Politics of Profit in Tunisia: Utility of the Rentier Paradigm?. World Development, 22(3), 427-436.
  • Brien, S. (2019). A New Measure of Economic Wellbeing. The Economic Research Forum Policy Portal, https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2019/12/15/new-measure-economic-wellbeing/.
  • Chen, E. K. (1997). The Total Factor Productivity Debate: Determinants of Economic Growth in East Asia. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 11(1), 18-38.
  • Farid, M., & Lazarus, H. (2008). Subjective Well-being in Rich and Poor Countries. The Journal of Management Development, 27(10), 1053-1065.
  • Isaksson, A. (2007). Determinants of total factor productivity: a literature review. Research and Statistics Branch, UNIDO, 1-101.
  • Karshenas, M. (1997, December). Economic Liberalization, Competitiveness and Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa. Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran & Turkey, 1-40.
  • Karshenas, M., & Moghadam, V. M. (2001). Female Labor Force Participation and Economic Adjustment in the MENA Region. In The Economics of Women and Work in the Middle East and North Africa. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 51-74.
  • Levins, C. M. (2012). The Rentier State and the Survival of Arab Absolute Monarchies. Rutgers JL & Religion, 14, 388.
  • Limam, Y. R., & Miller, S. M. (2004). Explaining Economic Growth: Factor Accumulation, Total Factor Productivity Growth, and Production Efficiency Improvement. (No. 2004-20). University of Connecticut, Department of Economics, 1-41.
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). Women's Economic Participation in the Middle East: What Difference Has the Neoliberal Policy Turn Made?. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 1(1), 110-146.
  • Momani, B. (2016). Equality and the Economy: Why the Arab World Should Employ More Women, © Brookings India, 1-11.
  • Potrafke, N., & Ursprung, H. W. (2012). Globalization and Gender Equality in the Course of Development. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 399-413.
  • Prichard, W., Salardi, P., & Segal, P. (2018). Taxation, Non-tax Revenue and Democracy: New Evidence Using New Cross-country Data. World Development, 109, 295-312.
  • Ramsay, K. W. (2011). Revisiting the Resource Curse: Natural Disasters, the Price of Oil, and Democracy. International Organization, 507-529.
  • Rode, M. (2013). Do Good Institutions Make Citizens Happy, or Do Happy Citizens Build Better Institutions?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(5), 1479-1505.
  • Ross, M. L. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy?. World Politics, 325-361.
  • Ross, M. L. (2015). What Have We Learned About the Resource Curse?. Annual Review of Political Science, 18, 239-259.
  • Sandbakken, C. (2006). The Limits to Democracy Posed by Oil Rentier States: The Cases of Algeria, Nigeria and Libya. Democratisation, 13(1), 135-152.
  • Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677-716.
  • Tsui, K. K. (2011). More Oil, Less Democracy: Evidence From Worldwide Crude Oil Discoveries. The Economic Journal, 121(551), 89-115.
  • Ulfelder, J. (2007). Natural-resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy. Comparative Political Studies, 40(8), 995-1018.
  • Van der Ploeg, F. (2011). Natural Resources: Curse or Blessing?. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(2), 366-420.
  • Yousef, T. M. (2004). Development, Growth and Policy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa Since 1950. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 91-115. Appendix Table 3. Country List Algeria Bahrain Egypt, Arab Rep. Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen, Rep.

Prosperity, Gender Equality and Economic Development in the MENA Region

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 2273 - 2287, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.902062

Abstract

In this study, the effects of macroeconomic fundamentals, prosperity, and gender equality factors on economic development are examined in 18 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Even though the MENA region countries have gone through advancements in the average wealth and prosperity levels in recent years, these positive changes have not been sufficient to prevent the region to fall behind other world regions in the rankings of development and economic growth. A panel data analysis is carried out for the time duration 2009 and 2019. This period coincides with both before and after the Arab Spring period. A wide spectrum of indicators is used to understand how different aspects of prosperity and gender equality can affect growth in the MENA region. In this way, a collective and comprehensive approach is adopted in the empirical analysis. One of the dependent variables, the productive capacity is calculated as a compound indicator which accounts for resource rents, GDP and working-age population. Two composite indicators, economic environment and institutions are used in the main estimations. Market access and infrastructure, investment environment, enterprise conditions, and economic quality are integrated to generate the variable economic environment. Governance, safety and security, and personal freedom are compounded to create the variable institutions. Later, these two composite indicators’ components are controlled individually in the estimations in order to carry out a robustness check analysis. It is found that female labor force participation, foreign direct investment, social capital, natural resource rents, education, a better economic environment, and improvements in safety-security can positively affect economic growth, total factor productivity and productive capacity. On the other hand, the overall quality of institutions and proportion of women representatives in national parliaments do not seem to significantly impact economic development in these MENA countries.

References

  • Abdychev, A., Jirasavetakul, L. B. F., Jonelis, M. A. W., Leigh, M. L., Moheeput, A., Parulian, F., ... & Mama, A. T. (2015). Increasing productivity growth in middle income countries. International Monetary Fund, 1-29.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369-1401.
  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J., & Thaicharoen, Y. (2003). Institutional Causes, Macroeconomic Symptoms: Volatility, Crises and Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 49-123.
  • Alvaredo, F., Assouad, L., & Piketty, T. (2019). Measuring lnequality in the Middle East 1990–2016: The World’s Most Unequal Region?. Review of Income and Wealth, 65(4), 685-711.
  • Baier, S. L., Dwyer Jr, G. P., & Tamura, R. (2006). How Important Are Capital and Total Factor Productivity for Economic Growth?. Economic Inquiry, 44(1), 23-49.
  • Beblawi, H. (1987). The Rentier State in the Arab World. Arab Studies Quarterly, 383-398.
  • Bellin, E. (1994). The Politics of Profit in Tunisia: Utility of the Rentier Paradigm?. World Development, 22(3), 427-436.
  • Brien, S. (2019). A New Measure of Economic Wellbeing. The Economic Research Forum Policy Portal, https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2019/12/15/new-measure-economic-wellbeing/.
  • Chen, E. K. (1997). The Total Factor Productivity Debate: Determinants of Economic Growth in East Asia. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 11(1), 18-38.
  • Farid, M., & Lazarus, H. (2008). Subjective Well-being in Rich and Poor Countries. The Journal of Management Development, 27(10), 1053-1065.
  • Isaksson, A. (2007). Determinants of total factor productivity: a literature review. Research and Statistics Branch, UNIDO, 1-101.
  • Karshenas, M. (1997, December). Economic Liberalization, Competitiveness and Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa. Economic Research Forum for the Arab Countries, Iran & Turkey, 1-40.
  • Karshenas, M., & Moghadam, V. M. (2001). Female Labor Force Participation and Economic Adjustment in the MENA Region. In The Economics of Women and Work in the Middle East and North Africa. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 51-74.
  • Levins, C. M. (2012). The Rentier State and the Survival of Arab Absolute Monarchies. Rutgers JL & Religion, 14, 388.
  • Limam, Y. R., & Miller, S. M. (2004). Explaining Economic Growth: Factor Accumulation, Total Factor Productivity Growth, and Production Efficiency Improvement. (No. 2004-20). University of Connecticut, Department of Economics, 1-41.
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). Women's Economic Participation in the Middle East: What Difference Has the Neoliberal Policy Turn Made?. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 1(1), 110-146.
  • Momani, B. (2016). Equality and the Economy: Why the Arab World Should Employ More Women, © Brookings India, 1-11.
  • Potrafke, N., & Ursprung, H. W. (2012). Globalization and Gender Equality in the Course of Development. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 399-413.
  • Prichard, W., Salardi, P., & Segal, P. (2018). Taxation, Non-tax Revenue and Democracy: New Evidence Using New Cross-country Data. World Development, 109, 295-312.
  • Ramsay, K. W. (2011). Revisiting the Resource Curse: Natural Disasters, the Price of Oil, and Democracy. International Organization, 507-529.
  • Rode, M. (2013). Do Good Institutions Make Citizens Happy, or Do Happy Citizens Build Better Institutions?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(5), 1479-1505.
  • Ross, M. L. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy?. World Politics, 325-361.
  • Ross, M. L. (2015). What Have We Learned About the Resource Curse?. Annual Review of Political Science, 18, 239-259.
  • Sandbakken, C. (2006). The Limits to Democracy Posed by Oil Rentier States: The Cases of Algeria, Nigeria and Libya. Democratisation, 13(1), 135-152.
  • Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677-716.
  • Tsui, K. K. (2011). More Oil, Less Democracy: Evidence From Worldwide Crude Oil Discoveries. The Economic Journal, 121(551), 89-115.
  • Ulfelder, J. (2007). Natural-resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy. Comparative Political Studies, 40(8), 995-1018.
  • Van der Ploeg, F. (2011). Natural Resources: Curse or Blessing?. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(2), 366-420.
  • Yousef, T. M. (2004). Development, Growth and Policy Reform in the Middle East and North Africa Since 1950. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 91-115. Appendix Table 3. Country List Algeria Bahrain Egypt, Arab Rep. Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen, Rep.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ece Handan Güleryüz 0000-0003-0692-9112

Publication Date September 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Güleryüz, E. H. (2021). Prosperity, Gender Equality and Economic Development in the MENA Region. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 2273-2287. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.902062

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