Deneysel İktisadın Tarihi

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 2142 - 2162, 30.09.2023

Sefa Erkuş , Burak Kağan Demirtaş

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1280016

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Türkçe yazında görece yeni olan deneysel iktisat alanına, iktisatta kontrollü deneylerin kullanımının tarihsel gelişimine ilişkin referans olabilecek şekilde katkı sunmaktır. Şüphesiz ki deneysel iktisat çalışacak araştırmacılar için deneysel iktisadın tarihsel gelişim sürecini öğrenmek oldukça önem arz etmektedir. İktisatta deneysel yöntemin tarihini öğrenmek araştırmacılara yöntemin geçmişte karşılaştığı sorunları analiz etme imkanı sunarken, yöntemin şimdi ve gelecekteki yönü hakkında yapılabilecek araştırmalar hakkında da ipuçları vermektedir.
İktisatta kontrollü deneylerin kullanımına özellikle iktisatçılar uzun süre direnç göstermiş olsa da bugün iktisat alanında kontrollü deneylerin kullanıldığı çalışmaların sıklıkla yayınlandığı görülmektedir. Soğuk savaş döneminde oyun teorik modellerin deneyler yürütülerek sınanması deneysel yöntemin yaygınlaşması için ilk itici güç olmuştur. 80’li yıllardan itibaren insan davranışlarını açıklama çabası ile davranışsal iktisatçıların yürüttüğü deneyler, yöntemin iktisatçılar arasında yaygınlaşmasını sağlayan bir diğer önemli etken olmuştur. 2002 yılında Nobel İktisat Ödülü’nün piyasa mekanizmasını kontrollü laboratuvar deneyleri yürüterek araştırdığı ve deneysel iktisat yöntemine katkıda bulunduğu için Vernon L. Smith’e verilmesi, iktisatta deneysel yöntemin artık ana akım yöntemlerden biri haline geldiğinin de bir tescili olarak göz önünde bulundurulabilir.
Deneysel iktisat tarihinin yazımına ilişkin bazı güçlükler bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri yöntemin disiplinler arası bir karakter taşıması iken diğeri de deneysel yöntemin erken dönemine ilişkin bilgilerin çoğunlukla kişisel anılara, hikayelere dayanmasıdır . Deneysel iktisadın tarihsel gelişimi incelendiğinde çoğunlukla bireysel tercihler, piyasaların işleyişi ve oyun teorik modellerin teorik öngörülerinin sınanmasına ilişkin deneylerin gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada da deneysel iktisadın tarihsel gelişimi bu üç ana başlık altında toplanmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, deneysel iktisadın gelişimine etki eden önemli teorik gelişmelere ve kişilere de çalışmada ayrıca değinilmektedir.

Keywords

Deneysel İktisat, İktisat Metodolojisi, Laboratuvar Deneyleri, İktisat Tarihi, İktisatta Yöntem

The History of Experimental Economics

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to contribute to the relatively new field of experimental economics in Turkish literature, serving as a reference for the historical development of the controlled experiments in economics. It is undeniably essential for researchers studying experimental economics to understand the historical progression of this method. By learning about the history of the experimental method in economics, researchers can analyze past challenges and gain insights into current and future research directions.
Although economists resisted the use of controlled experiments in economics for a long time, it is observed today that studies employing controlled experiments are frequently published in the field of economics. The testing of game theoretical models through experiments during the Cold War period served as the initial driving force behind the widespread adoption of the experimental method. Additionally, the experiments conducted by behavioral economists since the 1980s to explain human behavior have further popularized this method among economists. The awarding of the Nobel Prize in Economics to Vernon L. Smith in 2002 for his research on the market mechanism through controlled laboratory experiments and his contributions to the field of experimental economics, can be considered as a recognition of the fact that experimental methods have now become one of the mainstream approaches in economics.
There are certain difficulties related to the writing of the history of experimental economics. One of them is the interdisciplinary nature of the method, while the other is that information about the early period of experimental method mostly relies on personal recollections and stories. When examining the historical development of experimental economics, it is observed that experiments were primarily conducted to test individual preferences, market functioning, and the theoretical predictions of game-theoretic models. Therefore, in this study, the historical development is categorized under these three main subjects. Additionally, significant theoretical developments and individuals that influenced the historical development of experimental economics are also discussed.

Keywords

Experimental Economics, Economics Methodology, Laboratory Experiments, History of Economics, Method in Economics

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