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British Reaction against German Entrepreneurship in Iran at the Beginning of 20th Century on the Foreign Office Documents

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1824 - 1844, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1420082

Abstract

Throughout the 19th century, Great Britain widened her economic and commercial net all over the world thanks to her navy and trade agreements. Through that century, Iran policy of Great Britain was transformed considerably. Iran at first was a subheading of India policy of the Foreign Office. After the first half of the century, Iran, though not so much as India, became a region of competition in terms of not only political blocking, but of economic and commercial interests with Russia. Great Britain aimed specifically at gaining concessions in return of concluding loan agreements for Qajar governments because accumulation of capital in Great Britain owing to protective duties carried out against foreign goods needed to flow into the lands virgin with regard to capitalism. Following the crisis of 1873, British capital or capital supported by the Foreign Office was invested in Asia and Africa, which Iran was a significant example of. The only rival of hers in Iran was Russia during the century. Germany, however, rose as a third power at the beginning of the next century, which led Great Britain and Russia to agree on the spheres of influence. After that, Great Britain tried to keep Germany away from Iran. Germany struggled to do the same as Great Britain had been doing via banking, concessions, etc. In the light of the documents of the Foreign Office, this paper aims to shed light on the reaction of Great Britain against the entrepreneurship efforts of Germany to find new markets for her capital by employing the qualitative method on historical research design and document analysis has been utilised to collect data. Referring to classifications of the Foreign Office -Affairs of Persia and Arabia and Affairs of Persia in the National Archives, this paper tries to reveal how Great Britain and her representatives in the region reacted against Germany’s attempts to acquire economic and commercial interests in Iran.

References

  • Aldcroft, D. H. (1964). The Entrepreneur and the British Economy, 1870-1914. Economic History Society, 17 (1), 113-134.
  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 26). Open Door policy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Open-Door-policy
  • Bukharin, N. (1929), Imperialism and World Economy, London: Martin Lawrance Limited.
  • Crammond, E. (1914), The Economic Relations of the British and German Empires. Royal Statistical Society. 77(8), 777-824.
  • Curzon, G. N. (1966). Persia and Persian Question. London: Frank Cass & CO. LTD.
  • Hilferding, R. (1981). Finance Capital. London: Routledge.
  • Kaymak, M. (2010). 1873-1896 Krizi: mit mi gerçeklik mi?. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(02), 165-194. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002163.
  • Kazemzadeh, F. (1968). Russia and Britain in Persia: Imperial Ambitions in Qajar Iran. London & New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • McLean, D. (2012). Constructors in a foreign land: Messrs. Lynch & Co. on the Bakhtiari road 1897–1913, Business History, 54(4), 487-509.
  • Neuburger, H. and Stokes, H. H. (1979). The Anglo-German Trade Rivalry, 1887-1913: A Counterfactual Outcome and Its Implications, Social Science History. 3(2), 187-201.
  • UK National Archives-Public Records Office-Foreign Office-416-Confidential Print-Middle East
  • PRO, FO 416/1, July 19, 1899, from Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office, to Sir M. Durand, Gulahek (No.20)
  • PRO, FO 416/1, August 20, 1899, from Sir M. Durand, Gulahek, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (No. 57)
  • PRO, FO 416/1, November 2, 1899, from Lord G. Hamilton, to India Office
  • PRO, FO 416/2, February 10, 1900, from Sir C. Scott, St. Petersburgh, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No. 72)
  • PRO, FO 416/2, December 14, 1899, from Sir M. Durand, Tehran, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (No. 12)
  • PRO, FO 416/3, May 2, 1900, from Sir C. Scott, St. Petersburgh, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (No. 46)
  • PRO, FO 416/4, July 6, 1900, from Lord G. Hamilton, India Office, to Government of India (Inclosure in No.11)
  • PRO, FO 416/4, July 6, 1900, from India Office, to the Foreign Office (Inclosure in No. 11)
  • PRO, FO 416/5, March 14, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.76)
  • PRO, FO 416/5, May 31, 1901, from India Office, to Foreign Office (No.207)
  • PRO, FO 416/6, August 28, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 11)
  • PRO, FO 416/6, July 12, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulhek, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.112)
  • PRO, FO 416/7, December 21, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.210)
  • PRO, FO 416/8, December 24, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 34)
  • PRO, FO 416/8, March 19, 1902, from Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office, to Sir E. Monson, Paris (No.177)
  • PRO, FO 416/12, March 6, 1903, from Board of Trade, to Foreign Office (Inclosure 1 in No.386)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, April 11, 1903, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.54)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, April 12, 1903, from Lord Curzon, Viceroy’s Camp, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (Inclosure 2 in No. 154)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, May 7, 1903, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to The Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 167)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, June 11, 1903, from The Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office, to Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran (No. 355B)
  • PRO, FO 416/15, October 28, 1903, from the Imperial Bank of Persia, London, to Foreign Office (No.79)
  • PRO, FO 416/15, November 23, 1903, from Mr. Spring-Rice, St. Petersburgh, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (Inclosure in 1 No.199)
  • PRO, FO 416/17, February 5, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 47)
  • PRO, FO 416/17, March 23, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 140)
  • PRO, FO 416/18, April 22, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess of Lansdowne (Inclosure 1 No. 33)
  • PRO, FO 416/18, May 26, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess of Lansdowne (No. 64)
  • PRO, FO 416/26, December 23, 1905, from Sir A. Hardinge, London, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.9)
  • PRO, FO 416/26, December 23, 1905, from Sir A. Hardinge, London, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.9)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 9, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.113)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 12, 1906, from Spring-Rice, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.120)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 14, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.145)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 22, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.193)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, March 28, 1906, from Spring-Rice, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.5)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 22, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.193)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 2, 1906, from Sir W. Ward, Hamburg, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.103)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 2, 1906, from Sir W. Ward, Hamburg, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.103)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, June 13, 1906, from Mr. Whitehead, Berlin, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.203)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 7, 1906, from Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office, to Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh (No.152)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 8, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.154)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 8, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Peterburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.179)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 24, 1906, from Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office, to Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh (No.210)
  • PRO, FO 416/29, November 5, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.209)
  • PRO, FO 416/29, December 4, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.268)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, May 31, 1907, from Imperial Bank of Persia, to Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.180)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, May 31, 1907, Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.181)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, June 24, 1907, from Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.264B)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, June 26, 1907, from Foreign Office, to India Office (No.271)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, July 10, 1907, from Imperial Bank of Persia, to Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.60)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, July 24, 1907, from Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.102)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, July 16, 1907, from Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.149)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, August 31, 1907, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.277)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, September 3, 1907, from Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office, to Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek (No.312)
  • PRO, FO 416/34, November 25, 1907, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.417)
  • PRO, FO 416/34, November 25, 1907, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.417)
  • PRO, FO 416/35, March 23, 1908, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Peterburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.418)
  • PRO, F.O., 416/36, March 9, 1908, from Mr. Marling, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.43)
  • PRO, F.O. 416/37, August 26, 1908, from Sir F. Lascelles, Berlin, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.422)
  • PRO, FO, 416/38, November 3, 1908, from Count de Salis, Berlin, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.169)
  • PRO, FO, 416/39, January 5, 1909, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.134)
  • PRO, FO, 416/39, February 23, 1909, from Sir G. Barclay, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.413)
  • PRO, FO, 416/39, February 23, 1909, from Sir G. Barclay, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure 2 in No.413)
  • PRO, FO, 416/40, April 16, 1909, from Sir G. Barclay, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.391)
  • PRO, FO, 416/40, May 12, 1909, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.616)
  • PRO, FO, 416/40, May 12, 1909, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.616)

İngiliz Dışişleri Belgelerinde 20. Yüzyılın Başında İran’da Alman Girişimine İngiliz Tepkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1824 - 1844, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1420082

Abstract

İngiltere 19. yüzyıl boyunca donanması ve ticaret anlaşmaları sayesinde ekonomik ve ticarî ağını tüm dünyada genişletmiştir. Bu yüzyıl boyunca İngiliz Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın İran politikası oldukça değişmiştir. Hindistan kadar olmasa da İran sadece Rusya’nın siyasî etkisi açısından değil, aynı zamanda ekonomik ve ticarî çıkarlarının önüne geçilmesi açısından bir rekabet sahasına dönüşmüştür. İngiltere, Kaçar hükümetleriyle karşılığında özellikle imtiyazlar elde etme amacıyla kredi anlaşmaları yapmıştır çünkü yabancı ürünlerine karşı uygulanan korumacı gümrük politikaları dolayısıyla İngiltere’de biriken sermayenin kapitalizm açısından bakir topraklara ihraç edilmesi gerekmiştir. Özellikle 1873 Krizi’nin ardında İngiliz sermayesi ya da İngiltere tarafından desteklenen sermaye Asya ve Afrika’da yatırım olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. İran bu ihracın belirgin bir örneğini sunmaktadır. Bu yüzyıl boyunca İngiltere’nin İran’daki tek rakibi Rusya’dır. Ancak Almanya 20. yüzyılın başında üçüncü bir aktör olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Almanya’nın ortaya çıkışı İngiltere ve Rusya’nın İran’da nüfuz alanları konusunda anlaşmasına yol açmıştır. Bunun ardından, İngiltere, Almanya’yı İran’da uzak tutmaya çalışmıştır. Almanya ise İngiltere’nin yaptığı gibi bankacılık ve imtiyazlar yoluyla İran’da ekonomik ve ticarî çıkarlar elde etmeye çaba göstermiştir. Bu çalışma İngiliz Dışişleri belgeleri ışığında tarih araştırma deseninde nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanarak Almanya’nın sermayesi için yeni pazarlar bulma arayışlarına karşı İngilizlerin tepkisine ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır ve veri toplama tekniği olarak doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma İngiliz Ulusal Arşivi’ndeki Foreign Office-Affairs of Persia and Arabia and Affairs of Persia başlıklı tasniflere referans vererek İngiltere’nin ve bölgedeki İngiliz temsilcilerin Almanya’nın İran’da ekonomik ve ticarî çıkarlar elde etme çabasına nasıl cevap verdiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Etik kurulu onayı gerektirmemektedir.

References

  • Aldcroft, D. H. (1964). The Entrepreneur and the British Economy, 1870-1914. Economic History Society, 17 (1), 113-134.
  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 26). Open Door policy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Open-Door-policy
  • Bukharin, N. (1929), Imperialism and World Economy, London: Martin Lawrance Limited.
  • Crammond, E. (1914), The Economic Relations of the British and German Empires. Royal Statistical Society. 77(8), 777-824.
  • Curzon, G. N. (1966). Persia and Persian Question. London: Frank Cass & CO. LTD.
  • Hilferding, R. (1981). Finance Capital. London: Routledge.
  • Kaymak, M. (2010). 1873-1896 Krizi: mit mi gerçeklik mi?. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(02), 165-194. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002163.
  • Kazemzadeh, F. (1968). Russia and Britain in Persia: Imperial Ambitions in Qajar Iran. London & New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • McLean, D. (2012). Constructors in a foreign land: Messrs. Lynch & Co. on the Bakhtiari road 1897–1913, Business History, 54(4), 487-509.
  • Neuburger, H. and Stokes, H. H. (1979). The Anglo-German Trade Rivalry, 1887-1913: A Counterfactual Outcome and Its Implications, Social Science History. 3(2), 187-201.
  • UK National Archives-Public Records Office-Foreign Office-416-Confidential Print-Middle East
  • PRO, FO 416/1, July 19, 1899, from Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office, to Sir M. Durand, Gulahek (No.20)
  • PRO, FO 416/1, August 20, 1899, from Sir M. Durand, Gulahek, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (No. 57)
  • PRO, FO 416/1, November 2, 1899, from Lord G. Hamilton, to India Office
  • PRO, FO 416/2, February 10, 1900, from Sir C. Scott, St. Petersburgh, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No. 72)
  • PRO, FO 416/2, December 14, 1899, from Sir M. Durand, Tehran, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (No. 12)
  • PRO, FO 416/3, May 2, 1900, from Sir C. Scott, St. Petersburgh, to Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Office (No. 46)
  • PRO, FO 416/4, July 6, 1900, from Lord G. Hamilton, India Office, to Government of India (Inclosure in No.11)
  • PRO, FO 416/4, July 6, 1900, from India Office, to the Foreign Office (Inclosure in No. 11)
  • PRO, FO 416/5, March 14, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.76)
  • PRO, FO 416/5, May 31, 1901, from India Office, to Foreign Office (No.207)
  • PRO, FO 416/6, August 28, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 11)
  • PRO, FO 416/6, July 12, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulhek, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.112)
  • PRO, FO 416/7, December 21, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.210)
  • PRO, FO 416/8, December 24, 1901, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 34)
  • PRO, FO 416/8, March 19, 1902, from Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office, to Sir E. Monson, Paris (No.177)
  • PRO, FO 416/12, March 6, 1903, from Board of Trade, to Foreign Office (Inclosure 1 in No.386)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, April 11, 1903, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No.54)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, April 12, 1903, from Lord Curzon, Viceroy’s Camp, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (Inclosure 2 in No. 154)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, May 7, 1903, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to The Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 167)
  • PRO, FO 416/13, June 11, 1903, from The Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office, to Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran (No. 355B)
  • PRO, FO 416/15, October 28, 1903, from the Imperial Bank of Persia, London, to Foreign Office (No.79)
  • PRO, FO 416/15, November 23, 1903, from Mr. Spring-Rice, St. Petersburgh, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (Inclosure in 1 No.199)
  • PRO, FO 416/17, February 5, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Tehran, to Marquess of Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 47)
  • PRO, FO 416/17, March 23, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess Lansdowne, Foreign Office (No. 140)
  • PRO, FO 416/18, April 22, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess of Lansdowne (Inclosure 1 No. 33)
  • PRO, FO 416/18, May 26, 1904, from Sir A. Hardinge, Gulahek, to Marquess of Lansdowne (No. 64)
  • PRO, FO 416/26, December 23, 1905, from Sir A. Hardinge, London, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.9)
  • PRO, FO 416/26, December 23, 1905, from Sir A. Hardinge, London, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.9)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 9, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.113)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 12, 1906, from Spring-Rice, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.120)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 14, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.145)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 22, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.193)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, March 28, 1906, from Spring-Rice, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.5)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 22, 1906, from Grant Duff, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.193)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 2, 1906, from Sir W. Ward, Hamburg, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.103)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, May 2, 1906, from Sir W. Ward, Hamburg, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.103)
  • PRO, FO 416/27, June 13, 1906, from Mr. Whitehead, Berlin, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.203)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 7, 1906, from Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office, to Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh (No.152)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 8, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.154)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 8, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Peterburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.179)
  • PRO, FO 416/28, September 24, 1906, from Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office, to Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh (No.210)
  • PRO, FO 416/29, November 5, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.209)
  • PRO, FO 416/29, December 4, 1906, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.268)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, May 31, 1907, from Imperial Bank of Persia, to Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.180)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, May 31, 1907, Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.181)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, June 24, 1907, from Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.264B)
  • PRO, FO 416/32, June 26, 1907, from Foreign Office, to India Office (No.271)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, July 10, 1907, from Imperial Bank of Persia, to Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.60)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, July 24, 1907, from Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.102)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, July 16, 1907, from Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.149)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, August 31, 1907, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.277)
  • PRO, FO 416/33, September 3, 1907, from Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office, to Sir C. Spring-Rice, Gulahek (No.312)
  • PRO, FO 416/34, November 25, 1907, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.417)
  • PRO, FO 416/34, November 25, 1907, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.417)
  • PRO, FO 416/35, March 23, 1908, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Peterburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.418)
  • PRO, F.O., 416/36, March 9, 1908, from Mr. Marling, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.43)
  • PRO, F.O. 416/37, August 26, 1908, from Sir F. Lascelles, Berlin, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.422)
  • PRO, FO, 416/38, November 3, 1908, from Count de Salis, Berlin, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.169)
  • PRO, FO, 416/39, January 5, 1909, from Sir A. Nicolson, St. Petersburgh, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.134)
  • PRO, FO, 416/39, February 23, 1909, from Sir G. Barclay, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.413)
  • PRO, FO, 416/39, February 23, 1909, from Sir G. Barclay, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure 2 in No.413)
  • PRO, FO, 416/40, April 16, 1909, from Sir G. Barclay, Tehran, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.391)
  • PRO, FO, 416/40, May 12, 1909, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (No.616)
  • PRO, FO, 416/40, May 12, 1909, from Consul-General Cox, Bushire, to Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Office (Inclosure in No.616)
There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects European Studies, Regional Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aykut Dalak 0000-0002-9342-3584

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date January 15, 2024
Acceptance Date September 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Dalak, A. (2024). İngiliz Dışişleri Belgelerinde 20. Yüzyılın Başında İran’da Alman Girişimine İngiliz Tepkisi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 1824-1844. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1420082

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