İrade Gücüne Dönüş: Tanımlar, Tarihsel Süreç ve İlişkili Kavramlar

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1370 - 1391, 30.09.2024

Ferhat Kardaş

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1469473

Abstract

Psikoloji bilimi ruh sağlığı sorunlarıyla mücadele deneyimini ve yetkinliğini artırırken, insanlığın karşılaştığı kolektif sorunlar çeşitlenmeye devam ediyor. Günümüzde yaşamın hemen her alanında teknoloji bağımlılığı, depresyon, erteleme, madde bağımlılığı gibi yaygın sorunlarla karşı karşıya bulunuyoruz. Bu sorunlara müdahaleye dönük yeni yaklaşımlar ortaya atılmakta ve her yaş grubundan insana bu sorunlarla mücadelede kullanabilecekleri beceriler kazandırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Çağımızın bu yaygın sorunlarına karşı etkili olarak kullanılabilecek kaynaklardan birisi de irade gücüdür. Din, felsefe, eğitim gibi alanlarda antik çağdan beri ele alınan önemli kavramlardan biri olan irade, Freudyen yaklaşımın etkisiyle uzun zaman alanyazında ihmal edilmiştir. Klasik psikanalizin bazı görüşlerinin sorgulanması ve psikoloji alanında yeni yaklaşımların ortaya çıkışıyla birlikte haz erteleme konusu yeniden ele alınmış ve bu çerçevede 1960’lı yıllarda başlayan haz erteleme/marshmallow deneyleri ile birlikte irade gücü kavramı yeniden aramıza dönmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı irade gücüne dönüşün tarihsel arka planını ele almak, irade gücüyle ilişkili kavramları incelemek, irade gücüne yönelik bir kavramsallaştırma ortaya koymak, konuyla ilgili yapılmış araştırmaları incelemek, irade gücüyle ilgili tartışmalara değinmek ve irade gücünün alanyazında ele alınmasına yönelik araştırmacı ve uygulayıcılara bazı öneriler sunmaktır. Bütün bunlardan hareketle irade gücü kavramı; zararlı olana direnç göstermek, yararlı olanı ve iyi geleni uygulamaya geçirmek, işe yarayanı sürdürmek ve engellere rağmen yeniden başlayabilmek şeklinde çok boyutlu bir yapı olarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın irade gücünün yeniden farklı boyutlarıyla tartışılmasına, öz-kontrol, öz-düzenleme, öz-disiplin ve haz erteleme gibi önemli konularla ilgili bakış açılarını zenginleştirmesine katkı sunması beklenmektedir.

Keywords

İrade, İrade Gücü, Haz Erteleme, Öz-Kontrol, Öz-Düzenleme, Öz-Disiplin

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırmayı desteklemek için dış fon kullanılmamıştır.

Back To Willpower: Definitions, Historical Background & Related Concepts

Abstract

While psychological science increases its experience and competence to intervene in mental health problems, the collective problems faced by humanity continue to diversify. Today, we face common problems such as technology addiction, depression, procrastination and substance addiction in almost every aspect of life. New approaches to intervene in these problems are being put forward and efforts are being made to provide people of all age groups with skills that they can use to cope with these problems. One of the resources that can be used against these common problems is willpower. The concept of will, one of the important concepts discussed in fields such as religion, philosophy, education since ancient times, has been neglected in literature for a long time due to the influence of the Freudian approach. With the questioning of some views of classical psychoanalysis and the emergence of new approaches in the field of psychology, the issue of delaying pleasure was reconsidered, and in this context, the concept of willpower returned to us with the delay of pleasure/marshmallow experiments that started in the 1960s. The aim of this study is to discuss the historical background of the return to willpower, to examine concepts related to willpower, to put forward a conceptualization of willpower, to examine the research on the subject, to touch on the debates about willpower, and to offer some suggestions to researchers and practitioners regarding the handling of willpower in the literature. Accordingly, willpower has been conceptualized as a multidimensional structure as resisting what is harmful, implementing what is useful and good, maintaining what works, and being able to start over despite obstacles. It is expected that the study will contribute to discussing willpower in different dimensions and to enrich perspectives on important issues such as self-control, self-regulation, self-discipline and delay of gratification.

Keywords

Will, Willpower, Delay of Gratification, Self-Control, Self-Regulation, Self-Discipline

References

• Allom, V., Panetta, G., Mullan, B., & Hagger, M. S. (2016). Self-report and behavioral approaches to the measurement of self-control: Are we assessing the same construct? Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 137–142.
• American Psychological Association. (2012). What you need to know about willpower: The psychological science of self-control. Washington: APA (www. apa. org/helpcenter/willpower.pdf).
• Ashraf, N., Karlan, D., & Yin, W. (2006). Tying Odysseus to the mast: Evidence from a commitment savings product in the Philippines. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121, 635–672.
• Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P. K., ve Rodriguez, M. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self: strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(5), 776-792.
• Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Vohs, K. D. (2018). The strength model of self-regulation: Conclusions from the second decade of willpower research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 141-145.
• Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self‐Regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and personality psychology compass, 1(1), 115-128.
• Baumeister, R. F., Sparks, E. A., Stillman, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2008). Free will in consumer behavior: Self-control, ego depletion, and choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 18(1), 4-13.
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351-355.
• Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 1–15.
• Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self- regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Block, J. (1996). Some jangly remarks on Baumeister and Heatherton. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 28–32.
• Bergin, C., & Bergin, D. A. (1999). Classroom discipline that promotes self-control. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20(2), 189-206.
• Bodrova, E., & Leong, D. J. (2005). The importance of play: Why children need to play. Early Childhood Today, 20(1), 6-7.
• Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., ... & Shoda, Y. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(36), 14998-15003.
• Cheng, E. C. K. (2011). The role of self-regulated learning in enhancing learning performance. The International Journal of Research Review, 6(1), 1-16.
• Clarkson, J.J., Hirt, E.R., Jia, L., & Alexander, M.B. (2010). When perception is more than reality: The effects of perceived versus actual resource depletion on self-regulatory behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 29–46.
• Duckworth, A. L., Milkman, K. L., & Laibson, D. (2018). Beyond willpower: Strategies for reducing failures of self- control. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 19(3), 102-129.
• Duckworth, A. L., White, R. E., Matteucci, A. J., Shearer, A., & Gross, J. J. (2016). A stitch in time: Strategic self- control in high school and college students. Journal of educational psychology, 108(3), 329-341.
• Duckworth, A. L., Gendler, T. S., & Gross, J. J. (2016). Situational strategies for self-control. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(1), 35-55.
• Duckworth, A. ve Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 319-325.
• Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2013). Self-regulation and school success. In B. W. Sokol, F. M. E. Grouzet & U. Muller (Eds.), Self-regulation and autonomy: Social and developmental dimensions of human conduct (pp. 208-230). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
• Duckworth, A. L. (2009). Self-discipline is empowering. Phi Delta Kappan, 90(7), 536.
• Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Self-discipline gives girls the edge: Gender in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. Journal of educational psychology, 98(1), 198-208.
• Duckworth, A. L., ve Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-discipline out does IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939–944.
• Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Sulik, M. J., & Spinrad, T. L. (2014). Self-regulation, effortful control, and their socioemotional correlates. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 157-172). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226
• Funder, D. C., Block, J. H., ve Block, J. (1983). Delay of gratification: Some longitudinal personality correlates. Journal of personality and social psychology, 44(6), 1198-1213.
• Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., ... & Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(2), 325-336.
• Giné, X., Karlan, D., & Zinman, J. (2010). Put your money where your butt is: a commitment contract for smoking cessation. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(4), 213-235.
• Gross, J. J., & Duckworth, A. L. (2021). Beyond willpower. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 44, 1-3.
• Haugtvedt, C. P., Herr, P. M., & Kardes, F. R. (2018). Self-Regulation: Goals, Consumption, and Choices: Kathleen D. Vohs, Roy F. Baumeister, and Dianne M. Tice. In Handbook of Consumer Psychology (pp. 358-375). Routledge.
• Hoffer, A., & Giddings, L. (2016). Exercising willpower: Differences in willpower depletion among athletes and nonathletes. Contemporary Economic Policy, 34(3), 463-474.
• Hung, I. W.,& Labroo, A. A. (2011). From firm muscles to firm willpower: Understanding the role of embodied cognition in self-regulation. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(6), 1046-1064.
• Job, V., Dweck, C. S., & Walton, G. M. (2010). Ego depletion—Is it all in your head? Implicit theories about willpower affect self-regulation. Psychological science, 21(11), 1686-1693.
• Kardaş, F. (2021). İrade Eğitimi. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
• King, K. M., Fleming, C. B., Monahan, K. C., & Catalano, R. F. (2011). Changes in self-control problems and attention problems during middle school predict alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use during high school. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 69-79.
• Koca, M. (2018). Narrative terapi temelli grupla psikolojik danışma programının ergenlerin irade ve kaygı düzeylerine etkisi (Master's thesis, Hasan Kalyoncu University).
• Kohn, A. (2008). Why self-discipline is overrated. Phi Delta Kappan, 90, 168-176.
• Kugelmann, R. (2013). Willpower. Theory & Psychology, 23(4), 479-498.
• Kurzban, R. (2010). Does the brain consume additional glucose during self-control tasks?. Evolutionary Psychology, 8(2), 244-259.
• May, R. (2010). Aşk ve irade. (Çev: Y. Namer). İstanbul: Okuyan Us Yayınları Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244(4907), 933-938.
• Mischel, W. (2014). The Marshmallow Test: Mastering self-control. New York, NY: Little, Brown.Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., ve Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244(4907), 933-938.
• Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H. L., . . . Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 2693–2698.
• Muraven, M., & Slessareva, E. (2003). Mechanisms of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resources. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 29(7), 894-906.
• Muraven, M., Shmueli, D., & Burkley, E. (2006). Conserving self-control strength. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 91, 524–537.
• Muraven, M., Collins, R. L., ShiVman, S., & Paty, J. A. (2005). Daily fuctuations in self-control demands and alcohol intake. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 140–147.
• Muraven, M., & Slessareva, E. (2003). Mechanism of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resource. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 894–906.
• Muraven, M., Collins, R. L., & Nienhaus, K. (2002). Self-control and alcohol restraint: an initial application of the self-control strength model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 113–120.
• Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources. Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259.
• Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774–789.
• Oaten, M.,& Cheng, K. (2006). Longitudinal gains in self‐regulation from regular physical exercise. British journal of health psychology, 11(4), 717-733.
• Risemberg, R., ve Zimmerman, B. J. (1992). Self‐regulated learning in gifted students. Roeper review, 15(2), 98- 101.
• Schimmack, U. (2012). The ironic effect of significant results on the credibility of multiple-study articles. Psychological methods, 17(4), 551.
• Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The journal of positive psychology, 1(2), 73-82.
• Sievertsen, H. H., Gino, F., & Piovesan, M. (2016). Cognitive fatigue influences students’ performance on standardizedtests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 113, 2621–2624.
• Spears, D. (2011). Economic decision-making in poverty depletes behavioral control. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 11(1), 1-42.
• Stucke, T. S., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006). Ego depletion and aggressive behavior: is the inhibition of aggression a limited resource? European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 1–13.
• Şimşir, Z. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşamında öz-disiplin: Azim, yaşam doyumu ve huzur bağlamında karma bir araştırma (Doctoral dissertation, Necmettin Erbakan University (Turkey)).
• Tangney, J.P., Baumeister, R.F., & Boone, A.L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–322.
• Taylor, A. F., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2002). Views of nature and self-discipline: Evidence from iner city children. Journal of environmental psychology, 22(1-2), 49-63.
• Tice, D. M., Baumeister, R. F., Shmueli, D., & Muraven, M. (2007). Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion. Journal of experimental social psychology, 43(3), 379-384.
• Tice, D. M., Bratlavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, just do it! Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80,53–67.
• Tsukayama, E., Toomey, S. L., Faith, M. S., & Duckworth, A. L. (2010). Self-control as a protective factor against overweight status in the transition from childhood to adolescence. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 164(7), 631-635.
• Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü, (2022). https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (Haziran 2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
• Vadillo, M. A., Gold, N., & Osman, M. (2016). The bitter truth about sugar and willpower: The limited evidential value of the glucose model of ego depletion. Psychological Science, 27(9), 1207-1214.
• Vohs, K. D., & Faber, R. J. (2007). Spent resources: self-regulatory resource availability affects impulse buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 33, 537–547.
• Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Can implementation intentions help to overcome ego-depletion?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(3), 279-286.