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İngiliz Sömürge Dönemi’nde Hindistan’da Yaşanan Kıtlıklar

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 203 - 225, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2020.014

Abstract

Bu çalışma İngilizlerin kolonileştirdikleri Hindistan´da uyguladıkları politikalar ve onun sonucunda meydana gelen kıtlıkları incelemektedir. Hindistan İngiliz kolonisi olduğu günden itibaren fakirleşmeye başlayan bir ülkedir. İngilizlerin Hindistan´da uyguladığı sömürge politikaları sonucu ülkenin kaynakları hızla Avrupa’ya aktarılmıştır. Ülke insanı da ağır vergiler altında yaşamaya mecbur edilmiştir. Bir tarım ülkesi olan Hindistan´da halk üretimini yaptığı geleneksel zirai ürünler yerine İngilizlerin ihracını yapabileceği sanayi değeri olan ürünler yetiştirmeye zorlanmıştır. Hindistan´ın sosyal ve ekonomik yapısının tahrip edilmesi sonucu milyonlarca insan yiyecek bulamaz hale gelmiştir. İngilizlerin Hindistan´ın gelişmesi adına inşa ettikleri demiryolları ve sulama kanalları da aslında onların ülkeden daha fazla gelir elde etmek için yaptıkları projelerdir. Bu projeler dolayısı ile Hindistan´dan daha fazla ürünün İngiltere´ye ve Avrupa’ya taşınması amaçlanmıştır. Topraklarını kaybetmek istemeyen halk ağır vergileri ödeyebilmek için tüm gücü ile İngilizlerin istediği ürünleri yetiştirmiştir. Neticede Muson yağmurlarının eksikliğinin tetiklediği kuraklıklar sonucu halk yiyecek bir şey bulamaz hale gelmiştir. Böylece açlıktan ve ortaya çıkan bulaşıcı hastalıklardan milyonlarca Hintli hayatlarını kaybetmiştir. İngilizler sözde yardım programları adı altında Hintlilere yardım edildiği izlenimi vermeye çabalamış hakikatte ise hiçbir şey yapmamışlardır. Bir araya gelerek beraber hareket edebilme yeteneğini kaybeden halk sömürge dönemi boyunca inanılmaz acılar yaşamıştır.

References

  • AYKROYD, W. R., The Conquest of Famine, Chatto & Windus, London 1974.
  • BANIK, Dan, Freedom From Famine, (the Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, A thesis for the Cand. Polit. Degree), Oslo 1997.
  • BELIAPPA, K. C., The Image of India in English Fiction, B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi 1991.
  • BHATIA, B.M., Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects Of The Economic History Of India (1860-1965), Asia Publishing House 2nd Edition, London 1967.
  • BHATTACHARYA, N., “Pastoralists in a Colonial World”, in Arnold, D. and Guha, R. (eds.) Nature, Culture, Imperialism, Oxford Univ. Press, Delhi 1996.
  • BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS, Report of the Indian Famine Commission (part 1) Famine Relief, cd. 2591, London 1880.
  • CAIN, P J and Hopkins, A. G., British Imperialism. Vol. 1 Innovation and Expansion 1688-1914 and Vol. 2, Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990, Longman, London 1993.
  • CANNON, Geoffrey, “What Do You Think?”, World Nutrition, Volume 5, Number 5, May 2014, pp. 472-485.
  • CAREY, Henry C., The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign: Why It Exists, and How It May Be Extinguished, How Slavery Grows in India, 1853, Chapter XII.
  • CAUTLEY, P. T., “Canals of Irrigation in the North-Western Provinces”, Calcutta Review, XII, 1849, pp. 79-183.
  • CHEN, M., Coping with Seasonality and Drought, Delhi 1991. DAVIS, M., Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World, Verso Books, London 2000.
  • DIGBY, W., “Famine Prevention Studies”, ed. Lady Hope, General Sir Arthur Cotton: His Life and Work, London 1900.
  • DRÈZE, J. “Famine Prevention in India”ed. Drèze and Sen, Political Economy of Hunger, Volume 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1990.
  • DUTT, R. C., Famines and Land Assessments, K. Paul, Trench, Trumlubner, London 1900.
  • DUTT, Romesh, Indian Famines: Their Causes and Prevention, P. S. King and Son, London 1901.
  • FAMINE CODE, 1898, Revenue Department, N-W. Provinces and Oudh, Revised Edition, North - Western Provinces and Oudh, Revenue Department, Allahabad 1898.
  • GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, “Note on the Measures to be adopted for the Extension of Irrigation Works in India, by aid of Special Loans to be Raised for the Purpose”, Colonel R. Strachey, Secretary to the Government of India, Calcutta: Public Works Department February 10, 186. Despatches on Irrigation in India since Transfer of Government of India to H.M., Parliamentary Papers, 105, Calcutta1867.
  • GUILMOTO, C., “Towards a New Demographic Equilibrium: The Inception of Demographic Transition in South India”, The Indian Economic and Social History Review 29: 3, Delhi 1992. HARDIMAN, D., “Introduction” Peasant Resistance in India 1858-1914, op. cit. 154, Delhi 1992.
  • HEBERT, J. R., “Social Ecology Of Famine in British India: Lessons for Africa in the 1980’s?”, Ecology of Food and Nutrition, vol. 20, no.2, 1987, pp.97-108.
  • HURD, J. I., “Railways”, Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2, 1757-1970, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983.
  • IQBAL, Javed, “Mutiny or War of Independence? Determining the True Nature of the Uprising of 1857”, Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol.XXXI, No.1, 2010, pp. 55-70.
  • KAIWAR, V., “Nature, Property and Polity in Colonial Bombay”, Journal of Peasant Studies, 27: 2, Jan. 2000.
  • KLEIN, I., “Death in India, 1871-1921”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4, Aug., 1973, pp. 639-659.
  • KLEIN, I., “When the Rains Failed: Famine, Relief, and Mortality in British India”, The Indian Economic and Social History Review,21:2, 1984.
  • LARDINOIS, R., “Famine, Epidemics and Mortality in South Asia: A Reappraisal of the Demographic crisis of 1876-78”, Economic and Political Weekly, vol.20, no.11,1985, pp.454-465.
  • LUDDEN, D., Peasant History in South India, Princeton, NJ 1985.
  • MAHARATNA, Arup, The Demography Of Indian Famines: A Historical Perspective, (London School Of Economics And Political Science, University of London, Phd Thesis), London 1992.
  • MAITRA, R., “British Colonials Starved to Death 60 Million-Plus Indians, But, Why?”, EIR, July 3, 2015, pp. 20-25.
  • MANNING, Richard, Against the Grain. How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization, North Point Press, New York 2004.
  • MCGINN, Patrick, “Capital, ‘Development’ And Canal Irrigation In Colonial India”, Institute For Social And Economic Change, Working Paper, 2009.
  • MEENA, H. K., “Railway and Famines in British India”, Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, Vol.16(1), 2016, pp. 1-18.
  • MURALI, A., Whose Trees? Forest Practices and Local Communities in Andra, 1600-1922, ed. David Arnold and Ramachandra Guha, Oxford University Press, Delhi 1995.
  • NICHOLLS, N., “Complex Climate-Human-Ecosystem Interactions in the 1877 El Niño”, Abstracts, Second International Climate and History Conference, Norwich 1998.
  • Ó GRÁDA, Cormac, Famine: A Short History, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2009.
  • POMERANZ, K., The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy, Princeton, New Jersey 2000.
  • PROBYN, L. C., Is India Solvent?, Effingham Wilson, London 1880.
  • REPORT 1867, Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II., Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1866-1867.
  • RIPON, Marquis of Ripon, “KG to the Marquis of Hartington”, Viceroy’s Camp, Agra, November 12, 1881, No 59, The Marquis of Ripon, Correspondence with the Secretary of State for India, 1881, BP7/3.
  • ROBSON, Robert, The Cotton Industry in Britain, Macmillan, London 1957.
  • ROTHERMUND, D., An Economic History of India, New York 1988.
  • SKOUFIAS, Emmanuel, “Economic crises and natural disasters: Coping strategies and policy implications”, World Development, 31(7), 2003, pp. 1087-1102
  • THE CORNER HOUSE, Briefing 27: The Origins of the Third World, December, 2002.
  • THE HINDU, “The Starving Ryot”, Daily, Madras, 15 March 1897, 24 March 1897.
  • TOMLINSON, B., “Economics: The Periphery”, The Economy of Modern India, 1869-1970, The New Cambridge History of India, 3:3, Table 3.7., Cambridge 1993.
  • VERNON, James, Hunger. A modern History, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2007.
  • WALFORD, C., The Famines of the World, London 1878.
  • WHITCOMBE, E., “Irrigation” ed. Kumar, D., The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume Two: 1757- c.1970, Cambridge 1983.
  • WHITCOMBE, Elizabeth, Agrarian Conditions in Northern India: The United Provinces under British Rule, 1860-1900, Thompson Press, New Delhi 1971.

Famines in India During the British Colonial Period

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 203 - 225, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2020.014

Abstract

This study examines the policies and consequent shortages of the British colonies in India. India is a country that began to get poorer from the day it became a British colony. As a result of the colonial policies of the British in India, the resources of the country were rapidly transferred to the West. Indians were also forced to live under heavy taxes. In India, an agricultural country, people were forced to cultivate products of industrial value, which could be exported by the British instead of traditional agricultural products. As a result of the destruction of India's social and economic structure, millions of people were unable to find food. The railways and irrigation canals that the British built for the development of India were actually the projects that they did to generatemore income from the country. These projects were aimed at moving more products from India to the Britain and Europe. People who did not want to lose their land and to pay heavy taxes, produced the products that the British wanted. As a result of the drought triggered by the lack of monsoon rains, the public became unable to find anything to eat. Thus, millions of Indians lost their lives due to starvation and the resulting infectious diseases. The British gave the impression that they were helping the Indians, but in reality they did nothing. The people, who lost the ability to act together, experienced incredible suffering throughout the colonial period.

References

  • AYKROYD, W. R., The Conquest of Famine, Chatto & Windus, London 1974.
  • BANIK, Dan, Freedom From Famine, (the Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, A thesis for the Cand. Polit. Degree), Oslo 1997.
  • BELIAPPA, K. C., The Image of India in English Fiction, B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi 1991.
  • BHATIA, B.M., Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects Of The Economic History Of India (1860-1965), Asia Publishing House 2nd Edition, London 1967.
  • BHATTACHARYA, N., “Pastoralists in a Colonial World”, in Arnold, D. and Guha, R. (eds.) Nature, Culture, Imperialism, Oxford Univ. Press, Delhi 1996.
  • BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS, Report of the Indian Famine Commission (part 1) Famine Relief, cd. 2591, London 1880.
  • CAIN, P J and Hopkins, A. G., British Imperialism. Vol. 1 Innovation and Expansion 1688-1914 and Vol. 2, Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990, Longman, London 1993.
  • CANNON, Geoffrey, “What Do You Think?”, World Nutrition, Volume 5, Number 5, May 2014, pp. 472-485.
  • CAREY, Henry C., The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign: Why It Exists, and How It May Be Extinguished, How Slavery Grows in India, 1853, Chapter XII.
  • CAUTLEY, P. T., “Canals of Irrigation in the North-Western Provinces”, Calcutta Review, XII, 1849, pp. 79-183.
  • CHEN, M., Coping with Seasonality and Drought, Delhi 1991. DAVIS, M., Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World, Verso Books, London 2000.
  • DIGBY, W., “Famine Prevention Studies”, ed. Lady Hope, General Sir Arthur Cotton: His Life and Work, London 1900.
  • DRÈZE, J. “Famine Prevention in India”ed. Drèze and Sen, Political Economy of Hunger, Volume 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1990.
  • DUTT, R. C., Famines and Land Assessments, K. Paul, Trench, Trumlubner, London 1900.
  • DUTT, Romesh, Indian Famines: Their Causes and Prevention, P. S. King and Son, London 1901.
  • FAMINE CODE, 1898, Revenue Department, N-W. Provinces and Oudh, Revised Edition, North - Western Provinces and Oudh, Revenue Department, Allahabad 1898.
  • GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, “Note on the Measures to be adopted for the Extension of Irrigation Works in India, by aid of Special Loans to be Raised for the Purpose”, Colonel R. Strachey, Secretary to the Government of India, Calcutta: Public Works Department February 10, 186. Despatches on Irrigation in India since Transfer of Government of India to H.M., Parliamentary Papers, 105, Calcutta1867.
  • GUILMOTO, C., “Towards a New Demographic Equilibrium: The Inception of Demographic Transition in South India”, The Indian Economic and Social History Review 29: 3, Delhi 1992. HARDIMAN, D., “Introduction” Peasant Resistance in India 1858-1914, op. cit. 154, Delhi 1992.
  • HEBERT, J. R., “Social Ecology Of Famine in British India: Lessons for Africa in the 1980’s?”, Ecology of Food and Nutrition, vol. 20, no.2, 1987, pp.97-108.
  • HURD, J. I., “Railways”, Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 2, 1757-1970, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983.
  • IQBAL, Javed, “Mutiny or War of Independence? Determining the True Nature of the Uprising of 1857”, Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol.XXXI, No.1, 2010, pp. 55-70.
  • KAIWAR, V., “Nature, Property and Polity in Colonial Bombay”, Journal of Peasant Studies, 27: 2, Jan. 2000.
  • KLEIN, I., “Death in India, 1871-1921”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4, Aug., 1973, pp. 639-659.
  • KLEIN, I., “When the Rains Failed: Famine, Relief, and Mortality in British India”, The Indian Economic and Social History Review,21:2, 1984.
  • LARDINOIS, R., “Famine, Epidemics and Mortality in South Asia: A Reappraisal of the Demographic crisis of 1876-78”, Economic and Political Weekly, vol.20, no.11,1985, pp.454-465.
  • LUDDEN, D., Peasant History in South India, Princeton, NJ 1985.
  • MAHARATNA, Arup, The Demography Of Indian Famines: A Historical Perspective, (London School Of Economics And Political Science, University of London, Phd Thesis), London 1992.
  • MAITRA, R., “British Colonials Starved to Death 60 Million-Plus Indians, But, Why?”, EIR, July 3, 2015, pp. 20-25.
  • MANNING, Richard, Against the Grain. How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization, North Point Press, New York 2004.
  • MCGINN, Patrick, “Capital, ‘Development’ And Canal Irrigation In Colonial India”, Institute For Social And Economic Change, Working Paper, 2009.
  • MEENA, H. K., “Railway and Famines in British India”, Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, Vol.16(1), 2016, pp. 1-18.
  • MURALI, A., Whose Trees? Forest Practices and Local Communities in Andra, 1600-1922, ed. David Arnold and Ramachandra Guha, Oxford University Press, Delhi 1995.
  • NICHOLLS, N., “Complex Climate-Human-Ecosystem Interactions in the 1877 El Niño”, Abstracts, Second International Climate and History Conference, Norwich 1998.
  • Ó GRÁDA, Cormac, Famine: A Short History, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2009.
  • POMERANZ, K., The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy, Princeton, New Jersey 2000.
  • PROBYN, L. C., Is India Solvent?, Effingham Wilson, London 1880.
  • REPORT 1867, Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Famine in Bengal and Orissa in 1866, Volumes I, II., Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1866-1867.
  • RIPON, Marquis of Ripon, “KG to the Marquis of Hartington”, Viceroy’s Camp, Agra, November 12, 1881, No 59, The Marquis of Ripon, Correspondence with the Secretary of State for India, 1881, BP7/3.
  • ROBSON, Robert, The Cotton Industry in Britain, Macmillan, London 1957.
  • ROTHERMUND, D., An Economic History of India, New York 1988.
  • SKOUFIAS, Emmanuel, “Economic crises and natural disasters: Coping strategies and policy implications”, World Development, 31(7), 2003, pp. 1087-1102
  • THE CORNER HOUSE, Briefing 27: The Origins of the Third World, December, 2002.
  • THE HINDU, “The Starving Ryot”, Daily, Madras, 15 March 1897, 24 March 1897.
  • TOMLINSON, B., “Economics: The Periphery”, The Economy of Modern India, 1869-1970, The New Cambridge History of India, 3:3, Table 3.7., Cambridge 1993.
  • VERNON, James, Hunger. A modern History, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2007.
  • WALFORD, C., The Famines of the World, London 1878.
  • WHITCOMBE, E., “Irrigation” ed. Kumar, D., The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume Two: 1757- c.1970, Cambridge 1983.
  • WHITCOMBE, Elizabeth, Agrarian Conditions in Northern India: The United Provinces under British Rule, 1860-1900, Thompson Press, New Delhi 1971.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science, Sociology, International Relations, History of The Social Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hüseyin Günarslan This is me 0000-0002-7276-7476

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Günarslan, Hüseyin. “İngiliz Sömürge Dönemi’nde Hindistan’da Yaşanan Kıtlıklar”. Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi 9, no. 2 (September 2020): 203-25. https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2020.014.