İklim Değişikliğiyle Mücadelede Bir Araç Olarak Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku

Abstract

İklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkileri her geçen gün kendini daha fazla hissettirmektedir. Üstelik mevcut durumun devam etmesi halinde bu olumsuz etkilerin daha da artacağından endişe edilmektedir. Küresel bir sorun olan iklim değişikliğinin barındırdığı bu risklerin insan hakları açısından önemli sonuçları olacağı aşikardır. Bu çerçevede, özellikle son yıllarda, iklim değişikliği ve bu tehditle mücadelede alınan yahut alınması gereken önlemlerin insan hakları odaklı bir yaklaşımla değerlendirildiği görülmektedir. Gerçekten de uluslararası hukukun insan haklarının korunması bağlamında oluşturduğu mekanizmaların etkin kullanımı iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz sonuçlarının en aza indirgenmesinde önemli rol oynaması beklenebilir. Lakin iklim değişikliği ve insan hakları arasındaki etkileşimin kendine özgü niteliği çözümlenmesi gereken bazı tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Konseyi ve Birleşmiş Milletler bünyesinde bu anlamda yaşanan gelişmeler incelenerek uluslararası hukukun karşılaştığı bu yeni mücadelede benimsenen yaklaşım değerlendirilecektir.

Keywords

• İnsan hakları
• İklim değişikliği
• Uluslararası hukuk
• Avrupa Konseyi
• Birleşmiş Milletler

International Human Rights Law as a Mechanism for Coping with Climate Change

Abstract

The negative impacts of climate change emerge more intensely with each day. Moreover, the fear is that these negative effects will further increase if the current situation continues as is. The risks brought about by global climate change will obviously have important consequences on human rights. In this context, climate change and the measures that are or will be taken for coping with this threat are seen to have been evaluated within a human rights-oriented approach, especially in recent years. Indeed, the effective use of mechanisms established by international law for the purpose of protecting human rights can be anticipated to play an important role in minimizing the negative impacts of climate change. However, the unique nature of the relationship between climate change and human rights brings with it some debates that need to be resolved. This article concerns itself with the approach adopted in this new challenge encountered by international law through an analysis of the developments observed through the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the policy-making processes of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, and the United Nations.

Keywords

• Human rights
• climate change
• international law
• Council of Europe
• United Nations

References

1. Benoit M. ‘Climate Change Mitigation as an Obligations under Human Rights Treaties?’ (2021) 115(3) American Journal of International Law 409-451.
2. Benoit M. The International. Law on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press 2018).
3. Caney S. ‘Climate Change, Human Rights, and Moral Thresholds” in Stephen M. Gardiner, Simon Caney, Dale Jamieson ve Henry Shue (edr) Climate Ethics: Essential Readings (Cambridge University Press 2010) 163-177.
4. Humphreys S. ‘Introduction: Human Rights and Climate Change’ in Stephen Humphreys, (ed), Human Rights and Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2009) 1-35.
5. Feria-Tinta M. ‘Climate Change Litigation in the European Court of Human Rights: Causation, Imminence and Other Key Underlying Notions’ (2021) 1(3) Europe des Droits et Libertés 52-71 Erişim Tarihi 21 Nisan 2022.
6. IPCC ‘Summary for Policymakers’ iç MassonDelmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (edr) Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021).
7. Koivurova T, Duyck S, Heinamaki L. ‘Climate Change and Human Rights in Erkki J. Hollo, Kati Kulovesi, Michael Mehling (eds) Climate Change and the Law (Springer, 2013) 287-328.
8. Krampe F ‘Russia’s ‘nyet’ does not mean climate security is off the Security Council agenda’ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Erişim Tarihi: 17 Aralık 2021.

9. Nolan A. ‘Children’s Rights and Climate Change at the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child: Pragmatism and Principle in Sacchi v. Argentina’ 20 Ekim 2021, EJIL:Talk! Erişim Tarihi 21 Nisan 2022.
10. Pedersen OW. ‘The European Convention of Human Rights and Climate Change – Finally!’, 22 Eylül 2020, EjilTalk < https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-european-convention-of-human-rights-and-climate-change-finally/> Erişim Tarihi 21 Nisan 2022.
11. Peel J. ve Osofsky HM. ‘A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation?’ (2018) 7(1) Transnational Environmental Law 37-67.
12. Rajamani L. ve Werksman JD. ‘Climate Change’ iç Lavanya Rajamani ve Jacqueline Peel (edr) The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (Oxford University Press 2021) 492-512.
13. Sandvig J, Dawson P. ve Tjelmeland M ‘Can the ECHR Encompass the Transnational and Intertemporal Dimensions of Climate Harm?’ (23 Haziran 2021) EJIL:Talk! Erişim Tarihi 21 Nisan 2022.
14. Savaresi A. ‘The UN HRC Recognizes the Right to a Healthy Environment and Appoints a New Speacial Rapporteur on Human Rights and Climate Change. What Does it Alll Mean?’ 12 Ekim 2021, EJILTalk < https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-un-hrc-recognizes-the-right-to-a-healthy-environment-and-appoints-a-new-special-rapporteur-on-human-rights-and-climate-change-what-does-it-all-mean/> Erişim Tarihi 21 Nisan 2022.
15. Narula S. ‘Human Rights and Climate Change’ in Karl S. Coplan, Shelby D. Green et al (eds), Climate Change Law: An Introduction (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021) 135-170.
16. Quirico O, Bröhmer J and Szabo M. ‘States, Climate Change and Tripartite Human Rights: The Missing Link’ in Ottavio Quirico and Mouloud Boumghar (eds) Climate Change and Human Rights: An International and Comparative Law Perspective (Routledge, 2016) 7-38.
17. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Understanding Human Rights and Climate Change (Submission to the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015).
18. Vincent Bellinkx et al, ‘Addressing Climate Change through International Human Rights Law: From (Extra)Territoriality to Common Concern of Humankind’ (2021) 10 Transnational Environmental Law 1-25.