The Problem of the Criminalisation of Humanitarian Aid in the Context of the 2002 European Union Directive and Framework Decision on Strengthening the Criminal Framework to Prevent the Facilitation of Unauthorised Entry, Transit and Residence

Abstract

The legal regulations the European Union (EU) has adopted to prevent illegal migration are becoming increasingly harsh. The practice that has developed within the framework of the regulations weakens the legal legitimacy of the measures taken. In particular, trying to control the illegal entry or illegal stay of foreigners in a country through the tools of criminal law causes problems in many respects. The EU Council Directive 2002/90/EC, referred to here as the Facilitators Directive, is one of the most important examples of this. This study will examine the acts that constitute a criminal offense under the Facilitators Directive within the framework of the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants, especially regarding the ability to punish humanitarian assistance. In determining the framework of the smuggling of migrants in terms of criminal law, this article will attempt to put forth an approach based on the principles of criminal law and human rights. The intensity of the sanctions imposed on illegal migration from the perspective of the protection of state borders results in the violation of state obligations arising from international conventions to which states are a party. Therefore, not expanding the limits of criminal law’s ability to intervene in immigration law is important, being an area where administrative regulations are effective.

Keywords

• Illegal migration
• directive
• humanitarian aid

İzinsiz Giriş, Geçiş ve İkametin Kolaylaştırılmasını Önlemek İçin Cezai Çerçevenin Güçlendirilmesine İlişkin 2002 tarihli Avrupa Birliği Direktifi ve Çerçeve Kararı Bağlamında İnsani Yardımın Cezalandırılabilirliği Sorunu

Abstract

Yasa dışı göçü önlemek amacıyla Avrupa Birliği tarafından kabul edilen hukuki düzenlemeler, gittikçe daha sert hale gelmekte ve düzenlemeler çerçevesinde gelişen uygulama alınan tedbirlerin hukuki meşruiyetini zayıflatmaktadır. Özellikle yabancıların ülkeye yasa dışı girişi veya ülkede yasa dışı kalışı meselesinin ceza hukuku araçlarıyla kontrol altında tutulmaya çalışılması birçok açıdan sorun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. 2002 tarihli Kolaylaştırıcılar Direktifi bunun en önemli örneklerindendir. Çalışmada söz konusu Direktif kapsamında suç teşkil eden fiiller, Sınıraşan Örgütlü Suçlara Karşı Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi’ne Ek Kara, Deniz ve Hava Yoluyla Göçmen Kaçakçılığına Karşı Protokol çerçevesinde özellikle insani yardımın cezalandırılabilirliği konusu üzerinden ele alınacaktır. Göçmen kaçakçılığının ceza hukuku bakımından çerçevesinin belirlenmesinde ceza hukuku esasları ve insan hakları hukuku temelli bir yaklaşım ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. Zira yasa dışı göçe yönelik uygulanan yaptırımların yoğunluğunun, salt devlet sınırlarının korunması perspektifiyle ele alınması, insan hakları hukuku, mülteci hukuku ve deniz hukuku başta olmak üzere devletin taraf olduğu uluslararası sözleşmelerden doğan yükümlülüklerinin ihlali ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla idari düzenlemelerin etkin olduğu bir alan olan göç hukukunda ceza hukuku müdahalesinin sınırlarının genişletilmemesi önem arz etmektedir.

Keywords

• Yasa dışı göç
• direktif
• insani yardım

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