Otonom Araçların Kullanımından Doğan Cezaî Sorumluluk: Türk Hukuku Bakımından Genel Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 173 - 195, 28.12.2018

Tuba Kelep Pekmez

Abstract

Bu çalışma otonom araçlar olarak adlandırılan yapay zekâ içeren araçların kullanımından doğabilecek olası ceza hukuku problemlerinin Türk Ceza Hukuku çerçevesinde genel olarak değerlendirilmesi ve hukukumuzda daha önce ele alınmamış bir konuyu tartışmaya açma amacı taşımaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle otonom araçların neyi ifade ettiği ve hem çeşitli ülkeler hem de kuruluşlar tarafından yayınlanan ilke ve düzenlemeler çerçevesinde bunların kademeleri saptanmıştır. Daha sonra ise otonom araçların ceza hukuku sorumluluklarının olup olamayacağı tartışılarak Türk Ceza hukuku bakımından bunun mümkün olmayacağı kanaatine varılmış ve bu bağlamda sorumluluğu gündeme gelebilecek olan sürücüler ve kullanıcılar bakımından konu ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda otonom araç sürücü ve kullanıcılarının kasten veya taksirle işlenen suçlar bakımından ceza sorumluluklarının belirlenmesinin genel ilkelerden ayrılmayı gerektirip gerektirmeyeceği incelenmiştir. Kasten işlenen suçlar bakımından bir özellik saptanmazken, taksirli suçlar bakımından dikkat ve özen yükümlülüğüne ilişkin kurallar ile öngörülebilirlik kriterlerinin detaylı bir şekilde araştırılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Otonom araçlar, yapay zekâ, otonom araçlar ve ceza sorumluluğu

Criminal Responsibility Arising From Usage of Autonomos Vehicles: A General Review in the context of Turkish Penal Law

Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate the probable penal law issues that may arise from the usage of autonomous vehicles with artificial intelligence features within the framework of Turkish Penal Law, and it also aims to open a debate on this issue, which has not been discussed before in the context of the Turkish legal system. First, considering the principles and regulations published by various countries and organizations, the meaning of what determines an autonomous vehicle and the autonomy levels of such vehicles was determined. Second, it has been argued whether autonomous vehicles themselves could bear criminal responsibility. It has been stated that this would not be possible in terms of Turkish criminal law principles. For this reason, the issue was dealt with in terms of the responsibility of drivers and users. In this context, in order to determine the criminal responsibility of drivers and users, the necessity of separating the general principles of criminal responsibility in terms of intentional or negligent offenses is investigated. Although no specific difference has been identified in terms of intentional offenses, the rules related to cautiousness and the criteria for foreseeability should be examined in detail.

Keywords

Autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and criminal responsibility

References

• Barringer K L, ‘Code Bound and down – A Long Way to Go and a Short Time to Get There: Autonomous Vehicle Legislation Illinois’ (2013) 38 Southern Illinois University Law Journal, 127 N, Zafer H, Türk Ceza Hukukuna Giriş (Beta 2017).
• Çekin Mesut ‘Otonom Araçlar ve Hukuki Sorumluluk ’ (2018) TAAD, 283.
• Dokic J, Müller B, Meyer G, European Technology Platform On Smart Systems Integration, European Roadmap Smart Systems For Automated Driving (1 April 2015).
• <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321295501_European_Roadmap_Smart_Systems_for_Automated_Driving > accessed 12 July 2018.
• Doume F, Palodichuk S A, ‘Criminal Liability Issues Cretated By Autonomous Vehicles’ (2012) 52 Santa Clara Law Review 1157.
• Fagnant D J, Kockelman K, ‘Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations’ (2015) 77 Transportation Research Part A 167.
• Fla. Stat 316.003 <http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399 /0316/0316.html > accessed 17 July 2018.
• Garret O, 10 Million Self-Driving Cars Will Hit The Road By 2020- Here’s How To Profit Forbes (3 March 2017) <https://www.forbes.com/sites/oliviergarret/2017/03/03/10-million-self-driving-cars-will-hit-the-road-by-2020-heres-how-to-profit/#8c0d98c7e508> accessed 17 July 2018.
• Gasser T M, ‘Grundlegende und spezielle Rechtsfragen für autonome Fahrezeuge’, in Maurer/Gerdes/Lenz/Winner (eds) Autonomes Fahren Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte, (Springer 2015) 564.
• Gemeinsamer Schlussbericht: BASt-Projektgruppe, Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straβenwesen
• <http://bast.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2012/587/pdf/F83.pdf > accessed 3 July 2018.
• Gerdes J C, Thornton S M, ‘Implementable Ethics for Autonomous Vehicles’ in Maurer/Gerdes/Lenz/Winner (eds) Autonomes Fahren Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte (Springer 2015) 88.
• Glancy D J, ‘Privacy in Autonomous Vehicles’ (2012) 52 Santa Clara Law Review, 1171, 1173.
• Gless S, Silverman E, Weigend T, ‘If Robots Cause Harm – Who Is to Blame?’ (2016) 19 New Criminal Law Review 412.
• Gleβ S, Weigend T, ‘Intelligente Agenten und das Strafrecht’ (2014) 126 ZSTW 561.
• Gurney J K, ‘Sue My Car Not Me: Products Liability and Accidents Involving Autonomous Vehicles’ (2013) 213 Journal of Technology and Policy, 248.
• Hallevy G, ‘Unmanned Vehicles: Subordination to Criminal Law under Modern Concept of Criminal Liability’, (2011/2012) 21(2) Journal of Law, Information and Science 200.
• İçel K, Taksirli Suçlardan Doğan Subjektif Sorumluluk (İstanbul Üniversitesi 1967).
• Keane S, Japan Works to launch seşf-driving car system by 2020 CNET (4 June 2018) <https://www.cnet.com/news/japan-works-to-launch-self-driving-car-system-by-2020/> accessed 17 July 2018.
• Koca M, Üzülmez İ, Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler (Seçkin 2016) 94.
• Lin P, ‘Why Ethics Matters for Autonomous Cars’, in Maurer/Gerdes/Lenz/Winner (eds) Autonomes Fahren Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte (Springer 2015) 70.
• Maurer M, ‘Einleitung’, in Maurer Gerdes Lenz Winner (eds), Autonomes Fahren Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte (Springer 2015 2).
• Nev. Rev. Stat 482A.010 < https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-482A.html> accessed 17 July 2018.
• Özgenç İ, Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler (Seçkin 2016).
• Probst T, ‘Die Benutzung (teil-) autonomer Motorfahrzeuge im Strassenverkehr aus haftpflichtrechtlixher Sicht/ I-V’ in Strassenverkehrrechts-Tagung 21-22 Juni 2016 1-83.
• Riedo C, Maeder S, ‘Die Benutzung automatisierter Motorfahrzeuge aus Strafrechtlicher Sicht’, Strassenverkehrsrechts-Tagungs 21.-22 Juni 2016 (Stӓmplfli Verlag 2016) 85.
• Sözüer, Dursun, Talas, Türk Ceza Hukuku Mevzuatı (Alfa 2017).
• Straßenverkehrsgesetz (StVG) § 1a Kraftfahrzeuge mit hoch- oder vollautomatisierter Fahrfunktion
• <https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvg/__1a.html> accessed 12 July 2018.
• Surface Vehicle Information Report, Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems J3016 (2014) <https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_201609/> accessed 19 July 2018.
• Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice, Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles J3016 (2018) <https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_201806/> accessed 19 July 2018.
• Swanson A R, ‘Somebody Grab the Wheel: State Autonomous Vehicle Legislation and the Road to a National Regime’ (2014) Marquette Law Review, 1085.
• Thommen M, Matjaz S, ‘Die Fahrlӓssigkeit im Zeitalter autonomer Fahrzeuge’ (2017) in Prof. Dr. iur. Daniel Jositsch, Prof. Dr. iur. Christian Schwarzenegger, Prof. Dr. iur. Wolfgang Wohler (eds), Festschrift für Andreas Donatsch (Schulthess Verlag 273, 278).
• Walker J, The Self-Driving Car Timeline – Predictions from the Top 11 Global Automakers Techemergence (29 May 2019) <https://www.techemergence.com/self-driving-car-timeline-themselves-top-11-automakers/> accessed 17 July 2018.
• Yetim S, ‘Sürücüsüz Araçlar ve Getirdiği/Getireceği Hukuki Sorunlar’ (2016) 1 Anakara Barosu Dergisi, 125-184.