Research Article
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Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming)

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 211 - 233, 20.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665

Abstract

As the age of using technological devices and internet decreases, children become easy targets for cybercrimes. Their vulnerability and innocence on the one hand and the accessibility and anonymity of the internet on the other creates opportunities for the commitment of sexual offences against children in cyber space. One such offence is cyber grooming, which is very dangerous because of the gravity of its possible consequences on a child’s life, but also because of the significantly vague scope of application arising from the difficulties to detect the real intent of the groomer. Although international legislation has influenced some national legal systems to criminalize child grooming as a separate offence, Turkish law has not initiated such a reaction yet. However, there exists other courses of action to criminalize cyber grooming in order to prevent such threats to a child’s physical and moral well-being. This study aims to examine the offence of cyber grooming of children for sexual purposes in comparative law and its reflection in Turkish law.

References

  • Baş, Eylem, ‘Türk Ceza Hukukunda Cinsel Taciz Suçu’, (2016) 65/4 AÜHFD 1165. Can, Neslihan, ‘Çocuğun Sanal Cinsel İstismarı’ (2022) 50 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 130.
  • Chopin, Frédérique, Cybercriminalité (Dalloz, Répertoire de droit pénal et de procédure pénale, Janvier 2020), <www.dalloz.fr>, accessed on February 20, 2022.
  • Comité de la Convention sur la cybercriminalité (T-CY), (2018) Étude cartographique sur la cyberviolence, Groupe de travail sur la cyberintimidation et les autres formes de violence en ligne, en particulier contre les femmes et les enfants <https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2017-10-cbg-study-fr-v2/1680993e65> accessed on January 19, 2022.
  • Craven, Samantha, Brown, Sarah & Gilchrist, Elizabeth, ‘Sexual Grooming of Children: Review of Literature and Theoretical Considerations’, (2006) 12/3 Journal of Sexual Aggression 297.
  • Çalışkan, Mustafa, ‘Toplum ve Suç Araştırmalarında Sınırları Aşan Bir Suç: ‘Çevrimiçi Çocuk İstismarı’ ve Bu Suça Karşı Alınabilecek Önlemler’ (2019) 61 Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 122-131.
  • Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter, Internet Child Abuse: Current Research and Policy (New York, Abingdon, Routlegde, 2011).
  • Dean, Stephen, Sexual Predators: How to Recognize Them on the Internet and on the Street: How to Keep Your Kids Away (Los Angeles, Silver Lake Publishing, 2007).
  • Directive 2011/92/UE of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA, OJ L 335, 17 December 2011, <http://eur-lex.europa.eu>, accessed on January 19, 2022.
  • Dülger, Murat Volkan, ‘İnternet Aracılığıyla İşlenen Cinsel Suçlar’ (2021) <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3792316>, accessed on April 25, 2022; Can supra note 53 at 134.
  • ECPAT International and Religions for Peace (RfP), Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation (2016), <https://www.unicef.org/media/73506/file/FBO-Guide-for-Religious-Leaders-Communities-2016.pdf.pdf.>, accessed on April 14, 2022.
  • Elverdi Tuna, Gülbike Nilay, Ceza Hukuku Boyutuyla Çocukların Çevrimiçi Cinsel İstismarı (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek
  • Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021). Gürelli, Nevzat, ‘Ceza Hukukunda Müstehcenlik Kavramı’ (1966) XXXII/2-4 İÜHFM 585.
  • International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children, Online Grooming of Children for Sexual Purposes: Model Legislation & Global Review, <https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Online-Grooming-of-Children_FINAL_9-18-17.pdf> accessed on April 25, 2022.
  • Kierkegaard, Sylvia. ‘Online Child Protection Cybering, Online Grooming and Ageplay’ (2008) 24 Computer Law & Security Report 42.
  • Klimek, Libor, ‘European Responses Criminalising Online Solicitation of Children For Sexual Purposes’ (December 2020) 16 Balkan Social Science Review 8.
  • Kloess, Juliane A., Beech, Anthony R. & Harkins, Leigh, ‘Online Child Sexual Exploitation: Prevalence, Process, and Offender Characteristics’ (2014) 15 Trauma Violence Abuse 127.
  • Koca, Mahmut & Üzülmez, İlhan, Türk Ceza Hukuku Özel Hükümler, (6. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2019).
  • Kool, Renée, ‘Prevention by All Means? A Legal Comparison of the Criminalization of Online Grooming and its Enforcement’, (October 2011) 7/3 Utrecht Law Review 49.
  • Lepage, Agathe, ‘Les dispositions concernant la communication dans la loi du 5 mars 2007 relative à la prévention de la délinquance’ (2007) 6 Communications-Commerce électronique, Etude n° 13.
  • Leroux, Olivier, ‘Protection pénale des mineurs sur internet: harcèlement, ‘grooming’ et cyberprédation’, in Jean-François Henrotte & François Jongen (eds.), Pas de droit sans technologie (Bruxelles, Larcier, 2015) 232.
  • Ošmjanski, Vera & Vujičić, Staša Stanković, ‘Cyber-aggression, Cyberbullying, and Cyber-grooming: A Survey and Research Challenges’ (2020) 54/1 ACM Computing Surveys 11.
  • Ost, Suzanne, Child Pornografy and Sexual Grooming, Legal and Societal Responses (London, Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 211 - 233, 20.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665

Abstract

References

  • Baş, Eylem, ‘Türk Ceza Hukukunda Cinsel Taciz Suçu’, (2016) 65/4 AÜHFD 1165. Can, Neslihan, ‘Çocuğun Sanal Cinsel İstismarı’ (2022) 50 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 130.
  • Chopin, Frédérique, Cybercriminalité (Dalloz, Répertoire de droit pénal et de procédure pénale, Janvier 2020), <www.dalloz.fr>, accessed on February 20, 2022.
  • Comité de la Convention sur la cybercriminalité (T-CY), (2018) Étude cartographique sur la cyberviolence, Groupe de travail sur la cyberintimidation et les autres formes de violence en ligne, en particulier contre les femmes et les enfants <https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2017-10-cbg-study-fr-v2/1680993e65> accessed on January 19, 2022.
  • Craven, Samantha, Brown, Sarah & Gilchrist, Elizabeth, ‘Sexual Grooming of Children: Review of Literature and Theoretical Considerations’, (2006) 12/3 Journal of Sexual Aggression 297.
  • Çalışkan, Mustafa, ‘Toplum ve Suç Araştırmalarında Sınırları Aşan Bir Suç: ‘Çevrimiçi Çocuk İstismarı’ ve Bu Suça Karşı Alınabilecek Önlemler’ (2019) 61 Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 122-131.
  • Davidson, Julia & Gottschalk, Petter, Internet Child Abuse: Current Research and Policy (New York, Abingdon, Routlegde, 2011).
  • Dean, Stephen, Sexual Predators: How to Recognize Them on the Internet and on the Street: How to Keep Your Kids Away (Los Angeles, Silver Lake Publishing, 2007).
  • Directive 2011/92/UE of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA, OJ L 335, 17 December 2011, <http://eur-lex.europa.eu>, accessed on January 19, 2022.
  • Dülger, Murat Volkan, ‘İnternet Aracılığıyla İşlenen Cinsel Suçlar’ (2021) <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3792316>, accessed on April 25, 2022; Can supra note 53 at 134.
  • ECPAT International and Religions for Peace (RfP), Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation (2016), <https://www.unicef.org/media/73506/file/FBO-Guide-for-Religious-Leaders-Communities-2016.pdf.pdf.>, accessed on April 14, 2022.
  • Elverdi Tuna, Gülbike Nilay, Ceza Hukuku Boyutuyla Çocukların Çevrimiçi Cinsel İstismarı (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek
  • Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021). Gürelli, Nevzat, ‘Ceza Hukukunda Müstehcenlik Kavramı’ (1966) XXXII/2-4 İÜHFM 585.
  • International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children, Online Grooming of Children for Sexual Purposes: Model Legislation & Global Review, <https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Online-Grooming-of-Children_FINAL_9-18-17.pdf> accessed on April 25, 2022.
  • Kierkegaard, Sylvia. ‘Online Child Protection Cybering, Online Grooming and Ageplay’ (2008) 24 Computer Law & Security Report 42.
  • Klimek, Libor, ‘European Responses Criminalising Online Solicitation of Children For Sexual Purposes’ (December 2020) 16 Balkan Social Science Review 8.
  • Kloess, Juliane A., Beech, Anthony R. & Harkins, Leigh, ‘Online Child Sexual Exploitation: Prevalence, Process, and Offender Characteristics’ (2014) 15 Trauma Violence Abuse 127.
  • Koca, Mahmut & Üzülmez, İlhan, Türk Ceza Hukuku Özel Hükümler, (6. Baskı, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, 2019).
  • Kool, Renée, ‘Prevention by All Means? A Legal Comparison of the Criminalization of Online Grooming and its Enforcement’, (October 2011) 7/3 Utrecht Law Review 49.
  • Lepage, Agathe, ‘Les dispositions concernant la communication dans la loi du 5 mars 2007 relative à la prévention de la délinquance’ (2007) 6 Communications-Commerce électronique, Etude n° 13.
  • Leroux, Olivier, ‘Protection pénale des mineurs sur internet: harcèlement, ‘grooming’ et cyberprédation’, in Jean-François Henrotte & François Jongen (eds.), Pas de droit sans technologie (Bruxelles, Larcier, 2015) 232.
  • Ošmjanski, Vera & Vujičić, Staša Stanković, ‘Cyber-aggression, Cyberbullying, and Cyber-grooming: A Survey and Research Challenges’ (2020) 54/1 ACM Computing Surveys 11.
  • Ost, Suzanne, Child Pornografy and Sexual Grooming, Legal and Societal Responses (London, Cambridge University Press, 2009).
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Emine Eylem Aksoy Retornaz 0000-0002-4174-1775

Publication Date May 20, 2022
Submission Date May 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aksoy Retornaz, E. E. (2022). Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming). Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, 10(1), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665
AMA Aksoy Retornaz EE. Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming). Journal of Penal Law and Criminology. May 2022;10(1):211-233. doi:10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665
Chicago Aksoy Retornaz, Emine Eylem. “Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming)”. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 10, no. 1 (May 2022): 211-33. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665.
EndNote Aksoy Retornaz EE (May 1, 2022) Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming). Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 10 1 211–233.
IEEE E. E. Aksoy Retornaz, “Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming)”, Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 211–233, 2022, doi: 10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665.
ISNAD Aksoy Retornaz, Emine Eylem. “Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming)”. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 10/1 (May 2022), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665.
JAMA Aksoy Retornaz EE. Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming). Journal of Penal Law and Criminology. 2022;10:211–233.
MLA Aksoy Retornaz, Emine Eylem. “Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming)”. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, vol. 10, no. 1, 2022, pp. 211-33, doi:10.26650/JPLC2022-1112665.
Vancouver Aksoy Retornaz EE. Online Solicitation Of Children For Sexual Purposes (Cyber Grooming). Journal of Penal Law and Criminology. 2022;10(1):211-33.