Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Plain Turkish for Accessibility

Year 2021, Issue: 37, 67 - 88, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/jol.2021.1047497

Abstract

This paper aims to determine the essential features of accessible Turkish texts by comparing readability across various written and oral texts that were randomly selected from educational settings and mass media. It is argued that more linguistic accessibility for everyone can be achieved by producing written and oral informative texts presented in the public domain in plain Turkish, in accordance with universal design. Consisting of a total of 20,254 words/138,870 characters/1,683 units, the texts in the database were classified into four groups based on medium and mode: (i) Turkish language and literature textbooks (8th–12th grade) of the Ministry of Education; (ii) 45 news items from TRTHaber online; (iii) video lectures broadcast on TRT EBA TV (7th–12th grade); and (iv) television debates (four female and four male guests). The textbooks and news items were of average difficulty, while the video lectures and debates were easy with respect to readability. The average sentence length was 12.03 words; the average word length was 6.86 characters, as calculated in the database. In order to increase the accessibility of Turkish texts, the following are suggested by the findings of the qualitative analysis: (i) at the lexical level: short and frequent words; consistent terms with explanations; words used in their denotative meaning; (ii) at the sentence level: direct speech; short sentences containing fewer embedded clauses and passive structures; (iii) at the text/discourse level: multimodal redundancy; highly coherent texts in conversational style, where small chunks of information are presented in chronological and logical order.

References

  • Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü (EYHGM). (2020). Erişilebilirlik Kılavuzu. Ankara: Uzman Matbaacılık.
  • Ateşman, E. (1997). Türkçede Okunabilirliğin Ölçülmesi. TÖMER Dil Dergisi, 58, 71-74.
  • Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2020). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [bilgisayar yazılımı]. Sürüm 6.1.16, Erişim tarihi: 15 Haziran 2020, http://www.praat.org/.
  • Carroll, J., Minnen, G., Canning, Y., Devlin, S. ve Tait, J. (1998). Practical simplification of English Newspaper Text to Assist Aphasic Readers. AAAI-98 Workshop on Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Assistive Technology, 7-10.
  • Devlin, S. ve Tait, J. (1998). The use of a psycholinguistic database in the simplification of text for aphasic readers. Linguistic Databases, 161-173.
  • Evans, R., Orăsan, C. ve Dornescu, I. (2015). An evaluation of syntactic simplification rules for people with autism. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations (PITR) Association for Computational Linguistics (s. 131-140) içinde. doi: 10.3115/v1/w14-1215.
  • Felsenfeld, C. (1981). The Plain English Movement in the United States. FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. 408-421. Erişim adresi: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship.
  • Flesch, R. (1979). How to Write in Plain English: A Book for Lawyers and Consumers. New York: Harper and Rowe.
  • Johnstone, D. (2001). An Introduction to Disability Studies (2. baskı). New York: David Fulton Publishers.
  • Rello, L., Baeza-Yates, R., Dempere-Marco, L. ve Saggion, H. (2013). Frequent words improve readability and short words improve understandability for people with dyslexia. P. Kotzé ve diğerleri (Yay. haz.) INTERACT 2013, Bölüm IV, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8120 (s. 203-219) içinde. doi: 10.1007/978- 3-642-40498-6_15.
  • Rennes, E. (2020). Is it simpler? An Evaluation of an Aligned Corpus of Standard-Simple Sentences. Gala, N. ve Wilkens, R. (Yay. haz.). Proceedings of the LREC 2020 first workshop on Tools and Resources to Empower People with REAding DIfficulties (READI) (s. 6-13) içinde. Paris: European Language Resources Association.
  • Säuberli, A., Ebling, S. ve Volk, M. (2020). Benchmarking Data-driven Automatic Text Simplification for German. Gala, N. ve Wilkens, R. (Yay. haz.). Proceedings of the LREC 2020 first workshop on Tools and Resources to Empower People with REAding DIfficulties (READI) (s. 41-48) içinde. Paris: European Language Resources Association.
  • Savaşır, İ. (1986). Habits and Abilities in Turkish. D. Slobin & K. Zimmer (Yay. haz.) Studies in Turkish Linguistics (s. 137-146) içinde. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Shardlow, M. (2014). A Survey of Automated Text Simplification. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 4, 1, 58-70. doi: 10.14569/SpecialIssue.2014.040109.
  • Sikka, P. ve Mago, V. (2020). A Survey on Text Simplification. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (J. ACM) 37, 4, Article 111, 1-26. doi: 10.1145/1122445.1122456.

Erişilebilirlik için Yalın Türkçe

Year 2021, Issue: 37, 67 - 88, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/jol.2021.1047497

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, eğitim ve kitle iletişim ortamından rastgele seçilmiş yazılı ve sözlü metinler okunabilirlik açısından karşılaştırılarak erişilebilir Türkçe metinlerin temel özellikleri saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Kamuya sunulan bilgilendirici metinlerin, evrensel tasarım çerçevesinde, yalın bir Türkçeyle üretilmesinin herkes için daha fazla dilsel erişilebilirlik sağlayabileceği savunulmuştur. Toplam 20.254 sözcük/138.870 karakter/1.683 birimden oluşan veri tabanındaki metinler, sunulma ortamı ve kipe göre dört kümede toplanmıştır: (i) Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (8.-12. sınıf ) Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı kitapları; (ii) TRTHaber’den 45 adet çevrimiçi haber; (iii) TRT EBA TV dersleri (7.-12. sınıf ) ve (iv) TV tartışma programları (4 kadın/4 erkek konuk). Okunurluk düzeyi bakımından, MEB TDE kitapları ve haber metinleri orta güçlükte; EBA dersleri ve tartışma programlarıysa kolay metinlerdir. Veri tabanının tamamında, ortalama tümce uzunluğu 12,03 sözcük; ortalama sözcük uzunluğu 6,86 karakter olarak hesaplanmıştır. Nitel çözümleme bulgularına dayanılarak, daha erişilebilir Türkçe metinler için şu noktalara dikkat edilmesi önerilebilir: (i) sözcük düzeyi: kısa ve sık kullanılan sözcükler; tutarlı ve açıklamalı terimler; düzanlamlılık; (ii) tümce düzeyi: dolaysız anlatım; daha az yantümce ve edilgen yapı içeren, kısa tümceler; (iii) metin/söylem düzeyi: çokkipli artıklık; bilgi içeriğinin küçük parçalara bölünerek, zamansal ve mantıksal bir sıralama içinde sunulduğu, bağdaşıklığı yüksek, konuşma dilini yansıtan metinler.

References

  • Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı Engelli ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü (EYHGM). (2020). Erişilebilirlik Kılavuzu. Ankara: Uzman Matbaacılık.
  • Ateşman, E. (1997). Türkçede Okunabilirliğin Ölçülmesi. TÖMER Dil Dergisi, 58, 71-74.
  • Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2020). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [bilgisayar yazılımı]. Sürüm 6.1.16, Erişim tarihi: 15 Haziran 2020, http://www.praat.org/.
  • Carroll, J., Minnen, G., Canning, Y., Devlin, S. ve Tait, J. (1998). Practical simplification of English Newspaper Text to Assist Aphasic Readers. AAAI-98 Workshop on Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Assistive Technology, 7-10.
  • Devlin, S. ve Tait, J. (1998). The use of a psycholinguistic database in the simplification of text for aphasic readers. Linguistic Databases, 161-173.
  • Evans, R., Orăsan, C. ve Dornescu, I. (2015). An evaluation of syntactic simplification rules for people with autism. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations (PITR) Association for Computational Linguistics (s. 131-140) içinde. doi: 10.3115/v1/w14-1215.
  • Felsenfeld, C. (1981). The Plain English Movement in the United States. FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. 408-421. Erişim adresi: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship.
  • Flesch, R. (1979). How to Write in Plain English: A Book for Lawyers and Consumers. New York: Harper and Rowe.
  • Johnstone, D. (2001). An Introduction to Disability Studies (2. baskı). New York: David Fulton Publishers.
  • Rello, L., Baeza-Yates, R., Dempere-Marco, L. ve Saggion, H. (2013). Frequent words improve readability and short words improve understandability for people with dyslexia. P. Kotzé ve diğerleri (Yay. haz.) INTERACT 2013, Bölüm IV, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8120 (s. 203-219) içinde. doi: 10.1007/978- 3-642-40498-6_15.
  • Rennes, E. (2020). Is it simpler? An Evaluation of an Aligned Corpus of Standard-Simple Sentences. Gala, N. ve Wilkens, R. (Yay. haz.). Proceedings of the LREC 2020 first workshop on Tools and Resources to Empower People with REAding DIfficulties (READI) (s. 6-13) içinde. Paris: European Language Resources Association.
  • Säuberli, A., Ebling, S. ve Volk, M. (2020). Benchmarking Data-driven Automatic Text Simplification for German. Gala, N. ve Wilkens, R. (Yay. haz.). Proceedings of the LREC 2020 first workshop on Tools and Resources to Empower People with REAding DIfficulties (READI) (s. 41-48) içinde. Paris: European Language Resources Association.
  • Savaşır, İ. (1986). Habits and Abilities in Turkish. D. Slobin & K. Zimmer (Yay. haz.) Studies in Turkish Linguistics (s. 137-146) içinde. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Shardlow, M. (2014). A Survey of Automated Text Simplification. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 4, 1, 58-70. doi: 10.14569/SpecialIssue.2014.040109.
  • Sikka, P. ve Mago, V. (2020). A Survey on Text Simplification. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (J. ACM) 37, 4, Article 111, 1-26. doi: 10.1145/1122445.1122456.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mine Güven 0000-0002-1675-4478

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 37

Cite

APA Güven, M. (2021). Erişilebilirlik için Yalın Türkçe. Dilbilim(37), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.26650/jol.2021.1047497