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Câhız’ın Kitâbü’l-Hayevân Adlı Eseri Bağlamında İnsan-Hayvan Karşılaştırmasında Süreklilik ve Sınır

Year 2023, , 97 - 110, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1360652

Abstract

Modern dönemde çeşitli bilim dalları tarafından disiplinler arası bir biçimde yürütülen hayvan bilişine ve dil yetisinin evrimine yönelik araştırmalarda, insan ve insan-olmayan hayvanlar arasındaki benzerlikler ve farklılıklar ile bunların dayanakları araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmalarda öne sürülen temel soruların kökeni, felsefi literatürde çok eskiye dayanır. Bu literatür içerisinde, bulunduğu dönemin hakim paradigmasından ayrılacak tespitleriyle, Arap edebiyatının en önemli nesir yazarlarından ve Mu’tezile kelâmcılarından biri olan Câhız (d. 776, ö. 868/869) ön plana çıkar. Câhız, hayvan tür ve davranışlarını tecrübeyi esas alan bir yöntemle incelediği, en önemli eseri sayılabilecek Kitâbü’l Hayevân adlı eserinde, bir yandan akıl yürütme/çıkarımda bulunma (istidlâl) ve konuşma/söyleyiş (nut .k) kabiliyetleri açısından insan ve insan-olmayan hayvanlar arasında belirli benzerlikleri öne çıkararak bir çeşit süreklilik öngörürken, bir yandan da kitabın dayandığı varlık/yaratılış mertebeleri (merâtib) düşüncesi çerçevesinde bu iki yeti açısından insanın temel farklılığına değinerek sınırları korur. Bu çalışmada, Câhız’ın Kitâbü’l Hayevân adlı eserinin yöntemsel ve içeriksel olarak incelenmesiyle, insan ve insan-olmayan hayvanlar arasındaki süreklilik ve sınırların Câhız düşüncesinde nasıl uzlaştırıldığı ve bu düşünce biçiminin çağdaş dilbilim ve zihin felsefesi tartışmalarının temel soruları açısından anlamı ele alınacaktır.

Ethical Statement

Makalenin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygun olarak yazıldığını, orijinal olduğunu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığını ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığını beyan ederim.

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Thanks

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References

  • Al-Jâhiz, Kitab al-Bayan wal-tabyın, Ed. Muwaffaq Sahabuddin, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah, 2009. (for online access 14 September 2023: https://shamela.ws/book/10614) google scholar
  • Al-Jahiz, Kitab al-Hayawan. Ed. Muhammad B. ‘U. Al-Sud. Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah, 2011. (for online access 14 September 2023: https://shamela.ws/book/23775/) google scholar
  • Allen, Colin. “Transitive inference in animals: reasoning or conditioned associations” ”. Rational Animals?, Editor Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, 176-197. USA: Oxford Uni. Pr., 2006. google scholar
  • Andrews, Kristin and Monso, Susana. “Animal Cognition” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 Edition). Editor Edward N. Zalta, Erişim 14 Eylül 2023 https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/cognition-animal/ google scholar
  • Bayrakdar, Mehmet. “Câhız ve Biyolojik Evrimciliğin Doğuşu”. Translated Mehmet Vural. Kelam Araştırmaları, 10 (2012): 117-126. google scholar
  • Behzadi, Lale. “Al-Jâhiz and his Successors on Communication and the Levels of Language”. Al-Jâhiz: A Muslim Humanist for our Time. Editor Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 125-132. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2009. google scholar
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  • Camp, Elisabeth. “A language of baboon thought?”. The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Editor Robert W. Lurz, 108-127. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Cengiz, Yunus. Doğa ve Öznellik - Câhız’ın Ahlak Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Klasik Yay., 2015. google scholar
  • Descartes, Rene. Yöntem Üzerine Konuşma. Translated Özcan Doğan. Ankara: Doğubatı Yay., 2014 google scholar
  • Dönmez, İbrahim Kafi. “Maslahat” TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 14 Eylül 2023, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/maslahat/ google scholar
  • Enderwitz, Susanne. “Culture, History and Religion: A Propos the Introduction of the Kitâb al-hayawân”. Al-Jâhiz: A Muslim Humanist for our Time. Editor Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 229-237. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2009. google scholar
  • Hauser, Marc D., Chomsky, Noam, and Fitch, W. Tecumsek. “The Faculty of Language: Who Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?”. Science 298, No. 5598 (2002): 1569-1579. google scholar
  • Howard, Scarlett, Avargues-Weber, Aurore, E Garcia, Jair, and G Dyer, Adrian. “Numerical cognition in honeybees enables addition and subtraction”. Science Advances 5, 2019: 1-6. google scholar
  • Jamieson, Dale. “What do animals think?”. The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Editor Robert W. Lurz, 15-34. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Kacelnik, Alex. “Meanings of rationality”. Rational Animals?, Editor Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, 6-46. USA: Oxford Uni. Pr., 2006. google scholar
  • Lurz, Robert W.. “The philosophy of animal minds: an introduction”, The Philosophy of Animal Minds, Editor Robert W. Lurz, 1-14. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Malkawi, Fathi Hasan. “Thought and Language”. Mapping Intellectual Building and the Construction of Thought and Reason. Translator Banan F. Malkawi. London, Washington: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2020: 136-171. google scholar
  • Matsuzawa, Tetsuro. “Symbolic Representation of Number in Chimpanzees”. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 19 (2009): 92-98. google scholar
  • McGregor, Richard. “Religions and the Religion of Animals”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 35, (2015): 222-231. google scholar
  • Miller, Jeannie. “Man is Not the Only Speaking Animal: Thresholds and Idiom in al-Jahiz”. Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson. Editor Joseph E. Lowry and Shawkat M. Toorawa, 94-121. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2018. google scholar
  • Miller, Jeannie. “What It Means To Be A Son: Adam, Language, And Theodıcy In A Nınth-Century Dıspute”. The Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 16 (2016): 60-79. google scholar
  • Montgomery, James. E.. Al-Jâhiz: In Praise of Books. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni. Pr., 2013. google scholar
  • Pellat, Charles. The Life and Works of Jâhiz. Translator D. M. Hawke. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1969. google scholar
  • Pinker, Steven and Jackendoff, Ray. “The faculty of language: what’s special about it?”, Cognition 95 (2005): 201-236. google scholar
  • Rescorla, Michael. “Chrysippus’ dog as a case study in non-linguistic cognition”. The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Editor Robert W. Lurz, 52-71. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Ricca, Mario. “Signs across Races - Al-Jahiz’s Cosmo-Semiosis and His Trans-Racial Mapping of the ’Human’”. Calumet - Intercultural Law and Humanities Review 8, (2016): 21-40. google scholar
  • Saliba, George. “Jahiz and the Critique of Aristotelian science”. Al-Jâhiz: A Muslim Humanist for our Time. Editor Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 39-50. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2009. google scholar
  • Shettleworth, Sara J. and Sutton, Jennifer E.. “Do animals know what they know?”. Rational Animals?. Editor Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, 284-308. USA: Oxford Uni. Pr., 2006. google scholar
  • Tlili, Sarra. “From an Ant’s Perspectıve: The Status and Nature of Animals in the Quran”. Dissertation in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, 2009. google scholar
  • Türker, Ömer. İslam Felsefesine Konusal Giriş. Ankara: Bilay Yay., 2020. google scholar
  • Van Ess, Josef. “el-Câhız ve Erken Mu’tezile Kelâmı”. Translated Mustafa Köse. Marife 15/1 (2015): 207-218. google scholar

Continuity and Boundaries in Human-Animal Comparison in the Context of al-jahiz’s Kitab al-Hayawân

Year 2023, , 97 - 110, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1360652

Abstract

In the modern era, various disciplines have conducted interdisciplinary research on animal cognition and the evolution of language ability to investigate the similarities and differences between human and nonhuman animals. The central issues raised in these studies have their roots in philosophical literature. Al-Jahiz. (born 776, died 868/869), an Arabic prose writer, theologian, and litterateur, stands out in this literature for his determinations that deviate from the dominant paradigm of his time. In his Kitab al-Hayawan, al-Jahiz. , on the one hand, supposes a kind of continuity between human beings and nonhuman animals by highlighting certain similarities in terms of their abilities of istidlal (inference, deduction, reasoning based on effective cause) and nutq (the process of making sounds by organs of speech). On the other hand, he keeps the boundaries by mentioning the fundamental difference between humans in terms of these two abilities within the framework of the book’s central concept of maratib (creation ranks). Through a methodological and contextual analysis of the work, this study examines how the continuity and boundaries between human and nonhuman animals are reconciled in al-Jahiz. ’s thought and what this way of thinking means for fundamental questions in contemporary linguistics and philosophy of mind.

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Al-Jâhiz, Kitab al-Bayan wal-tabyın, Ed. Muwaffaq Sahabuddin, Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah, 2009. (for online access 14 September 2023: https://shamela.ws/book/10614) google scholar
  • Al-Jahiz, Kitab al-Hayawan. Ed. Muhammad B. ‘U. Al-Sud. Lebanon: Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah, 2011. (for online access 14 September 2023: https://shamela.ws/book/23775/) google scholar
  • Allen, Colin. “Transitive inference in animals: reasoning or conditioned associations” ”. Rational Animals?, Editor Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, 176-197. USA: Oxford Uni. Pr., 2006. google scholar
  • Andrews, Kristin and Monso, Susana. “Animal Cognition” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 Edition). Editor Edward N. Zalta, Erişim 14 Eylül 2023 https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/cognition-animal/ google scholar
  • Bayrakdar, Mehmet. “Câhız ve Biyolojik Evrimciliğin Doğuşu”. Translated Mehmet Vural. Kelam Araştırmaları, 10 (2012): 117-126. google scholar
  • Behzadi, Lale. “Al-Jâhiz and his Successors on Communication and the Levels of Language”. Al-Jâhiz: A Muslim Humanist for our Time. Editor Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 125-132. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2009. google scholar
  • Boolos, George S., Burgess, John P. , and Jeffrey, Richard C.. Computability and Logic. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2007. google scholar
  • Call, Joseph. “Descartes’ two errors: Reason and reflection in the great apes”. Rational Animals?, Editor Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, 253-283. USA: Oxford Uni. Pr., 2006. google scholar
  • Camp, Elisabeth. “A language of baboon thought?”. The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Editor Robert W. Lurz, 108-127. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Cengiz, Yunus. Doğa ve Öznellik - Câhız’ın Ahlak Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Klasik Yay., 2015. google scholar
  • Descartes, Rene. Yöntem Üzerine Konuşma. Translated Özcan Doğan. Ankara: Doğubatı Yay., 2014 google scholar
  • Dönmez, İbrahim Kafi. “Maslahat” TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 14 Eylül 2023, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/maslahat/ google scholar
  • Enderwitz, Susanne. “Culture, History and Religion: A Propos the Introduction of the Kitâb al-hayawân”. Al-Jâhiz: A Muslim Humanist for our Time. Editor Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 229-237. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2009. google scholar
  • Hauser, Marc D., Chomsky, Noam, and Fitch, W. Tecumsek. “The Faculty of Language: Who Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?”. Science 298, No. 5598 (2002): 1569-1579. google scholar
  • Howard, Scarlett, Avargues-Weber, Aurore, E Garcia, Jair, and G Dyer, Adrian. “Numerical cognition in honeybees enables addition and subtraction”. Science Advances 5, 2019: 1-6. google scholar
  • Jamieson, Dale. “What do animals think?”. The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Editor Robert W. Lurz, 15-34. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Kacelnik, Alex. “Meanings of rationality”. Rational Animals?, Editor Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, 6-46. USA: Oxford Uni. Pr., 2006. google scholar
  • Lurz, Robert W.. “The philosophy of animal minds: an introduction”, The Philosophy of Animal Minds, Editor Robert W. Lurz, 1-14. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Malkawi, Fathi Hasan. “Thought and Language”. Mapping Intellectual Building and the Construction of Thought and Reason. Translator Banan F. Malkawi. London, Washington: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2020: 136-171. google scholar
  • Matsuzawa, Tetsuro. “Symbolic Representation of Number in Chimpanzees”. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 19 (2009): 92-98. google scholar
  • McGregor, Richard. “Religions and the Religion of Animals”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 35, (2015): 222-231. google scholar
  • Miller, Jeannie. “Man is Not the Only Speaking Animal: Thresholds and Idiom in al-Jahiz”. Arabic Humanities, Islamic Thought: Essays in Honor of Everett K. Rowson. Editor Joseph E. Lowry and Shawkat M. Toorawa, 94-121. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2018. google scholar
  • Miller, Jeannie. “What It Means To Be A Son: Adam, Language, And Theodıcy In A Nınth-Century Dıspute”. The Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 16 (2016): 60-79. google scholar
  • Montgomery, James. E.. Al-Jâhiz: In Praise of Books. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni. Pr., 2013. google scholar
  • Pellat, Charles. The Life and Works of Jâhiz. Translator D. M. Hawke. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1969. google scholar
  • Pinker, Steven and Jackendoff, Ray. “The faculty of language: what’s special about it?”, Cognition 95 (2005): 201-236. google scholar
  • Rescorla, Michael. “Chrysippus’ dog as a case study in non-linguistic cognition”. The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Editor Robert W. Lurz, 52-71. New York: Cambridge Uni. Pr., 2009. google scholar
  • Ricca, Mario. “Signs across Races - Al-Jahiz’s Cosmo-Semiosis and His Trans-Racial Mapping of the ’Human’”. Calumet - Intercultural Law and Humanities Review 8, (2016): 21-40. google scholar
  • Saliba, George. “Jahiz and the Critique of Aristotelian science”. Al-Jâhiz: A Muslim Humanist for our Time. Editor Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, Tarif Khalidi, and Manfred Kropp, 39-50. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2009. google scholar
  • Shettleworth, Sara J. and Sutton, Jennifer E.. “Do animals know what they know?”. Rational Animals?. Editor Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, 284-308. USA: Oxford Uni. Pr., 2006. google scholar
  • Tlili, Sarra. “From an Ant’s Perspectıve: The Status and Nature of Animals in the Quran”. Dissertation in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, 2009. google scholar
  • Türker, Ömer. İslam Felsefesine Konusal Giriş. Ankara: Bilay Yay., 2020. google scholar
  • Van Ess, Josef. “el-Câhız ve Erken Mu’tezile Kelâmı”. Translated Mustafa Köse. Marife 15/1 (2015): 207-218. google scholar
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şeyma Nur Tan 0000-0002-8993-1316

Project Number Yok
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

Chicago Tan, Şeyma Nur. “Continuity and Boundaries in Human-Animal Comparison in the Context of Al-jahiz’s Kitab Al-Hayawân”. Felsefe Arkivi, no. 59 (December 2023): 97-110. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1360652.