Vicdan, İtaat ve Otoritenin Kısa Bir Tarihi

Year 2018, Issue: 49, 1 - 12, 30.12.2018

Nedim Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2018-589758

Abstract

Vicdan ve otorite konusu uzun zamandır ahlak felsefesinin gündemindedir. Özellikle, John Locke ve Thomas Hobbes'in görüşleri, din ve vicdan özgürlüğü söz konusu olduğunda ön plana çıkmıştır. Onların görüşleri, bugünün dünyasının ahlak felsefecilerini etkilemeye devam etmektedir. Bireysel ve toplumsal ilişkilerin düzenlenmesi ve sürdürülmesi açısından geçmişten günümüze değin benimsenen faklı bakış açıları gelmiştir. Bu farklı bakış açılarının imkanı, ortak yaşam pratiklerinin göz önüne alınmasıdır. Günümüz dünyasında, değişen sosyal yapılanmalar ve bir araya gelen farklı etnik ve toplumsal grupların birbirleriyle karşılaşmasından dolayı pek çok problem açığa çıkmaktadır. Bu problemlerin çözüm denemeleri, ortak temaların bulunmasına bağlıdır. Bu ortak temalardan birisi olan kültürel görelilik anlayışı, farklı kültürlerden gelmiş olmaktan kaynaklanan ahlaki yargıların, kültürlerin kendi iç dinamikleri içinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiğine göndermede bulunur. Diğer yandan, evrensel insan hakları ve sosyal dayanışmanın kültürler arası zeminde şekillendirilebilmesi ve sürdürülebilmesi, ek bir başka temanın varlığını kaçınılmaz kılar: Vicdan.

Vicdan, sosyal ilişkilerin sürdürülmesinde ortak yaşam bağlılıklarının kişiler arasında müşterek kılınmasıyla ve dayanışma içinde olunmasıyla ilişkilidir. Vicdan zemininde şekillenecek ilişkilerin özcü bir temele dayandırılması anlayışı, dayanışma aracılığıyla pratik yaşamdaki ilişkilerin ve değerlerin sürekli yeniden şekillendirilmesi anlayışıyla paralellik göstermez. Dayanışma, özcü hakikatlerin bulunmadığı zeminde ve etnik göreliliğinin ve sürdürülebilir birlikteliğin pratikleri içinde değerlerin şekillenmesiyle açığa çıkar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Aydınlanma döneminde vicdan, iktidar ve otorite arasındaki ilişkiyi, özellikle de İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda yaşanan trajediler üzerinden tartışmak ve bu konudaki bazı filozofların çözüm önerilerini betimleyerek değerlendirmektir.

Keywords

Vicdan, İtaat, Otorite, Synderesis, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Stanley Milgram, Erich Fromm, Agnes Heller

A Short History Of Conscience, Authorty And Obedience

Abstract

The issue of conscience and authority has long been on the agenda of moral philosophy. In particular, the views of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes came to the fore when there was freedom of religion and conscience. Their views continue to influence the moral philosophers of today's world. In terms of organizing and maintaining individual and social relationships, different perspectives from past to present have been made possible by taking into account the common life practices. In today's world, the social configurations that have changed compared to the past and the problems arising from the encounter of different ethnic and social groups have caused re-emergence of solidarity in a common theme. The concept of cultural relativism, which is one of these common themes, refers to the evaluation of exposed judgments within the internal dynamics of culture. On the other hand, shaping of universal human rights and social solidarity on an intercultural ground makes the existence of an additional theme inevitable in terms of harmony and sustainability: conscience.

Conscience is related to the commonization of the common living commitments and being in solidarity in sustaining social relations. Predicating the relations to be formed on the basis of conscience upon an essentialist foundation does not run parallel to the continuous reshaping of solidarity in practical life. In the absence of essentialist truths, and outside the original ethnic relativity, a new and sustainable togetherness starts to be shaped within these practices. Therefore, one of the themes that will spring to mind will be the values education. There are studies that include the answers given to the questions that come to mind about the theoretical possibilities of this and the determination and interpretation of the values already positioned in the practical structures.

Keywords

Conscience, Obedience, Authority, Synderesis, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Stanley Milgram, Erich Fromm, Agnes Heller

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