Research Article
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Scientists’ Perspectives on the Demarcation Problem

Year 2023, Issue: 59, 56 - 77, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1381405

Abstract

The demarcation problem, concerning the establishment of a specific criterion for distinguishing science from non-science or pseudoscience, stands as one of the central issues in the philosophy of science. Considering the extant body of literature, philosophers, particularly those specializing in the philosophy of science, gain insight into the nature of science through logical language analysis and/or historical examination. In doing so, they aim to demarcate science from other pursuits. Nevertheless, this paper takes a distinct approach, diverging from the conventional viewpoint of philosophers and instead adopting the perspective of scientists. To achieve this, we conducted a series of qualitative interviews involving 30 scientists, each of whom holds a professorship in their respective fields. By conducting these interviews, we aimed to reveal the scientists’ perspectives on the demarcation problem and then evaluate their viewpoints. Following the evaluation of these perspectives, three key findings became evident. First, a significant majority of the responses obtained regarding the demarcation problem align well with prevailing philosophical views found in the existing literature. The responses that closely match the dominant philosophical approaches have been highlighted in the article’s thematic sections. Second, a lack of consensus also exists among scientists regarding the demarcation problem, similar to the lack of consensus among philosophers. However, despite this absence of agreement, a balance appears to exist between different conflicting viewpoints among scientists. Third and finally, scientists generally lack strong familiarity with the fundamental philosophical issues related to the demarcation problem. Although this finding relies on non-quantitative measures, detailed analysis supports this conclusion. Based on these findings, we conclude that adopting different approaches to conducting interviews could lead to more nuanced outcomes.

Ethical Statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye)

Project Number

Proje No: 1919B012110804

Thanks

Mehmet Elgin and Çağlar Özbek dedicated their time to review and offer insightful corrections to the manuscript, greatly enhancing its quality; we are also deeply thankful to Ceren Atakay, Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, M. Sait Sütçü, Sebahattin Çevikbaş, and T. Orkun Develi for their assistance in connecting us with interviewees through their personal connections; furthermore, Müge Adnan, whose profound technological knowledge streamlined our connection format, making some the interviews possible. We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the individuals mentioned above for their invaluable contributions to this article. Although they all played a significant role in helping us with this study, it's important to note that the mentioned names are not responsible for any errors.

References

  • Anlı, Ömer F. “Sınırlandırma Ayracı Üzerine Yürütülen Bilgikuramsal Çalışmalar Olarak Neo-Pozitivizm ve Bilimsel Felsefe”, Ethos: Felsefe ve Toplumsal Bilimlerde Diyaloglar 9/1 (2016): 143-172. google scholar
  • Ayer, Alfred J. Dil, Doğruluk ve Mantık, Çeviren V. Hacıkadiroğlu. İstanbul: Metis, 1998. google scholar
  • Bailer-Jones, Daniela M. “Scientists’ thoughts on scientific models,” Perspectives on Science 10 (2002): 275-301. google scholar
  • Bleckmann, Charles A. “Evolution and Creationism in Science: 1880-2000,” BioScience 56/2 (2006): 151-158. google scholar
  • Carnap, Rudolf. “The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language,” Çeviren A. Pap, Logical Positivism, Derleyen A. J. Ayer, 60-82. New York: The Free Press, 1966. google scholar
  • Caulfield, Timothy. “Pseudoscience and COVID-19 —we’ve had enough already,” Nature (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01266-z google scholar
  • Çevik, A. Dinçer. “Bilim Felsefesi Bilim Pratiğinden Ne Öğrenebilir?” Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi 2 (2020): 110-132. google scholar
  • Dawes, Gregory W. Galileo and the Conflict between Religion and Science. London: Routledge, 2016. google scholar
  • De Haro, Sebastian. “Science and Philosophy: A Love-Hate Relationship,” Foundations of Science 25 (2020): 297-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-019-09619-2 google scholar
  • Dupre, John. The Disorder ofThings: Metaphysical Foundations ofthe Disunity of Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. google scholar
  • Elgin, Mehmet. “Bilim Felsefesi,” Bilimin Doğası, Gelişimi ve Öğretimi, Derleyen N. Yenice, 46-95. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık, 2019. google scholar
  • Estany, Anna. “The Thesis of Theory-Laden Observation in the Light of Cognitive Psychology,” Philosophy of Science 68 (2001): 203-217. google scholar
  • Fernandez-Beanato, Damian. “Cicero’s demarcation of science: A report of shared criteria,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 83 (2020): 97-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.04.002 google scholar
  • Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method. New York: Verso Books, 1993. google scholar
  • Garton, Stephen “Eugenics in Australia and New Zealand: Laboratories of racial science”, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, Derleyenler A. Bashford ve P. Levine, 243-257. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. google scholar
  • Giere, Ronald N. Science without Laws. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. google scholar
  • Hansson, Sven Ove. “Falsificationism Falsified,” Foundations of Science 11 (2006): 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-004-5922-1 google scholar
  • ———. “How connected are the major forms of irrationality? An analysis of pseudoscience, science denial, fact resistance and alternative facts,” Metode 8 (2018): 125-131. google scholar
  • --. “Science denial as a form of pseudoscience,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 63 (2017): 39-47. google scholar
  • Holman, Bennett ve Torsten Wilholt. “The new demarcation problem,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 91 (2022): 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.11.011 google scholar
  • Hoyningen-Huene, Paul. Systematicity: The Nature of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 google scholar
  • Johansson, Lars-Göran. Philosophy of science for scientists. Dordrecht: Springer, 2016. google scholar
  • Kamözüt, Mehmet Cem. “Daha İyi Bir Yaşam Arayışımızda Bilimin Rolü: Bilim ve Değerler,” ViraVerita E-Dergi 9 (2019): 90-105. google scholar
  • Kincaid, Harold. “Causation in the Social Sciences,” The Oxford Handbook of Causation, Derleyenler H. Beebee, C. Hitchcock ve P. Menzies, 726-743. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. google scholar
  • Kuhn, Thomas S. “Keşif Mantığı mı Araştırma Psikolojisi mi?” Eleştiri ve Bilginin Gelişmesi, Derleyenler I. Lakatos ve A. Musgrave, Çeviren. N. Küçük, 5-36. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2017. google scholar
  • ———. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı, Çeviren N. Kuyaş. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları, 2008. google scholar
  • Kurtulmuş, Faik. “Bilimde Değerlerin Rolü Işığında Bilime Güven,” Felsefe Arkivi 58 (2023): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1288215 google scholar
  • Lakatos, Imre. “Bilimle Sözdebilim,” Çoğulculuğun Kuramcısı: Lakatos, Derleyen & Çeviren C. Güzel, 25-33. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 1999. google scholar
  • Laudan, Larry. “The Demise of the Demarcation Problem,” Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis, Derleyenler R. S. Cohen ve L. Laudan, 111-127. Dordrecht: Springer, 1983. google scholar
  • Mahner, Martin. “Demarcating Science From Non-Science,” General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues, Derleyen T. A. F. Kuipers, 515-575. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing, 2007. google scholar
  • May, Joshua. “Bias in science: natural and social,” Synthese 199 (2021): 3345-3366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02937-0 google scholar
  • McMullin, Ernan. “Values in Science,” PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (1982): 3-28. google scholar
  • Miller, Arthur I. Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time and The Beauty That Causes Havoc. New York: Basic Books, 2001. google scholar
  • Muğaloglu, Ebru Z. “The Problem of Pseudoscience in Science Education and Implications of Constructivist Pedagogy,” Science and Education 23 (2014): 829-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-013-9670-x google scholar
  • Oreskes, Naomi. “Systematicity is necessary but not sufficient: on the problem of facsimile science,” Synthese 196 (2019): 881-905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1481-1 google scholar
  • Özsoy, Seda. “Popper ve Kuhn Arasında: Imre Lakatos ve Bilimsel Metodoloji İçin Yeni Bir Öneri,” Kaygı 30 (2018): 209-223. google scholar
  • Pigliucci, Massimo. “The demarcation problem. A (belated) response to Laudan,” Philosophy of pseudoscience: Reconsidering the demarcation problem, Derleyenler M. Pigliucci ve M. Boudry, 9-28. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013. google scholar
  • Popper, Karl R. Conjectures and Refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. New York: Routledge, 2002. google scholar
  • Psillos, Stathis. “Systematicity Without Epistemic Warrant?” Journal for General Philosophy of Science 49 (2018): 131-132. google scholar
  • Resnik, David B. “A pragmatic approach to the demarcation problem,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 31 (2000): 249-267. google scholar
  • Resnik, David B. ve ve Kevin C. Elliott, “Science, Values, and the New Demarcation Problem,” Journal for General Philosophy of Science 54 (2023): 259-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-022-09633-2 google scholar
  • Richardson, Alan. “Philosophy as Science: The Modernist Agenda of Philosophy of Science, 1900-1950,” In the Scope of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Derleyenler P. Gardenfors, J. Wolenski ve K. Kijania-Placek, 621-641. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002. google scholar
  • Riesch, Hauke, “Simple or simplistic? Scientists’ views on Occam’s Razor,” Theoria: Revista de Teona, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia 25 (2010): 75-90. google scholar
  • Ruby, Jane E. “The Origins of Scientific Law,” Journal of the History of Ideas 47 (1986): 341-359. google scholar
  • Ruse, Michael. “Creation Science is not Science,” Science, Technology, & Human Values 7 (1982): 72-78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2709657 google scholar
  • Salgar, Ercan. “Mantıkçı Pozitivistlerde Sınırlandırma Ayracı Olarak Doğrulanabilirlik,” Dört Öge 2 (2012): 185-199 google scholar
  • Schlick, Moritz. “Positivism and Realism,” Çeviren D. Rynin, Synthese 7: 6-B (1948): 484. google scholar
  • Shaw, Jamie. “Feyerabend and the Cranks: On Demarcation, Epistemic Virtues, and Astrology,” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 6:3 (2017): 74-88. google scholar
  • Suppe, Frederick. “Understanding scientific theories: An assessment of developments, 1969-1998”, Philosophy of Science 67 (2000): 102-115. google scholar
  • Wagenknecht, Susann., Nersessian, Nancy J. ve Hanne Andersen. “Empirical Philosophy of Science: Introducing Qualitative Methods into Philosophy of Science,” Empirical Philosophy of Science: Introducing Qualitative Methods into Philosophy of Science, Derleyenler S. Wagenknecht, N. J. Nersessian ve H. Andersen 1-13. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015. google scholar
  • Walsh, Kirsten. “Has Laudan killed the demarcation problem?” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The University of Melbourne, 2009. google scholar
  • Wilholt, Torsten. “Bias and values in scientific research,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 40.1 (2009): 92-101. google scholar
  • Yardımcı, Alper Bilgehan. “Bilim ve sözde bilim: Bilimsel topluluğun doğasının belirlenmesi ve sözde bilimin ayırt edilmesine yönelik sosyal bir ölçüt,” Kaygı 18/2 (2019): 567-588. google scholar

Bilim İnsanlarının Perspektifinden Sınırlandırma Problemi

Year 2023, Issue: 59, 56 - 77, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1381405

Abstract

Bilim felsefesinin en temel problemlerinden biri olan sınırlandırma problemi belirli bir ölçüt vasıtası ile bilimi, bilimsel olmayan ya da sahte/sözde bilim olan etkinliklerden ayırt edip edemeyeceğimizi konu edinmektedir. Literatüre baktığımızda felsefeciler –özellikle bilim felsefecileri– bilimin doğasını karakterize etme girişiminde bulunurken bilim dilinin mantıksal yapısına ya da bilimin tarihsel süreçlerine odaklanarak, bilimi bilimsel olmayan ya da sahte-bilim olan etkinliklerden ayırt etmişlerdir. Bu çalışma ise farklı bir yaklaşım benimseyerek sınırlandırma problemine, felsefecilerin değil, bilim insanlarının perspektifi ile bakmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu sebeple alanında deneyimli ve çeşitli bilim dallarında profesör olan otuz bilim insanı ile niteliksel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği uygulanmıştır. Bu görüşmeler aracılığıyla bilim insanlarının sınırlandırma problemi hususunda öne sürdükleri görüşler açığa çıkartılıp değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme neticesinde üç temel bulguya ulaşılmıştır. İlki, sınırlandırma problemine ilişkin sorularımıza bilim insanları tarafından getirilen yanıtların birçoğu temel felsefi yaklaşımlarla uyuşmaktadır. Elde ettiğimiz verileri farklı temalar altında analiz ettiğimiz bu çalışmada, sınırlandırma problemine dair yaygın felsefi görüşlerin, bilim insanlarının görüşleri ile anlamlı benzerlikler taşıdığı kısımlar vurgulanmıştır. İkincisi, sınırlandırma problemi ve bu problemlerle ilişkili diğer meseleler üzerinde felsefi olarak sağlanamayan uzlaşma, bilim insanları arasında da mevcuttur. Ne var ki bu ihtilaf dengeli bir biçimdedir, öyle ki benzer yanıtlara sahip olan bilim insanları baskın bir grup sayısına ulaşmamıştır. Üçüncü ve son olarak, bilim insanlarının bilim felsefesinin temel problemlerine yüksek oranda yabancı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu bulgu, her ne kadar nicel olmayan bir yolla ölçülmüşse de verilerin dikkatli analizi durumun bu yönde olduğunu göstermektedir. Tüm bu temel bulgular ışığında, genel değerlendirmemiz, farklı türden yapılandırılmış görüşmelerin çok daha detaylı sonuçlar temin edebileceğidir.

Ethical Statement

Yazarlar çalışma kapsamında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan eder.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

Proje No: 1919B012110804

Thanks

Mehmet Elgin ve Çağlar Özbek değerli zamanlarını ayırarak tasla metni inceleyip önemli düzeltmeler önererek yazının kalitesini büyük ölçüde artırdılar; Ceren Atakay, Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, M. Sait Sütçü, Sebahattin Çevikbaş ve T. Orkun Develi ise kişisel ilişkileri aracılığıyla görüşme yaptığımız bazı bilim insanları ile bağlantı kurma konusunda yardımcı olarak işimizi oldukça kolaylaştırdılar; ayrıca Müge Adnan çevrimiçi bağlantı formatımızı düzenleyerek bazı röportajları mümkün kıldı. Bu sebeple makaleye katkılarından dolayı ismi geçen meslektaşlarımıza şükranlarımızı sunmak isteriz. Her ne kadar adı geçen isimler bu çalışmada bize yardımcı olma hususunda önemli bir rol oynamış olsalar da, kendilerinin metinde yer alan herhangi bir hatadan sorumlu olmadığının da altını çizmeliyiz.

References

  • Anlı, Ömer F. “Sınırlandırma Ayracı Üzerine Yürütülen Bilgikuramsal Çalışmalar Olarak Neo-Pozitivizm ve Bilimsel Felsefe”, Ethos: Felsefe ve Toplumsal Bilimlerde Diyaloglar 9/1 (2016): 143-172. google scholar
  • Ayer, Alfred J. Dil, Doğruluk ve Mantık, Çeviren V. Hacıkadiroğlu. İstanbul: Metis, 1998. google scholar
  • Bailer-Jones, Daniela M. “Scientists’ thoughts on scientific models,” Perspectives on Science 10 (2002): 275-301. google scholar
  • Bleckmann, Charles A. “Evolution and Creationism in Science: 1880-2000,” BioScience 56/2 (2006): 151-158. google scholar
  • Carnap, Rudolf. “The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language,” Çeviren A. Pap, Logical Positivism, Derleyen A. J. Ayer, 60-82. New York: The Free Press, 1966. google scholar
  • Caulfield, Timothy. “Pseudoscience and COVID-19 —we’ve had enough already,” Nature (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01266-z google scholar
  • Çevik, A. Dinçer. “Bilim Felsefesi Bilim Pratiğinden Ne Öğrenebilir?” Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi 2 (2020): 110-132. google scholar
  • Dawes, Gregory W. Galileo and the Conflict between Religion and Science. London: Routledge, 2016. google scholar
  • De Haro, Sebastian. “Science and Philosophy: A Love-Hate Relationship,” Foundations of Science 25 (2020): 297-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-019-09619-2 google scholar
  • Dupre, John. The Disorder ofThings: Metaphysical Foundations ofthe Disunity of Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. google scholar
  • Elgin, Mehmet. “Bilim Felsefesi,” Bilimin Doğası, Gelişimi ve Öğretimi, Derleyen N. Yenice, 46-95. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık, 2019. google scholar
  • Estany, Anna. “The Thesis of Theory-Laden Observation in the Light of Cognitive Psychology,” Philosophy of Science 68 (2001): 203-217. google scholar
  • Fernandez-Beanato, Damian. “Cicero’s demarcation of science: A report of shared criteria,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 83 (2020): 97-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2020.04.002 google scholar
  • Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method. New York: Verso Books, 1993. google scholar
  • Garton, Stephen “Eugenics in Australia and New Zealand: Laboratories of racial science”, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics, Derleyenler A. Bashford ve P. Levine, 243-257. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. google scholar
  • Giere, Ronald N. Science without Laws. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. google scholar
  • Hansson, Sven Ove. “Falsificationism Falsified,” Foundations of Science 11 (2006): 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-004-5922-1 google scholar
  • ———. “How connected are the major forms of irrationality? An analysis of pseudoscience, science denial, fact resistance and alternative facts,” Metode 8 (2018): 125-131. google scholar
  • --. “Science denial as a form of pseudoscience,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 63 (2017): 39-47. google scholar
  • Holman, Bennett ve Torsten Wilholt. “The new demarcation problem,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 91 (2022): 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.11.011 google scholar
  • Hoyningen-Huene, Paul. Systematicity: The Nature of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 google scholar
  • Johansson, Lars-Göran. Philosophy of science for scientists. Dordrecht: Springer, 2016. google scholar
  • Kamözüt, Mehmet Cem. “Daha İyi Bir Yaşam Arayışımızda Bilimin Rolü: Bilim ve Değerler,” ViraVerita E-Dergi 9 (2019): 90-105. google scholar
  • Kincaid, Harold. “Causation in the Social Sciences,” The Oxford Handbook of Causation, Derleyenler H. Beebee, C. Hitchcock ve P. Menzies, 726-743. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. google scholar
  • Kuhn, Thomas S. “Keşif Mantığı mı Araştırma Psikolojisi mi?” Eleştiri ve Bilginin Gelişmesi, Derleyenler I. Lakatos ve A. Musgrave, Çeviren. N. Küçük, 5-36. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2017. google scholar
  • ———. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı, Çeviren N. Kuyaş. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları, 2008. google scholar
  • Kurtulmuş, Faik. “Bilimde Değerlerin Rolü Işığında Bilime Güven,” Felsefe Arkivi 58 (2023): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1288215 google scholar
  • Lakatos, Imre. “Bilimle Sözdebilim,” Çoğulculuğun Kuramcısı: Lakatos, Derleyen & Çeviren C. Güzel, 25-33. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 1999. google scholar
  • Laudan, Larry. “The Demise of the Demarcation Problem,” Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis, Derleyenler R. S. Cohen ve L. Laudan, 111-127. Dordrecht: Springer, 1983. google scholar
  • Mahner, Martin. “Demarcating Science From Non-Science,” General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues, Derleyen T. A. F. Kuipers, 515-575. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing, 2007. google scholar
  • May, Joshua. “Bias in science: natural and social,” Synthese 199 (2021): 3345-3366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02937-0 google scholar
  • McMullin, Ernan. “Values in Science,” PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (1982): 3-28. google scholar
  • Miller, Arthur I. Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time and The Beauty That Causes Havoc. New York: Basic Books, 2001. google scholar
  • Muğaloglu, Ebru Z. “The Problem of Pseudoscience in Science Education and Implications of Constructivist Pedagogy,” Science and Education 23 (2014): 829-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-013-9670-x google scholar
  • Oreskes, Naomi. “Systematicity is necessary but not sufficient: on the problem of facsimile science,” Synthese 196 (2019): 881-905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1481-1 google scholar
  • Özsoy, Seda. “Popper ve Kuhn Arasında: Imre Lakatos ve Bilimsel Metodoloji İçin Yeni Bir Öneri,” Kaygı 30 (2018): 209-223. google scholar
  • Pigliucci, Massimo. “The demarcation problem. A (belated) response to Laudan,” Philosophy of pseudoscience: Reconsidering the demarcation problem, Derleyenler M. Pigliucci ve M. Boudry, 9-28. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013. google scholar
  • Popper, Karl R. Conjectures and Refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. New York: Routledge, 2002. google scholar
  • Psillos, Stathis. “Systematicity Without Epistemic Warrant?” Journal for General Philosophy of Science 49 (2018): 131-132. google scholar
  • Resnik, David B. “A pragmatic approach to the demarcation problem,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 31 (2000): 249-267. google scholar
  • Resnik, David B. ve ve Kevin C. Elliott, “Science, Values, and the New Demarcation Problem,” Journal for General Philosophy of Science 54 (2023): 259-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-022-09633-2 google scholar
  • Richardson, Alan. “Philosophy as Science: The Modernist Agenda of Philosophy of Science, 1900-1950,” In the Scope of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Derleyenler P. Gardenfors, J. Wolenski ve K. Kijania-Placek, 621-641. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002. google scholar
  • Riesch, Hauke, “Simple or simplistic? Scientists’ views on Occam’s Razor,” Theoria: Revista de Teona, Historia y Fundamentos de la Ciencia 25 (2010): 75-90. google scholar
  • Ruby, Jane E. “The Origins of Scientific Law,” Journal of the History of Ideas 47 (1986): 341-359. google scholar
  • Ruse, Michael. “Creation Science is not Science,” Science, Technology, & Human Values 7 (1982): 72-78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2709657 google scholar
  • Salgar, Ercan. “Mantıkçı Pozitivistlerde Sınırlandırma Ayracı Olarak Doğrulanabilirlik,” Dört Öge 2 (2012): 185-199 google scholar
  • Schlick, Moritz. “Positivism and Realism,” Çeviren D. Rynin, Synthese 7: 6-B (1948): 484. google scholar
  • Shaw, Jamie. “Feyerabend and the Cranks: On Demarcation, Epistemic Virtues, and Astrology,” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 6:3 (2017): 74-88. google scholar
  • Suppe, Frederick. “Understanding scientific theories: An assessment of developments, 1969-1998”, Philosophy of Science 67 (2000): 102-115. google scholar
  • Wagenknecht, Susann., Nersessian, Nancy J. ve Hanne Andersen. “Empirical Philosophy of Science: Introducing Qualitative Methods into Philosophy of Science,” Empirical Philosophy of Science: Introducing Qualitative Methods into Philosophy of Science, Derleyenler S. Wagenknecht, N. J. Nersessian ve H. Andersen 1-13. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015. google scholar
  • Walsh, Kirsten. “Has Laudan killed the demarcation problem?” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The University of Melbourne, 2009. google scholar
  • Wilholt, Torsten. “Bias and values in scientific research,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 40.1 (2009): 92-101. google scholar
  • Yardımcı, Alper Bilgehan. “Bilim ve sözde bilim: Bilimsel topluluğun doğasının belirlenmesi ve sözde bilimin ayırt edilmesine yönelik sosyal bir ölçüt,” Kaygı 18/2 (2019): 567-588. google scholar
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Efe Ateş 0000-0002-8927-6884

Mehmet İnce 0000-0002-4690-668X

Cenk Barın Bora 0000-0003-2328-2277

Project Number Proje No: 1919B012110804
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Submission Date October 26, 2023
Acceptance Date December 21, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 59

Cite

Chicago Ateş, Mustafa Efe, Mehmet İnce, and Cenk Barın Bora. “Bilim İnsanlarının Perspektifinden Sınırlandırma Problemi”. Felsefe Arkivi, no. 59 (December 2023): 56-77. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1381405.