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Singular Predication and the Syllogism

Year 2024, Issue: 61, 84 - 90, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889

Abstract

Aristotle’s categorical syllogistic is the first formal deductive system in the history of formal sciences. Most parts or elements of the system are validated by modern (first-order) mathematical logic, but the system is quite limited in scope, as it is incapable of analyzing inferences other than the ‘figure syllogisms’ consisting of a couple of a-e-i-o premises and an a-e-i-o conclusion, containing three ‘moderately’ universal terms – terms that express neither a highest genus nor a lowest species – each of which is common to a different couple of propositions out of the three. Logicians in the following ages dealt with various questions concerning the addition of various (novel) logical forms into this limited system, among which are singular predications, i.e. categorical propositions with a singular term as subject, and the most common choice has been interpreting singular predications as universal predications. This paper tries to take a strictly formal perspective on the system of categorical syllogisms, and argues in detail for a much simpler and fairly effective assimilation or translation scheme for singular predications. The key to the proposed scheme is the preservation of the supposed inferential relation between opposite singular predications, namely contradiction. It is argued that the resulting singularized syllogistic moods, which are also validated by first-order logic (under its standard renderings of a-e-i-o and singular predications), promote in turn the mentioned type of treatment, since they call for the employment of two of the four subaltern moods of the system, disregarded by Aristotle, which are formally there.

References

  • Aristotle. Categories and De Interpretatione. Translated by J. L. Ackrill. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963. google scholar
  • Aristotle. Prior Analytics: Book I. Translated with an introduction by Gisela Striker. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. google scholar
  • Barnes, Jonathan. Truth etc.: Six Lectures on Ancient Logic, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. google scholar
  • Belna, Jean-Pierre. Histoire de la Logique. Paris: Ellipses, 2014. google scholar
  • Bochenski, Jozef Marie. Ancient Formal Logic. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 1951. google scholar
  • Englebretsen, George. “Singular Terms and the Syllogistic”, The New Scholasticism 54, 1 (1980): 68-74. google scholar
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. google scholar
  • Kapp, Ernst. Greek Foundations of Traditional Logic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1942. google scholar
  • Kneale, William; Kneale, Martha. The Development of Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962. google scholar
  • Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Discours de Metaphysique suivi de Monadologie et autres textes. Edition etablie, presentee et annotee par Michel Fichant. Paris: Gallimard, 2004. google scholar
  • Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Logical Papers. Translated and edited with an introduction by G. H. R. Parkinson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. google scholar
  • Longuenesse, Beatrice. Kant and the Capacity to Judge: Sensibility and Discursivity in the Transcendental Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Charles T. Wolfe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. google scholar
  • Lukasiewicz, Jan. Aristotle’s Syllogistic: From the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957. google scholar
  • Parsons, Terence. Articulating Medieval Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. google scholar
  • Patzig, Günther. Aristotle’s Theory of the Syllogism: A Logico-Philological Study of Book A of the Prior Analytics. Translated by Jonathan Barnes. DordRecht: D. Reidel Publishing, 1968. google scholar
  • Rose, Lynn E. “Aristotle’s Syllogistic and the Fourth Figure”, Mind 54, 295 (1965): 382-389. google scholar

Tekil Yükleme ve Kıyas

Year 2024, Issue: 61, 84 - 90, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889

Abstract

Aristoteles’in kategorik kıyas kuramı (veya kıyâsiyâtı), biçimsel bilimler tarihindeki ilk biçimsel türetim sistemidir. Sistemin birçok kısmı veya öğesi modern (birinci seviye) matematiksel mantık tarafından da geçerlilenir, ama sistemin kapsamı çok dardır, çünkü bir çift a-e-i-o öncülüyle yine a-e-i-o tipinde bir sonuç önermesinden oluşan ve bünyesinde, her biri, farklı bir çift önermeye ortak olan üç tane ‘orta dereceden’ tümel terim – yani, ne bir en yüksek cinsi ne de bir en aşağı türü ifade eden üç terim – barındıran ‘şekil kıyasları’ dışındaki çıkarımları çözümlemeye kabiliyetli değildir. İzleyen çağların mantıkçıları bu sınırlı sisteme çeşitli yeni mantıksal biçimlerin eklenmesiyle ilgili çeşitli sorunları tartışmışlardır ki bunlardan bir tanesi de tekil yüklemeler, yani öznesi tekil terim olan kategorik önermeler sorunudur. En yaygın kabul gören tercih de tekil yüklemeleri tümel yüklemeler olarak yorumlamak olmuştur. Bu çalışma, kategorik kıyaslar sistemine katı bir tarzda biçimci (formalist) bir açıdan bakmaya çalışmakta ve tekil yüklemeler için çok daha yalın ve oldukça verimli bir tercüme planını ayrıntılı olarak savunmaktadır. Planın anahtarı, karşıolumdaki tekil yüklemelerin arasında bulunduğu kabul edilen çıkarımsal bağıntının, yani çelişkinin muhafazasıdır. Tercümenin sonucu olarak elde edilen ve birinci seviye mantık tarafından da (a-e-i-o yüklemelerinin ve tekil yüklemelerin standart karşılıklarını kabul edersek) geçerli kılınan tekilleştirilmiş kıyas kipleri de tercümenin dayandığı tavrın kendisini teşvik etmektedir, çünkü tekilleştirilmiş kıyaslar, Aristoteles’in kayıtsız kaldığı ama biçimsel olarak orada duran dört altıklamalı kipten ikisinin kullanılmasını gerektirmektedir.

References

  • Aristotle. Categories and De Interpretatione. Translated by J. L. Ackrill. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963. google scholar
  • Aristotle. Prior Analytics: Book I. Translated with an introduction by Gisela Striker. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. google scholar
  • Barnes, Jonathan. Truth etc.: Six Lectures on Ancient Logic, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. google scholar
  • Belna, Jean-Pierre. Histoire de la Logique. Paris: Ellipses, 2014. google scholar
  • Bochenski, Jozef Marie. Ancient Formal Logic. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 1951. google scholar
  • Englebretsen, George. “Singular Terms and the Syllogistic”, The New Scholasticism 54, 1 (1980): 68-74. google scholar
  • Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. google scholar
  • Kapp, Ernst. Greek Foundations of Traditional Logic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1942. google scholar
  • Kneale, William; Kneale, Martha. The Development of Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962. google scholar
  • Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Discours de Metaphysique suivi de Monadologie et autres textes. Edition etablie, presentee et annotee par Michel Fichant. Paris: Gallimard, 2004. google scholar
  • Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Logical Papers. Translated and edited with an introduction by G. H. R. Parkinson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. google scholar
  • Longuenesse, Beatrice. Kant and the Capacity to Judge: Sensibility and Discursivity in the Transcendental Analytic of the Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Charles T. Wolfe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. google scholar
  • Lukasiewicz, Jan. Aristotle’s Syllogistic: From the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957. google scholar
  • Parsons, Terence. Articulating Medieval Logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. google scholar
  • Patzig, Günther. Aristotle’s Theory of the Syllogism: A Logico-Philological Study of Book A of the Prior Analytics. Translated by Jonathan Barnes. DordRecht: D. Reidel Publishing, 1968. google scholar
  • Rose, Lynn E. “Aristotle’s Syllogistic and the Fourth Figure”, Mind 54, 295 (1965): 382-389. google scholar
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Arman Besler 0000-0002-0553-9131

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date October 20, 2024
Acceptance Date December 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 61

Cite

Chicago Besler, Arman. “Singular Predication and the Syllogism”. Felsefe Arkivi, no. 61 (December 2024): 84-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1570889.