Effects of Salicylic Acid and Microorganisms on Morphological and Physiological Characteristics (Satureja hortensis L.) under Drought Stress

Year 2023, , 12 - 22, 26.06.2023

Mahmoud Ghojavand , Porang Kasraei , Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam , Mohammad Nasri , Hamid Reza Larijani

https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2023.1196479

Abstract

Objective: As a critical limitation of plant growing, drought stress has always received a lot of attention from botanical researchers. This study intends to investigate the role of salicylic acid and the Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter bio-fertilizer on Satureja hortensis L. under drought stress.

Materials and Methods: Salicylic acid and bio-fertilizers have been shown to improve drought tolerance in growing plants. To evaluate the synergistic effect of salicylic acid, Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress (-3.5 atm: W1), (- 6.5 atm: W2), and (-10 atm: W3), a 2-year (2016 to 2018) field experiment was organized based on split-plot factorial statistical in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates.

Results: The main findings of this study showed that the combinable use of bio-fertilizers and salicylic acid diminished the disadvantageous effects of drought stress. Co-application of bio- fertilizers and salicylic acid significantly increased chlorophyll a and b (22% and 31.5%), carotenoid (30.7%) contents, aerial fresh (38.3%) and dry (64.1%) weights, root fresh (55.8%), and dry (45%) weights, auxin (15%), percentage of essential oil (30.7%) in S. hortensis while it decreased the proline content (48.8%) under severe stress as compared to the control groups, which confirmed the efficacy of this approach and its role in drought tolerance.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated that this new suggested treatment could effectively alleviate drought stress symptoms and improve S. hortensis growth under spreading drought conditions and limited water resources.

Keywords

Satureja Hortensis L., Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Bio-Fertilizers, Drought Stress, Phytohormone

References

• Achard P, Gusti A, Cheminant S, et al. Gibberellin signaling controls cell proliferation rate in Arabidopsis. Curr Protoc. 2009;19(14):1188-1193. google scholar
• Anjum S, Wang L, Farooq M, Khan I, Xue L. Methyl jasmonate induced alteration in lipid peroxidation, antioxidative defence system and yield in soybean under drought. J Agron Crop Sci.2011a;197(4):296-301. google scholar
• Elewa TA, Sadak MS, Saad AM. Proline treatment improves physiological responses in quinoa plants under drought stress. Biol Res. 2017;14(1):21-33. google scholar
• Banchio E, Bogino PC, Zygadlo J, Giordano W. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improve growth and essential oil yield in Origanum majorana L. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2008;36(10):766-771. google scholar
• Smith SE, Facelli E, Pope S. Plant performance in stressful environments: interpreting new and established knowledge of the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas. Plant and Soil. 2010;326:3-20. google scholar
• Brundrett MC, Tedersoo L. Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity. New Phytol. 2018;220(4):1108-1115. google scholar
• Bakry B, El-Hariri D, Sadak M, El-Bassiouny H. Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of salicylic acid in two linseed varieties grown under newly reclaimed sandy soil. J Appl Sci Res. 2012;8(7):3503-3514. google scholar
• Lichtenthaler HK, Buschmann C. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Measurement and characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Curr Protoc Food Anal Chem. 2001,1:F4-3. doi.org/10.1002/0471142913.faf0403s01. google scholar
• Pang YX, Fan ZW, Wang D, et al. External application of the volatile oil from Blumea balsamifera may be safe for liver-A study on its chemical composition and hepatotoxicity. Molecules 2014;19:18479–18492. google scholar
• He Y, Oyaizu H, Suzuki S. Indole-3-acetic acid production in Pseudomonas fluorescens HP72 and its association with suppression of creeping bentgrass brown patch. Curr Microbiol. 2002;47:138–143. google scholar
• Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil. 1973;39:205. google scholar
• Arpanahi AA, Feizian M, Mehdipourian G, Khojasteh DN. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation improve essential oil and physiological parameters and nutritional values of Thymus daenensis Celak and Thymus vulgaris L. under normal and drought stress conditions. Eur J Biol. 2020;100:103217. google scholar
• Hu Y, Schmidhalter U. Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci. 2005;168:541-549. google scholar
• Javan Gholiloo M, Yarnia M, Ghorttapeh AH. Evaluating effects of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative traits of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.). J Plant Nutr. 2019;42(13):1417-1429. google scholar
• Kader M, Mian, M. Hoque, M. Effects of Azotobacter inoculant on the yield and nitrogen uptake by wheat. J Biol Sci. 2002;2(4):259- 261. google scholar Kasim WA, Osman ME, Omar MN, Abd El-Daim IA, Bejai S, Meijer J. Control of drought stress in wheat using plant-growthpromoting bacteria. J Plant Growth Regul. 2013;32(1):122-130. google scholar
• Asl KK, Hatami M. Application of zeolite and bacterial fertilizers modulates physiological performance and essential oil production in dragonhead under different irrigation regimes. Acta Physiol Plant. 2019;41(1):17.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-018-2801- x. google scholar
• Vessey JK. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil. 2003;255:571-586. google scholar
• Joshee N, Mentreddy S, Yadav AK. Mycorrhizal fungi and growth and development of micropropagated Scutellaria integrifolia plants. Ind Crops Prod. 2007;25(2):169-177. google scholar
• Schippers B, Bakker A, Bakker P, Van Peer R. Beneficial and deleterious effects of HCN-producing pseudomonads on rhizosphere interactions. Plant and Soil. 1990;129(1):75-83. google scholar
• Copetta A, Lingua G, Berta G. Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese. Mycorrhiza. 2006;16(7):485-494. google scholar
• Hafez E, Gharib H. Effect of exogenous application of ascorbic acid on physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat under water stress. Int J Plant Prod. 2016;10(4):579-596. google scholar
• Khan N, Bano A, Babar MA. The root growth of wheat plants, the water conservation and fertility status of sandy soils influenced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Symbiosis. 2017;72(3):195-205. google scholar
• Hafez E, Omara AED, Ahmed A. The coupling effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and salicylic acid on physiological modifications, yield traits, and productivity of wheat under water deficient conditions. Agron. 2019;9(9):524. google scholar
• Anjum SA, Xie X-Y, Wang L-C, Saleem MF, Man C, Lei W. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Afr J Agric Res. 2011b;6(9):2026-2032. google scholar
• Hafez EM, Ragab AY, Kobata T. Water-use efficiency and ammonium-N source applied of wheat under irrigated and desiccated conditions. Int J Plant Soil Sci. 2014;3(10):1302-1316. google scholar
• Ramel F, Birtic S, Ginies C, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Triantaphylidès C, Havaux M. Carotenoid oxidation products are stress signals that mediate gene responses to singlet oxygen in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci.2012;109(14):5535-5540. google scholar
• Baslam M, Esteban R, García-Plazaola JI, Goicoechea N. Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for inducing the accumulation of major carotenoids, chlorophylls and tocopherol in green and red leaf lettuces. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;97(7):3119-3128. google scholar
• Kamali S, Mehraban A. Nitroxin and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate negative effects of drought stress on Sorghum bicolor yield through improving physiological and biochemical characteristics. Plant Signaling Behav. 2020;15(11):1813998. google scholar
• Jayant KS, Sarangi S. Effect of drought stress on proline accumulation in peanut genotypes. Int J Adv Res. 2014;2(10):301-309. google scholar
• Shinde S, Villamor JG, Lin W, Sharma S, Verslues PE. Proline coordination with fatty acid synthesis and redox metabolism of chloroplast and mitochondria. Plant Physiol. 2016;172(2):1074- 1088. google scholar
• Zhou W, Li Y, Zhao B-C, et al. Overexpression of TaSTRG gene improves salt and drought tolerance in rice. J Plant Physiol. 2009;166(15):1660-1671. google scholar
• Khan N, Bano A, Curá JA. Role of beneficial microorganisms and salicylic acid in improving rainfed agriculture and future food safety. Microorg. 2020;8(7):1018. google scholar
• Hafez E, Seleiman M. Response of barley quality traits, yield and antioxidant enzymes to water-stress and chemical inducers. Int J Plant Prod. 2017;11(4):477-490. google scholar
• Muhammad N, Hakim Quraishi U, Chaudhary HJ, Munis MFH. Indole-3-acetic acid induces biochemical and physiological changes in wheat under drought stress conditions. Philipp Agric Sci. 2016;99:19-24. google scholar
• Vacheron J, Desbrosses G, Bouffaud M-L, et al. Plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria and root system functioning. Fron Plant Sci. 2013;4:356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00356. google scholar
• Ahmed A, Hasnain S. Auxins as one of the factors of plant growth improvement by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Pol J Microbiol. 2014;63(3):261-266. google scholar Rosier A, Medeiros FH, Bais HP. Defining plant growth promoting rhizobacteria molecular and biochemical networks in beneficial plant-microbe interactions. Plant and Soil. 2018;428(1-2):35- 55. google scholar
• Vernet P, Gouyon R, Valdeyron G. Genetic control of the oil content in Thymus vulgaris L: A case of polymorphism in a biosynthetic chain. Genetica. 1986;69(3):227-231. google scholar
• Pank F, Pfefferkorn A, Kruger H. Evaluation of a summer savory collection (Satureja hortensis L.) with regard to morphology, precocity, yield components and essential oil and carcacrol content, Zeitschrift Fur Arznei Und Gewurzpflanzen. 2004;p.72. google scholar
• Selmar D, Kleinwächter M. Stress enhances the synthesis of secondary plant products: the impact of stress-related over-reduction on the accumulation of natural products. Plant and Cell Physiol. 2013;54(6):817-826. google scholar
• Mohammadi H, Dashi R, Farzaneh M, Parviz L, Hashempour H. Effects of beneficial root pseudomonas on morphological, physiological, and phytochemical characteristics of Satureja hortensis (Lamiaceae) under water stress. Braz J Biol. 2017;40(1): 41-48. google scholar