Research Article
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The Effectiveness of the Antimic® Biocide against Nosocomial Bacteria Specified by Different Standard Methods

Year 2017, Volume: 76 Issue: 2, 51 - 56, 27.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1709

Abstract

The
effectiveness of Antimic® (3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl, cocodimethylammonium
chloride) against different nosocomial pathogens was evaluated. Despite the
fact that Antimic® biocide is a recommended compound for disinfecting areas,
there is no published data about the antibacterial activity of this formulation
against nosocomial pathogens (Acinetobacter baumanii, methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium). The minimum
inhibitory/minimum bactericidal effective concentrations for test bacteria were
determined. The bactericidal activity of determined dosages was evaluated using
the culture-based quantitative suspension test (British Standards BS EN 1276)
for 1 and 5-minute contact period, under clean and dirty conditions.
Antibacterial activity was also confirmed by fluorescence staining. The biocide
was found to be effective at 25 and 50 mg/L concentrations at contact times of
1 and 5 minute, with ≥ 5 log reduction in all bacteria. According to fluorescent
microscopic examinations similar bacteria reduction was determined as ≥ 5 log
reduction. The results indicated that Antimic® compound meets the requirements
of EN 1276 against the tested bacteria. Moreover, Antimic® biocide provide an
advantage by not promoting the viable but non culturable state in the tested
bacteria and removing the tested bacteria successfully. The results showed that
the execution of different microbiological growth and/or antibacterial activity
monitoring tests, simultaneously, provide information about the optimum
concentration and contact time of a biocide.

References

  • 1. WHO, Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: a Practical Guide, 2nd edition, document WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002/12, Geneva: World Health Organization. 2002; 1-64. 2. Danasekaran GMR, Annadurai K. Prevention of healthcare-associated infections: protecting patients, saving lives. Int J Com Med Public Health 2014; 1(1): 67-8. 3. WHO, The burden of health care-associated infection worldwide, 2016 [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/burden_hcai/en/ 4. Meyer B, Cookson B. Does microbial resistance or adaptation to biocides create a hazard in infection prevention and control? J Hosp Infect 2010; 76(3): 200-5. 5. Khan HA, Ahmad A, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections and their control strategies. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 5(7): 509-14. 6. Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36(5): 309-32. 7. Dancer SJ. How do we assess hospital cleaning? A proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2004; 56(1): 10-5. 8. Carling PC, Parry MM, Rupp ME, Po JL, Dick B, Von Beheren S. Improving cleaning of the environment surrounding patients in 36 acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29(11): 1035-41. 9. Oule´MK, Azinwi R, Bernier AM, Kablan T, Maupertuis AM, Mauler S, et al. Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride-based disinfectant: a novel tool to fight meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infections. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57: 1523-8. 10. Maillard JY. Bacterial resistance to biocides in the healthcare environment: should it be of genuine concern? J Hosp Infect 2007; 65(S2): 60-72. 11. Taralp A, Menceloglu Y, Simsek, E, Acatay K. WO 2011132020 A1, Preparation of substantially quaternized ammonium organosilane composition and self-stabilizing aqueous solution thereof; 2011. 12. USEPA/OPP; Trimethoxysilyl Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Preliminary Workplan. Regristration Review. EPA-HQ-OPP-2013-0095. March 4, 2016; Available from: https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1 13. Sanli-Yurudu NO, Kimiran-Erdem A, Cotuk A. Studies on the efficacy of chloramine t trihydrate (N-chloro-p-toluene sulfonamide) against planktonic and sessile populations of different Legionella pneumophila strains. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210(2): 147-53. 14. CLSI Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard-Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012. 15. European Committee for standardization European standard BS EN 1276: Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics-Quantitative suspension test for evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas. Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1); 2009. 16. Rodriguez GG, Phipps D, Ishiguro K and Ridgway HF. Use of a fluorescent redox probe for direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1992; 58: 1801-08. 17. Sanli-Yurudu NO. Study of biofilm associated bacteria on polyvinyl chloride, stainless steel and glass surfaces in a model cooling tower system with different microbiological methods. IUFS Journal of Biology 2012; 71(1): 63-76. 18. Inweregbu K, Dave J, Pittard A. Nosocomial infections. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain 2005; 5(1): 14-7. 19. Revelas A. Healthcare–associated infections: A public health problem. Niger Med J 2012; 53(2): 59-64. 20. Yüceer S, Guler Demir S. Prevention of nosocomial infections in intensive care unit and nursing practices. Dicle Med J 2009; 36(3): 226-32. 21. Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet, B, Wondwossen T, Solomon A, Zeynudin A, et al. Update on bacterial nosocomial infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16(8): 1039-44. 22. Kölgelier S, Kucuk A, Demir NA, Ozcimen S, Demir LS. Nosocomial Infections in Intensive Care Units: Etiology and Predisposing Factors. Kafkas J Med Sci 2012; 2(1): 1-5. 23. Dancer SJ, The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 2009; 73(4): 378-85. 24. Abreu AC, Tavares RR, Borges A, Mergulhão F, Simões M. Current and emergent strategies for disinfection of hospital environments. J Antimicrob Chemoter 2013; 68(12): 2718-32. 25. El-Mahmood AM, Doughari JH, Bacteriological examination of some diluted disinfectants routinely used in the Specialist Hospital Yola. Nigeria Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 3(5): 185-90. 26. Harbarth S, Tuan Soh S, Horner C, Wilcox MH. Is reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and antiseptics a risk in healthcare settings? A point/ counterpoint review. J Hosp Infext 2014; 87(4): 194-202. 27. Oliver JD. The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria. J Microbiol 2005; 43: 93-100. 28. Dogruoz-Gungor N, Sanli-Yurudu NO. Evaluation of bacterial resistance to Chloramine T and effects on rifampicin susceptibility as a consequence of biocide usage in Cooling System Biofilm, Méndez-Vilas A. (Editor) The Battle Against Microbial Pathogens: Basic Science, Technological Advances and Educational Programs” (Microbiology Book Series, number #5), Chapter 10, Formatex Research Center, Badajoz, Spain, 2015; pp. 923-929, ISBN-13 Vol. 2: 978-84-942134-7-2.
Year 2017, Volume: 76 Issue: 2, 51 - 56, 27.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1709

Abstract

References

  • 1. WHO, Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: a Practical Guide, 2nd edition, document WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002/12, Geneva: World Health Organization. 2002; 1-64. 2. Danasekaran GMR, Annadurai K. Prevention of healthcare-associated infections: protecting patients, saving lives. Int J Com Med Public Health 2014; 1(1): 67-8. 3. WHO, The burden of health care-associated infection worldwide, 2016 [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/burden_hcai/en/ 4. Meyer B, Cookson B. Does microbial resistance or adaptation to biocides create a hazard in infection prevention and control? J Hosp Infect 2010; 76(3): 200-5. 5. Khan HA, Ahmad A, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections and their control strategies. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 5(7): 509-14. 6. Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36(5): 309-32. 7. Dancer SJ. How do we assess hospital cleaning? A proposal for microbiological standards for surface hygiene in hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2004; 56(1): 10-5. 8. Carling PC, Parry MM, Rupp ME, Po JL, Dick B, Von Beheren S. Improving cleaning of the environment surrounding patients in 36 acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29(11): 1035-41. 9. Oule´MK, Azinwi R, Bernier AM, Kablan T, Maupertuis AM, Mauler S, et al. Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride-based disinfectant: a novel tool to fight meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infections. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57: 1523-8. 10. Maillard JY. Bacterial resistance to biocides in the healthcare environment: should it be of genuine concern? J Hosp Infect 2007; 65(S2): 60-72. 11. Taralp A, Menceloglu Y, Simsek, E, Acatay K. WO 2011132020 A1, Preparation of substantially quaternized ammonium organosilane composition and self-stabilizing aqueous solution thereof; 2011. 12. USEPA/OPP; Trimethoxysilyl Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Preliminary Workplan. Regristration Review. EPA-HQ-OPP-2013-0095. March 4, 2016; Available from: https://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1 13. Sanli-Yurudu NO, Kimiran-Erdem A, Cotuk A. Studies on the efficacy of chloramine t trihydrate (N-chloro-p-toluene sulfonamide) against planktonic and sessile populations of different Legionella pneumophila strains. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210(2): 147-53. 14. CLSI Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard-Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012. 15. European Committee for standardization European standard BS EN 1276: Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics-Quantitative suspension test for evaluation of bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic and institutional areas. Test method and requirements (phase 2, step 1); 2009. 16. Rodriguez GG, Phipps D, Ishiguro K and Ridgway HF. Use of a fluorescent redox probe for direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1992; 58: 1801-08. 17. Sanli-Yurudu NO. Study of biofilm associated bacteria on polyvinyl chloride, stainless steel and glass surfaces in a model cooling tower system with different microbiological methods. IUFS Journal of Biology 2012; 71(1): 63-76. 18. Inweregbu K, Dave J, Pittard A. Nosocomial infections. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain 2005; 5(1): 14-7. 19. Revelas A. Healthcare–associated infections: A public health problem. Niger Med J 2012; 53(2): 59-64. 20. Yüceer S, Guler Demir S. Prevention of nosocomial infections in intensive care unit and nursing practices. Dicle Med J 2009; 36(3): 226-32. 21. Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet, B, Wondwossen T, Solomon A, Zeynudin A, et al. Update on bacterial nosocomial infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16(8): 1039-44. 22. Kölgelier S, Kucuk A, Demir NA, Ozcimen S, Demir LS. Nosocomial Infections in Intensive Care Units: Etiology and Predisposing Factors. Kafkas J Med Sci 2012; 2(1): 1-5. 23. Dancer SJ, The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 2009; 73(4): 378-85. 24. Abreu AC, Tavares RR, Borges A, Mergulhão F, Simões M. Current and emergent strategies for disinfection of hospital environments. J Antimicrob Chemoter 2013; 68(12): 2718-32. 25. El-Mahmood AM, Doughari JH, Bacteriological examination of some diluted disinfectants routinely used in the Specialist Hospital Yola. Nigeria Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 3(5): 185-90. 26. Harbarth S, Tuan Soh S, Horner C, Wilcox MH. Is reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and antiseptics a risk in healthcare settings? A point/ counterpoint review. J Hosp Infext 2014; 87(4): 194-202. 27. Oliver JD. The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria. J Microbiol 2005; 43: 93-100. 28. Dogruoz-Gungor N, Sanli-Yurudu NO. Evaluation of bacterial resistance to Chloramine T and effects on rifampicin susceptibility as a consequence of biocide usage in Cooling System Biofilm, Méndez-Vilas A. (Editor) The Battle Against Microbial Pathogens: Basic Science, Technological Advances and Educational Programs” (Microbiology Book Series, number #5), Chapter 10, Formatex Research Center, Badajoz, Spain, 2015; pp. 923-929, ISBN-13 Vol. 2: 978-84-942134-7-2.
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Details

Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

N. Ozlem Sanli

Yusuf Menceloglu This is me

Seval Bal This is me

Publication Date December 27, 2017
Submission Date December 12, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 76 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Sanli NO, Menceloglu Y, Bal S. The Effectiveness of the Antimic® Biocide against Nosocomial Bacteria Specified by Different Standard Methods. Eur J Biol. December 2017;76(2):51-56. doi:10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1709