Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Bacteria Recovered from Cultured Gilt-Head Seabream (Sparus aurata) and their Antimicrobial Susceptibilities

Year 2018, Volume: 77 Issue: 1, 11 - 17, 22.06.2018

Abstract

DOI:
10.26650/EuroJBiol.2018.346175 




Objective: Gilt-head seabream (Sparus
aurata) is an important species for Turkish aquaculture and bacterial diseases
are one of the limiting factors for the production of this species. The aim of
this study is the identification of the bacterial disease agents in cultured
gilt-head seabream in Turkey and the determination of their antibacterial
susceptibilities.



Materials and Methods: In this study, 27
diseased gilt-head seabream samples between 3-130 g, showing various clinical
symptoms, were examined bacteriologically. Bacterial isolates recovered from
moribund fish samples were identified by using standard bacteriological methods
and API 20E rapid identification strips. Antibiotic susceptibility tests of 10
different substances against these isolates were determined by using
Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.



Results: Vibrio anguillarum, V.
scophthalmi, V. logei, V. harveyi, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, P. stutzeri,
Staphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus luteus isolates were isolated from diseased
fish samples as pure and mixed infection. It was detected that API 20E may give
erroneous results for fish pathogenic bacteria since they are not included in
the database of the kit. Generally, enrofloxacin, florphenicol and
oxytetracycline were found to be the most effective antibiotics against
bacterial isolates.



Conclusion: This study is the first report
for V. scophthalmi, V. logei, V. harveyi, P. stutzeri and M. luteus infections
of gilt-head seabream in Turkey.   

References

  • 1. Fao.org. (2017). FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Sparus aurata. [online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Sparus_aurata/en [Accessed 14 Oct. 2017].
  • 2. Tuik.gov.tr. (2017). Turkish Statistical Institute [online] Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1005 [Accessed 14 Oct. 2017].
  • 3. Balebona M, Zorrilla I, Moriñigo M, Borrego J. Survey of bacterial pathologies affecting farmed gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in southwestern Spain from 1990 to 1996. Aquaculture 1998; 166(1-2): 19-35.
  • 4. Zorrilla I, Chabrillón M, Arijo S, Dı’az-Rosales P, Martı’nez-Manzanares E, Balebona M, Moriñigo M. Bacteria recovered from diseased cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in southwestern Spain. Aquaculture 2003; 218(1-4): 11-20.
  • 5. Candan A. Vibrio anguillarum infection in Sparus aurata L. 1758. Turk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 1993; 23: 25-7.
  • 6. Korun J. A study on Listonella anguillarum infection occurred in cultured gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Ege JFAS 2006; 23(1/2): 259-263.
  • 7. Akayli T. Identification of Vibriosis in cultured gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L 1758) by using ELISA and bacteriological methods. Istanbul University, Institute of Science, Ph.D. Thesis. 2001.
  • 8. Tanrikul TT. Outbreaks of Vibrio alginolyticus in gilthead sea bream in Turkey. Ind Vet J 2006; 83: 599-601.
  • 9. Candan A. Vibrio ordalii infection in Sparus aurata L. 1758. Turkish J Aqua Sci 1993; 1-2: 91-4.
  • 10. Timur G, Timur M, Akayli T, Camlibel UR. Oodinium and Vibrio co-infections in cultured gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Turkish J Aqua Sci 2004; 17: 9-18.
  • 11. Turk N. Cipura (Sparus aurata) ve levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) yavrularından bakteri izolasyonu ve antibiyotiklere duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi. Bornova Vet Kont Araşt Enst Derg 2002; 27:7-14.
  • 12. Akayli T, Ozesen Colak, S, Yardimci E. Bacterial infections in Sparus aurata cultured in Turkey. Ind Vet J 2009; 86(11): 1294-5.
  • 13. Cagirgan H. The first isolation of Pasteurella piscicida from cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata) in Turkey. Hay Arast Derg 1993; 3(2): 17-19.
  • 14. Kubilay A, Ulukoy G. First isolation of Staphylococcus epidermidis from cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in Turkey. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol 2004; 24(3): 137-43.
  • 15. Korun J, Yilmaz M., Gokoglu, M. and Bulguroglu, S. First record of Staphylococcus hominis from the cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in Turkey. In the proceedings of “17th European Association of Fish Pathologists Conference”; 7-11 Sept 2015; Las Palmas-Spain; 368.
  • 16. Hernández Serrano P. Responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture. Rome, Italy; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2005.
  • 17. Austin B, Austin D. Bacterial fish pathogens, diseases of farmed and wild fish. 6th edition; Dordrecht-Netherlands; Springer Publishing; 2016.
  • 18. Roberts R. Fish pathology. 4th edition; Hoboken, N.J; Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
  • 19. Noguerola I, Blanch A. Identification of Vibrio spp. with a set of dichotomous keys. Appl Microbiol 2008; 105(1): 175-85.
  • 20. Wikler M. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Wayne, PA; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Insitute; 2006.
  • 21. Koneman, EW. Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology 3rd edition. JB Lippincott; 1992.
  • 22. Candan A. Türkiye’de üretilen Atlantik salmon (Salmo salar L.)’nda tespit edilen ilk vibriosis olgusu. Turk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2000; 30: 107-8.
  • 23. Timur G, Timur M, Akayli T, Korun J, Thompson KD. First observation of Rickettsia-like organisms in cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Turkey. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol 2005; 25(5):196-202.
  • 24. Demircan D, Candan A. Identification of Vibrio anguillarum by PCR (rpoN gene) associated with vibriosis in marine fish in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2006; 30: 305-310.
  • 25. Korun J, Timur G. Marine vibriosis associated with diseased seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Turkey. J FishSci.com 2008; 2(1): 66-76.
  • 26. Balta F. Phenotypic, serotypic and genetic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility determination of Vibrio anguillarum, isolated from cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) in the southeast Black Sea, Turkey. Fresen Environ Bull 2016; 25(10): 4393-400.
  • 27. Korun J, Gokoglu M. Listonella anguillarum isolated from hatchery cultured red porgy Pagrus pagrus in Turkey. J Anim Vet Adv 2007; 6(6): 823-7.
  • 28. Timur G, Korun J. First outbreak of vibriosis in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey. Turkish J Aqua Sci 2004; 18(18): 1-9.
  • 29. Tanrikul TT. Vibriosis as an epizootic disease of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10(10): 1733-7.
  • 30. Altun S, Buyukekiz AG, Duman M, Onuk EE, Ciftci A, Mustak HK. Gökkuşağı alabalıklarında L. anguillarum’un fenotipik, genotipik özelliklerinin ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi. In: Proceedings of “3. Ulusal Alabalık Sempozyumu”; 24-26 May 2013; Kastamonu, Turkey; 33.
  • 31. Akayli T, Aydin S, Canak O. Kültür gökkuşağı alabalıkarında (O. mykiss W. 1792) V. anguillarum’un teşhisi. In: Proceedings of “5. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu”; 31 May – 2 June 2014; Elazığ, Turkey; 402-405.
  • 32. Balta F, Dengiz Balta Z. Doğu Karadeniz’de yetiştiriciliği yapılan gökkuşağı alabalıkları (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’ndan izole edilen Vibrio anguillarum suşlarının serotiplendirilmesi, genetik karakterizasyonu ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılığının belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2017; 64(4): 321-8.
  • 33. Korun J, Akayli T. Kültür levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) balıklarında parazitik bir isopod: Ceratothoa oestroides ve sekonder bakteriyel infeksiyonlar olgusu. Acta Vet Eurasia 2004; 30(2): 123-32.
  • 34. Farto R, Montes M, Pérez M, Nieto T, Larsen J, Pedersen K. Characterization by numerical taxonomy and ribotyping of Vibrio splendidus biovar I and Vibrio scophthalmi strains associated with turbot cultures. Appl Microbiol 1999; 86(5): 796-804.
  • 35. Cerda-Cuellar M, Blanch A. Determination of Vibrio scophthalmi and its phenotypic diversity in turbot larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 6(3):209-17.
  • 36. Cerda-Cuellar M, Rossello-Mora R, Lalucat J, Jofre J, Blanch, A. Vibrio scophthalmi sp. nov., a new species from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47(1): 58-61.
  • 37. Benediktsdottir E, Helgason S, Sigurjonsdottir H. Vibrio spp. isolated from salmonids with shallow skin lesions and reared at low temperature J Fish Dis 1998; 21: 19-28.
  • 38. Domenech A, Fernandez-Garayzabal JF, Lawson P, Garcia JA, Cutuli MT, Blanco M, et al. Winter disease outbreak in sea-bream (Sparus aurata) associated with Pseudomonas anguilliseptica infection. Aquaculture 1997; 156(3-4): 317-26.
  • 39. Cagirgan H. The use of veterinary drugs and vaccines in Turkey. Options Mediterraneennes 2009; 86: 29-34.
  • 40. Rosselo R, Garcia-Valdes E, Lalucat J, Ursing J. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Pseudomonas stutzeri. System Appl Microbiol 1991; 14(2): 150-7.
  • 41. Sikorski J, Mohle M, Wackernagel W. Identification of complex composition, strong strain diversity and directional selection in local Pseudomonas stutzeri populations from marine sediment and soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 4(8): 465-76.
  • 42. Matyar F, Akkan T, Ucak Y, Eraslan B. Aeromonas and Pseudomonas: antibiotic and heavy metal resistance species from İskenderun bay, Turkey (northeast Mediterranean Sea). Environ Monit Assess 2010; 167(1-4): 309-20.
  • 43. Akinbowale OL, Peng H, Grant P, Barton MD. Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in motile aeromonads and pseudomonads from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Australia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30: 177-82.
  • 44. Topic Popovic N, Coz-Rakovac R, Strunjak-Perovic I. Commercial phenotypic tests (API 20E) in diagnosis of fish bacteria: a review. Veterinarni Medicina 2007; 52: 49-53.
  • 45. Santos Y, Romalde JL, Bandin I, Magarinos B, Nunez S, Barja JL, Toranzo AE. Usefulness of the API-20E system for the identification of bacterial fish pathogens. Aquaculture 1993; 116(2-3): 111-20.
  • 46. Austin B, Alsina DA, Austin DA, Blanch AR, Grimont F, et al. Identification and typing of Vibrio anguillarum: a comparison of different methods. System Appl Microbiol 1995; 18: 285-302.
  • 47. Soffientino B, Gwaltney T, Nelson DR, Specker JL, Mauel M, Gómez-Chiarri M. Infectious necrotizing enteritis and mortality caused by Vibrio carchariae in summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus during intensive culture. Dis Aquat Organ 1999; 38: 201-10.
  • 48. Garrity GM, Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, editors. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd edition Vol:2 The Proteobacteria Part C The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilon Proteobacteria. Springer, 2006.

Bacteria Recovered from Cultured Gilt-Head Seabream (Sparus aurata) and their Antimicrobial Susceptibilities

Year 2018, Volume: 77 Issue: 1, 11 - 17, 22.06.2018

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/EuroJBiol.2018.346175 


Objective: Gilt-head seabream (Sparus aurata) is an important species for Turkish aquaculture and bacterial diseases are one of the limiting factors for the production of this species. The aim of this study is the identification of the bacterial disease agents in cultured gilt-head seabream in Turkey and the determination of their antibacterial susceptibilities.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 27 diseased gilt-head seabream samples between 3-130 g, showing various clinical symptoms, were examined bacteriologically. Bacterial isolates recovered from moribund fish samples were identified by using standard bacteriological methods and API 20E rapid identification strips. Antibiotic susceptibility tests of 10 different substances against these isolates were determined by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results: Vibrio anguillarum, V. scophthalmi, V. logei, V. harveyi, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, P. stutzeri, Staphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus luteus isolates were isolated from diseased fish samples as pure and mixed infection. It was detected that API 20E may give erroneous results for fish pathogenic bacteria since they are not included in the database of the kit. Generally, enrofloxacin, florphenicol and oxytetracycline were found to be the most effective antibiotics against bacterial isolates.

Conclusion: This study is the first report for V. scophthalmi, V. logei, V. harveyi, P. stutzeri and M. luteus infections of gilt-head seabream in Turkey.   

References

  • 1. Fao.org. (2017). FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Sparus aurata. [online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Sparus_aurata/en [Accessed 14 Oct. 2017].
  • 2. Tuik.gov.tr. (2017). Turkish Statistical Institute [online] Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1005 [Accessed 14 Oct. 2017].
  • 3. Balebona M, Zorrilla I, Moriñigo M, Borrego J. Survey of bacterial pathologies affecting farmed gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in southwestern Spain from 1990 to 1996. Aquaculture 1998; 166(1-2): 19-35.
  • 4. Zorrilla I, Chabrillón M, Arijo S, Dı’az-Rosales P, Martı’nez-Manzanares E, Balebona M, Moriñigo M. Bacteria recovered from diseased cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in southwestern Spain. Aquaculture 2003; 218(1-4): 11-20.
  • 5. Candan A. Vibrio anguillarum infection in Sparus aurata L. 1758. Turk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 1993; 23: 25-7.
  • 6. Korun J. A study on Listonella anguillarum infection occurred in cultured gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Ege JFAS 2006; 23(1/2): 259-263.
  • 7. Akayli T. Identification of Vibriosis in cultured gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L 1758) by using ELISA and bacteriological methods. Istanbul University, Institute of Science, Ph.D. Thesis. 2001.
  • 8. Tanrikul TT. Outbreaks of Vibrio alginolyticus in gilthead sea bream in Turkey. Ind Vet J 2006; 83: 599-601.
  • 9. Candan A. Vibrio ordalii infection in Sparus aurata L. 1758. Turkish J Aqua Sci 1993; 1-2: 91-4.
  • 10. Timur G, Timur M, Akayli T, Camlibel UR. Oodinium and Vibrio co-infections in cultured gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Turkish J Aqua Sci 2004; 17: 9-18.
  • 11. Turk N. Cipura (Sparus aurata) ve levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) yavrularından bakteri izolasyonu ve antibiyotiklere duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi. Bornova Vet Kont Araşt Enst Derg 2002; 27:7-14.
  • 12. Akayli T, Ozesen Colak, S, Yardimci E. Bacterial infections in Sparus aurata cultured in Turkey. Ind Vet J 2009; 86(11): 1294-5.
  • 13. Cagirgan H. The first isolation of Pasteurella piscicida from cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata) in Turkey. Hay Arast Derg 1993; 3(2): 17-19.
  • 14. Kubilay A, Ulukoy G. First isolation of Staphylococcus epidermidis from cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in Turkey. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol 2004; 24(3): 137-43.
  • 15. Korun J, Yilmaz M., Gokoglu, M. and Bulguroglu, S. First record of Staphylococcus hominis from the cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in Turkey. In the proceedings of “17th European Association of Fish Pathologists Conference”; 7-11 Sept 2015; Las Palmas-Spain; 368.
  • 16. Hernández Serrano P. Responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture. Rome, Italy; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2005.
  • 17. Austin B, Austin D. Bacterial fish pathogens, diseases of farmed and wild fish. 6th edition; Dordrecht-Netherlands; Springer Publishing; 2016.
  • 18. Roberts R. Fish pathology. 4th edition; Hoboken, N.J; Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
  • 19. Noguerola I, Blanch A. Identification of Vibrio spp. with a set of dichotomous keys. Appl Microbiol 2008; 105(1): 175-85.
  • 20. Wikler M. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Wayne, PA; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Insitute; 2006.
  • 21. Koneman, EW. Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology 3rd edition. JB Lippincott; 1992.
  • 22. Candan A. Türkiye’de üretilen Atlantik salmon (Salmo salar L.)’nda tespit edilen ilk vibriosis olgusu. Turk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2000; 30: 107-8.
  • 23. Timur G, Timur M, Akayli T, Korun J, Thompson KD. First observation of Rickettsia-like organisms in cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Turkey. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol 2005; 25(5):196-202.
  • 24. Demircan D, Candan A. Identification of Vibrio anguillarum by PCR (rpoN gene) associated with vibriosis in marine fish in Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2006; 30: 305-310.
  • 25. Korun J, Timur G. Marine vibriosis associated with diseased seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Turkey. J FishSci.com 2008; 2(1): 66-76.
  • 26. Balta F. Phenotypic, serotypic and genetic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility determination of Vibrio anguillarum, isolated from cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) in the southeast Black Sea, Turkey. Fresen Environ Bull 2016; 25(10): 4393-400.
  • 27. Korun J, Gokoglu M. Listonella anguillarum isolated from hatchery cultured red porgy Pagrus pagrus in Turkey. J Anim Vet Adv 2007; 6(6): 823-7.
  • 28. Timur G, Korun J. First outbreak of vibriosis in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey. Turkish J Aqua Sci 2004; 18(18): 1-9.
  • 29. Tanrikul TT. Vibriosis as an epizootic disease of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10(10): 1733-7.
  • 30. Altun S, Buyukekiz AG, Duman M, Onuk EE, Ciftci A, Mustak HK. Gökkuşağı alabalıklarında L. anguillarum’un fenotipik, genotipik özelliklerinin ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi. In: Proceedings of “3. Ulusal Alabalık Sempozyumu”; 24-26 May 2013; Kastamonu, Turkey; 33.
  • 31. Akayli T, Aydin S, Canak O. Kültür gökkuşağı alabalıkarında (O. mykiss W. 1792) V. anguillarum’un teşhisi. In: Proceedings of “5. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu”; 31 May – 2 June 2014; Elazığ, Turkey; 402-405.
  • 32. Balta F, Dengiz Balta Z. Doğu Karadeniz’de yetiştiriciliği yapılan gökkuşağı alabalıkları (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’ndan izole edilen Vibrio anguillarum suşlarının serotiplendirilmesi, genetik karakterizasyonu ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılığının belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2017; 64(4): 321-8.
  • 33. Korun J, Akayli T. Kültür levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) balıklarında parazitik bir isopod: Ceratothoa oestroides ve sekonder bakteriyel infeksiyonlar olgusu. Acta Vet Eurasia 2004; 30(2): 123-32.
  • 34. Farto R, Montes M, Pérez M, Nieto T, Larsen J, Pedersen K. Characterization by numerical taxonomy and ribotyping of Vibrio splendidus biovar I and Vibrio scophthalmi strains associated with turbot cultures. Appl Microbiol 1999; 86(5): 796-804.
  • 35. Cerda-Cuellar M, Blanch A. Determination of Vibrio scophthalmi and its phenotypic diversity in turbot larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 6(3):209-17.
  • 36. Cerda-Cuellar M, Rossello-Mora R, Lalucat J, Jofre J, Blanch, A. Vibrio scophthalmi sp. nov., a new species from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997; 47(1): 58-61.
  • 37. Benediktsdottir E, Helgason S, Sigurjonsdottir H. Vibrio spp. isolated from salmonids with shallow skin lesions and reared at low temperature J Fish Dis 1998; 21: 19-28.
  • 38. Domenech A, Fernandez-Garayzabal JF, Lawson P, Garcia JA, Cutuli MT, Blanco M, et al. Winter disease outbreak in sea-bream (Sparus aurata) associated with Pseudomonas anguilliseptica infection. Aquaculture 1997; 156(3-4): 317-26.
  • 39. Cagirgan H. The use of veterinary drugs and vaccines in Turkey. Options Mediterraneennes 2009; 86: 29-34.
  • 40. Rosselo R, Garcia-Valdes E, Lalucat J, Ursing J. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Pseudomonas stutzeri. System Appl Microbiol 1991; 14(2): 150-7.
  • 41. Sikorski J, Mohle M, Wackernagel W. Identification of complex composition, strong strain diversity and directional selection in local Pseudomonas stutzeri populations from marine sediment and soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 4(8): 465-76.
  • 42. Matyar F, Akkan T, Ucak Y, Eraslan B. Aeromonas and Pseudomonas: antibiotic and heavy metal resistance species from İskenderun bay, Turkey (northeast Mediterranean Sea). Environ Monit Assess 2010; 167(1-4): 309-20.
  • 43. Akinbowale OL, Peng H, Grant P, Barton MD. Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in motile aeromonads and pseudomonads from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Australia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30: 177-82.
  • 44. Topic Popovic N, Coz-Rakovac R, Strunjak-Perovic I. Commercial phenotypic tests (API 20E) in diagnosis of fish bacteria: a review. Veterinarni Medicina 2007; 52: 49-53.
  • 45. Santos Y, Romalde JL, Bandin I, Magarinos B, Nunez S, Barja JL, Toranzo AE. Usefulness of the API-20E system for the identification of bacterial fish pathogens. Aquaculture 1993; 116(2-3): 111-20.
  • 46. Austin B, Alsina DA, Austin DA, Blanch AR, Grimont F, et al. Identification and typing of Vibrio anguillarum: a comparison of different methods. System Appl Microbiol 1995; 18: 285-302.
  • 47. Soffientino B, Gwaltney T, Nelson DR, Specker JL, Mauel M, Gómez-Chiarri M. Infectious necrotizing enteritis and mortality caused by Vibrio carchariae in summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus during intensive culture. Dis Aquat Organ 1999; 38: 201-10.
  • 48. Garrity GM, Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, editors. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd edition Vol:2 The Proteobacteria Part C The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilon Proteobacteria. Springer, 2006.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ozgur Canak

Tulay Akayli This is me

Publication Date June 22, 2018
Submission Date October 24, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 77 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Canak O, Akayli T. Bacteria Recovered from Cultured Gilt-Head Seabream (Sparus aurata) and their Antimicrobial Susceptibilities. Eur J Biol. June 2018;77(1):11-17.