Review
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Year 2022, Volume: 81 Issue: 1, 96 - 106, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2022.1083922

Abstract

References

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Black Fungus Mutilating COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Facts and Immunological Perspectives

Year 2022, Volume: 81 Issue: 1, 96 - 106, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2022.1083922

Abstract

While the world is still struggling with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, an aggressive and rare fungal infection which is commonly ascribed as the black fungus has emerged as a new medical challenge in India. India had already experienced the devastating consequences of the COVID-19 and, being a rare “opportunistic” fungal infection, black fungus infection has severely complicated the post-COVID-19 recoveries. Together with the uncertain treatment modalities at the beginning of the pandemic, indiscriminate use of a plethora of medications has driven the surging cases of black fungus-associated complications. Moreover, low oxygen, high iron levels, and prolonged hospitalization with mechanical ventilators created a superlative condition for contracting black fungus infection. The disease mainly spreads through the respiratory tract and erodes facial structures. Since mucormycosis specifically attacks immunosuppressed patients, the disease started spreading rapidly, with an average mortality rate of 54 %. Common symptoms include blackening over the nose, blurred or double vision, breathing difficulties, chest pain and hemoptysis. Although not contagious, the outcome of the disease is often very frightful. If the infection disseminates systematically, the risk of affecting the vital organs such as the spleen and heart is substantially high. We have tried to provide an epidemiological overview of black fungus infection in India. We focused on drawing a comprehensive fact check of the current situation through an immunological perspective to better understand the infection as a major co-infection in patients affected by COVID-19 and its impact on India's fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

References

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  • 4. Afzal ProfS, Nasir M. Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis in COVID-19 Patients; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. medRxiv. Pub-lished online 2021. google scholar
  • 5. Domingo FR, Waddell LA, Cheung AM, Cooper CL, Belcourt VJ, Zuckermann AME, et al. Prevalence of long-term effects in individ-uals diagnosed with COVID-19: a living systematic review. medRx-iv. Published online 2021. google scholar
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  • 7. Russell CD, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, Turtle L, Seaton RA, Wootton Dan G, et al. Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a multicentre, prospec-tive cohort study. Lancet Microbe 2021; 2(8): e354-e365 google scholar
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  • 14. Jenks JD, Gangneux JP, Schwartz IS, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Lagrou K, Thompson GR, et al. Diagnosis of breakthrough fungal infec-tions in the clinical mycology laboratory: An ecmm consensus statement. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6(4): 216. google scholar
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  • 16. Mekki SO, Hassan AA, Falemban A, Alkotani N, Alsharif SM, Haron A, et al. Pulmonary Mucormycosis: A Case Report of a Rare Infection with Potential Diagnostic Problems. Case Rep Pathol 2020: 5845394. google scholar
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  • 20. Cuervo NZ, Grandvaux N. Ace2: Evidence of role as entry recep-tor for sars-cov-2 and implications in comorbidities. Elife 2020; 9: e61390. google scholar
  • 21. Huang Y, Yang C, Xu X feng, Xu W, Liu S wen. Structural and function-al properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41(9): 1141-9. google scholar
  • 22. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020; 395(10224): 565-574. google scholar
  • 23. Reid G, Lynch III JP, Fishbein MC, Clark NM. Mucormycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 41(1): 99-114. google scholar
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  • 29. Bennett M, Kaide CG, Matheson E, Bari V. Hyperbaric Oxygen Ther-apy and Utilization in Infectious Disease. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep 2018; 6(3). google scholar
  • 30. Warnatsch A, Tsourouktsoglou TD, Branzk N, Wang Q, Reincke S, Herbst S, et al. Reactive Oxygen Species Localization Programs Inflammation to Clear Microbes of Different Size. Immunity 2017; 46(3): 421-32. google scholar
  • 31. Castrejon-Perez AD, Miranda I, Welsh O, Welsh EC, Ocampo-Can-diani J. Cutaneous mucormycosis. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 92(3): 304-11. google scholar
  • 32. Lionakis MS, Iliev ID, Hohl TM. Immunity against fungi. JCI Insight 2017; 2(11): e93156. google scholar
  • 33. Yamin HS, Alastal AY, Bakri I. Pulmonary mucormycosis over 130 years: A case report and literature review. Turk Thorac J 2017; 18(1): 1-5. google scholar
  • 34. Schroeder MR, Stephens DS. Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6: 98. google scholar
  • 35. Gebremariam T, Lin L, Liu M, Kontoyiannis DP, French S, Edwards JE, et al. Bicarbonate correction of ketoacidosis alters host-patho-gen interactions and alleviates mucormycosis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126(6): 2280-94. google scholar
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There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review
Authors

Anushka Mondal This is me 0000-0002-5231-9422

Mylari Gireeshwar This is me 0000-0002-2496-3384

Lekha Govindaraj 0000-0002-0729-2152

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date March 7, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 81 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Mondal A, Gireeshwar M, Govindaraj L. Black Fungus Mutilating COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Facts and Immunological Perspectives. Eur J Biol. June 2022;81(1):96-106. doi:10.26650/EurJBiol.2022.1083922