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Ulaştırma Enflasyonu ile Petrol Fiyatları ve Döviz Kurları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi

Year 2023, , 245 - 260, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1217835

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de 2010 ve 2022 döneminde petrol fiyatlarının ve döviz kurunun ulaştırma sektörü enflasyonu üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Analiz yöntemi olarak Toda-Yamamoto ve BreitungCandelon frekans alanı nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Analizde kullanılan değişkenler ulaştırma hizmetleri fiyat endeksi, Avrupa brent petrol fiyatları ve dolar kuru kullanılmıştır. Toda-Yamamoto test sonuçlarında uzun dönemde petrol fiyatlarından ve dolar kurundan ulaşım fiyatlarına doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Breitung and Candelon test sonuçlarında ise hem petrol fiyatlarından hem de dolar kurundan ulaştırma fiyatlarına doğru kısa, orta ve uzun vadede geçici ve kalıcı etkiler tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde enerji fiyatları ve döviz kuru artışları ulaşım sektöründe enflasyona neden olmaktadır. Ulaşımın üretim ve tüketim kanalında önemli bir maliyet unsuru olan enerji tüketiminin azaltılması hem ithalatı düşürücü etki yaparken hem de dövize olan ihtiyacı azaltacak diğer yandan ulaşım sektöründe fiyatları düşürücü etki yapacaktır.

References

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  • Baer W. & Kerstenetzky, I. & Simonsen, M.H. (1965) (1965). Transportation and Inflation: A Study of Irrational
  • Policy-Making in Brazil, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 13, 188-202. google scholar
  • Baskaya, Y.S. & Gurgur, T. & Ogunc, F. (2008). İşlenmiş Gıda Fiyatlarını Belirleyen Faktörler, Working Papers 0809, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, No:08/09. google scholar
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  • Ciner, Ç. (2011). Eurocurrency Interest Rate Linkages: A Frequency Domain Analysis. International Review of Economics and Finance, Vol.20, pp. 498-505. google scholar
  • Çelik, T. & Akgül, B. (2011). Changes in fuel oil prices in Turkey an estimation of the inflation effect using VAR analysis, East west journal of economics and business, vol. 2, 11-21. google scholar
  • Çiçek, S. & Akar, C. (2013). The asymmetry of inflation adjustment in Turkey, Economic Modelling, Vol. 31, 104- 118. google scholar
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Seres with a Unit Root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol.74, 366, 427-431. google scholar
  • Erdogdu, E. (2014). Motor fuel prices in Turkey, Energy Policy, Vol. 69, 143-153. google scholar
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  • Hatipoğlu, M. (2021). Neden Konut Fiyatları ile Enflasyon Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi Yoktur. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, Vol. 10 (2), 159-166. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sid/issue/62742/881934 google scholar
  • Kıvılcım, M. (1995). An integrated analysis of Turkish inflation, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol.57(4), pp.513-531. google scholar
  • Kiracı, K. (2020). BİST Ulaştırma Endeksi İle Dolar Endeksi ve Petrol Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Olarak Analizi. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12(22), ISSN: 2529-0029, 180-189. google scholar
  • Kozlovska, G. S. & Ciziuniene, K. (2022). The Impact of Economic Sustainability in the Transport Sector on GDP of Neighbouring Countries: Following the Example of the Baltic States. Sustainability, 14(6), 3326,
  • Avaible at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063326 google scholar
  • Köse, N. & Ünal, E. (2021). The Effects of the Oil Price and Oil Price Volatility on Inflation in Turkey, Energy, Vol. 226, 120392, ISSN 0360-5442. google scholar
  • Lee, C.C. (2005), Energy Consumption and GDP in Developing countries:A Cointegrated panel analysis, Energy Economics, 27(3), 415-427. google scholar
  • Lee, J. & Strazicich, M.C. (2003), Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks, Review ofEconomics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. google scholar
  • Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, J., & Ahmadov, F. (2019). The Impact of Oil Prices on Inflation: The Case of Azerbaijan. International Journal ofEnergy Economics and Policy, 9(4), 97-102. Retrieved from https://www. econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/7712 google scholar
  • Nazariyan, R. & Amiri, A. (2014). Asymmetry of the Oil Price Pass -Through to Inflation in Iran. International Journal ofEnergy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 457-464. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijeeep/ issue/31910/350826 google scholar
  • Özer, M., Canbay, Ş. & Kırca, M. (2021). The Impact of Container Transport on Economic Growth in Turkey an ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Research in Transportation Economics, 88(C). google scholar
  • Paksoy, S. & Yöntem, T. & Büyükçelebi, B. (2014). Konut Fiyat Endeksi Ve Enflasyon Arasındaki İlişki (TRC1, TRC2 VE TRC3 Düzey Bölgeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma) . ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi, 1(2), 54-69. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/assam/issue/32284/358478 google scholar
  • Phillips, P.C. B & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. google scholar
  • Rasasi, M.A. & Yilmaz, M. (2016). The effects of oil shocks on Turkish macroeconomic aggregates, International Journal ofEnergy Economics and Policy, 6(3), 471-476. google scholar
  • Republic of Turkey Minister of Trade, (2022). Economic Outlook, Retrieved from: https://www.trade.gov.tr/ data/602cd44013b876f918da9c8c/Economic%20Outlook%20December%202022.pdf google scholar
  • Riaz, A. & Hongbing, O. & Hashmi, S.H. & Khan, M.A. (2018). The Impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty on US Transportation Sector Stock Returns. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Vol. 8 (4), 163-170. google scholar
  • Salisu, A.A., Isah, K.O., Oyewole, O.J. and Akanni, L.O. (2017). Modelling Oil Price-Inflation Nexus: The Role of Asymmetries, Energy, Vol. 125, 97-106. google scholar
  • Shively, G. & Thapa, G. (2017). Markets, Transportation Infrastructure, and Food Prices in Nepal. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 99, 660-682, Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaw086 google scholar
  • Shahbaz, M., Hoang, T. H. V., Mahalik, M. K., & Roubaud, D. (2017). Energy Consumption, Financial Development and Economic Growth in India: New Evidence from a Nonlinear and Asymmetric Analysis, Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), 199-212. google scholar
  • Squalli, J. (2007), Electricity consumption and economic growth: bounds and causality analyses of OPEC countries, Energy Economics, vol.29, pp. 1192-1205. google scholar
  • Stanislawska, E. (2019). Consumers’ Perception of Inflation in Inflationary and Deflationary Environment, Journal of Business Cycle Research, Vol. 15, 41-71. google scholar
  • Suparti, S. & Prahutamam, A. & Santosol, R. (2018). Modelling Inflation in Transportation, Comunication and Financial Services Using B-Spline Time Series Model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, , Vol. 1025, The 7th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Science and Its Application, Semarang, Indonesia google scholar
  • Şahin Kutlu, Ş. (2021). Türkiye’de Gıda Enflasyonunun Belirleyicileri: SVAR Modelinden Kanıtlar. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, No. 87, 581-598. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosekev/issue/71551/1151466 google scholar
  • Tastan, H. (2015). Testing for Spectral Granger Causality. The Stata Journal, Vol.15(4), 1157-1166. google scholar
  • Tay Bayramoğlu, A. & Koç Yurtkur, A. (2016). Türkiye’de Gıda ve Tarımsal Ürün Fiyatlarını Uluslararası Belirleyicileri . Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (2), 63-73. DOI: 10.18037/ausbd.84248 google scholar
  • Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes, 66, 225-250. google scholar
  • Tong, T. & Yu, T.E. (2018). Transportation and economic growth in China: A heterogeneous panel cointegration and causality analysis, Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, 73(C), 120-130. google scholar
  • TurkStat (2022). Döviz Türlerine Göre İthalat. Available at: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dis- Ticaret-Istatistikleri-Agustos-2022-45543 google scholar
  • Ulusoy, A. & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de Gıda Ürünleri Fiyatlarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 45-56. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/finance/issue/61473/917936 google scholar
  • Woodward, D. & Rolfe, R. (1993). The Location of Export-Oriented Foreign Direct Investment in the Caribbean Basin. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 24, 121-144 Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdf/154974.pdf google scholar
  • Zelka, A. & Yıldırım, S. K. (2021). Petrol fiyatları, GSYİH ve Döviz Kuru Değişiminin Ulaştırma Sektörüne Etkileri: BİST Ulaştırma Endeksi Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 151-173. google scholar

Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation with Oil Prices and Exchange Rates

Year 2023, , 245 - 260, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1217835

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of oil prices and exchange rates on the inflation of the transportation sector between the years 2010 and 2022. The Toda-Yamamoto and Breitung- Candelon frequency domain causality test were employed as the methodologies for analysis. The variables used in the analysis are: the transportation services price index, European Brent oil prices, and dollar rate. In terms of the TodaYamamoto test results, a unidirectional causality relationship was found from oil prices and dollar rates to transportation prices over time. In terms of the Breitung and Candelon test results, short, medium, and long-term effects, both temporary and permanent, were determined from both oil prices and dollar exchange rates to transportation prices. When the results are evaluated in general, increases in energy prices and exchange rates cause inflation in the transportation sector. Reducing energy consumption, which is an important cost factor in the production and consumption channel of transportation, will not only reduce imports, but also reduce the need for foreign currency, while reducing prices in the transportation sector.

References

  • Aggarwal, R. & Akhigbe, A. & Mohanty, S. K. (2012). Oil price shocks and transportation firm asset prices. Energy Economics, 34(5), 1370-1379. google scholar
  • Akçağlayan, A. & Gemicioğlu, S. (2022). Petrol Fiyatlarındaki Değişimin Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyatlarına Asimetrik Geçişkenliği. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 18 (1), 59-77. DOI: 10.17130/ijmeb.809638 google scholar
  • Alıcı, A. (2021). Döviz Kuru, Faiz Oranı ile BİST100 ve BİST Ulaştırma Endeksi Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 1573-1584. Geliş tarihi gönderen https://isarder.org/index.php/ isarder/article/view/1100 google scholar
  • Álvarez, L. J. & Hurtado, S. & Sánchez, I., Thomas, C. (2011). Petrol fiyatı değişikliklerinin İspanyol ve euro bölgesi tüketici fiyat enflasyonu üzerindeki etkisi , Economic Modeling, Elsevier, Vol. 28(1-2), 422-431. google scholar
  • Asghar, N. & Naveed, T. A. (2015). Pass-Through Of World Oil Prices to Inflation: A Time Series Analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 53(2), 269-284. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26153260 google scholar
  • Baer W. & Kerstenetzky, I. & Simonsen, M.H. (1965) (1965). Transportation and Inflation: A Study of Irrational
  • Policy-Making in Brazil, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 13, 188-202. google scholar
  • Baskaya, Y.S. & Gurgur, T. & Ogunc, F. (2008). İşlenmiş Gıda Fiyatlarını Belirleyen Faktörler, Working Papers 0809, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, No:08/09. google scholar
  • Bayramoğlu, A. T. and Yurtkur, A. K. (2015). Türkiye’de Gıda ve Tarımsal Ürün Fiyatlarını Uluslararası Belirleyicileri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.15, 63-73. google scholar
  • Berument, H. & Tasci, H. (2002). Inflationary effects of crude oil prices in Turkey. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 316(1-4), 568-580. google scholar
  • Breitung, J. & Candelon, B. (2006). Testing for Short and Long-run Causality: A Frequency Domain Approach. Journal of Econometrics, 132(2), 363-378. google scholar
  • Cheng, B.S., (1999), Causality Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in India: An Application of Cointegration and Error Correction Modeling, Indian Economic Review, vol.34, 39-49. google scholar
  • Ciner, Ç. (2011). Eurocurrency Interest Rate Linkages: A Frequency Domain Analysis. International Review of Economics and Finance, Vol.20, pp. 498-505. google scholar
  • Çelik, T. & Akgül, B. (2011). Changes in fuel oil prices in Turkey an estimation of the inflation effect using VAR analysis, East west journal of economics and business, vol. 2, 11-21. google scholar
  • Çiçek, S. & Akar, C. (2013). The asymmetry of inflation adjustment in Turkey, Economic Modelling, Vol. 31, 104- 118. google scholar
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Seres with a Unit Root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol.74, 366, 427-431. google scholar
  • Erdogdu, E. (2014). Motor fuel prices in Turkey, Energy Policy, Vol. 69, 143-153. google scholar
  • Fuller, J. W. (1981). Inflationary Effects on Transportation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 456, 112-122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1044679 google scholar
  • Güngör, S. & Erer, D. (2022). Türkiye’deki Gıda Fiyatları İle Petrol Fiyatları Ve Döviz Kuru Arasındaki Doğrusal Olmayan İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Zamanla-Değişen Parametreli VAR Modelleri. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 6 (2) ,
  • 2481-2498. DOI: 10.29023/alanyaakademik.1082332 google scholar
  • Ha, J., Stocker, M.M. & Yilmazkuday, H. (2020). Inflation and Exchange Rate Pass-Through, Journal of International Money Finance, Vol. 105, 102-187. google scholar
  • Hatipoğlu, M. (2021). Neden Konut Fiyatları ile Enflasyon Arasında Nedensellik İlişkisi Yoktur. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, Vol. 10 (2), 159-166. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sid/issue/62742/881934 google scholar
  • Kıvılcım, M. (1995). An integrated analysis of Turkish inflation, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol.57(4), pp.513-531. google scholar
  • Kiracı, K. (2020). BİST Ulaştırma Endeksi İle Dolar Endeksi ve Petrol Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Olarak Analizi. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 12(22), ISSN: 2529-0029, 180-189. google scholar
  • Kozlovska, G. S. & Ciziuniene, K. (2022). The Impact of Economic Sustainability in the Transport Sector on GDP of Neighbouring Countries: Following the Example of the Baltic States. Sustainability, 14(6), 3326,
  • Avaible at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063326 google scholar
  • Köse, N. & Ünal, E. (2021). The Effects of the Oil Price and Oil Price Volatility on Inflation in Turkey, Energy, Vol. 226, 120392, ISSN 0360-5442. google scholar
  • Lee, C.C. (2005), Energy Consumption and GDP in Developing countries:A Cointegrated panel analysis, Energy Economics, 27(3), 415-427. google scholar
  • Lee, J. & Strazicich, M.C. (2003), Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks, Review ofEconomics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. google scholar
  • Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, J., & Ahmadov, F. (2019). The Impact of Oil Prices on Inflation: The Case of Azerbaijan. International Journal ofEnergy Economics and Policy, 9(4), 97-102. Retrieved from https://www. econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/7712 google scholar
  • Nazariyan, R. & Amiri, A. (2014). Asymmetry of the Oil Price Pass -Through to Inflation in Iran. International Journal ofEnergy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 457-464. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijeeep/ issue/31910/350826 google scholar
  • Özer, M., Canbay, Ş. & Kırca, M. (2021). The Impact of Container Transport on Economic Growth in Turkey an ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Research in Transportation Economics, 88(C). google scholar
  • Paksoy, S. & Yöntem, T. & Büyükçelebi, B. (2014). Konut Fiyat Endeksi Ve Enflasyon Arasındaki İlişki (TRC1, TRC2 VE TRC3 Düzey Bölgeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma) . ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi, 1(2), 54-69. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/assam/issue/32284/358478 google scholar
  • Phillips, P.C. B & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. google scholar
  • Rasasi, M.A. & Yilmaz, M. (2016). The effects of oil shocks on Turkish macroeconomic aggregates, International Journal ofEnergy Economics and Policy, 6(3), 471-476. google scholar
  • Republic of Turkey Minister of Trade, (2022). Economic Outlook, Retrieved from: https://www.trade.gov.tr/ data/602cd44013b876f918da9c8c/Economic%20Outlook%20December%202022.pdf google scholar
  • Riaz, A. & Hongbing, O. & Hashmi, S.H. & Khan, M.A. (2018). The Impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty on US Transportation Sector Stock Returns. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Vol. 8 (4), 163-170. google scholar
  • Salisu, A.A., Isah, K.O., Oyewole, O.J. and Akanni, L.O. (2017). Modelling Oil Price-Inflation Nexus: The Role of Asymmetries, Energy, Vol. 125, 97-106. google scholar
  • Shively, G. & Thapa, G. (2017). Markets, Transportation Infrastructure, and Food Prices in Nepal. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 99, 660-682, Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aaw086 google scholar
  • Shahbaz, M., Hoang, T. H. V., Mahalik, M. K., & Roubaud, D. (2017). Energy Consumption, Financial Development and Economic Growth in India: New Evidence from a Nonlinear and Asymmetric Analysis, Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), 199-212. google scholar
  • Squalli, J. (2007), Electricity consumption and economic growth: bounds and causality analyses of OPEC countries, Energy Economics, vol.29, pp. 1192-1205. google scholar
  • Stanislawska, E. (2019). Consumers’ Perception of Inflation in Inflationary and Deflationary Environment, Journal of Business Cycle Research, Vol. 15, 41-71. google scholar
  • Suparti, S. & Prahutamam, A. & Santosol, R. (2018). Modelling Inflation in Transportation, Comunication and Financial Services Using B-Spline Time Series Model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, , Vol. 1025, The 7th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Science and Its Application, Semarang, Indonesia google scholar
  • Şahin Kutlu, Ş. (2021). Türkiye’de Gıda Enflasyonunun Belirleyicileri: SVAR Modelinden Kanıtlar. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, No. 87, 581-598. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sosekev/issue/71551/1151466 google scholar
  • Tastan, H. (2015). Testing for Spectral Granger Causality. The Stata Journal, Vol.15(4), 1157-1166. google scholar
  • Tay Bayramoğlu, A. & Koç Yurtkur, A. (2016). Türkiye’de Gıda ve Tarımsal Ürün Fiyatlarını Uluslararası Belirleyicileri . Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (2), 63-73. DOI: 10.18037/ausbd.84248 google scholar
  • Toda, H. Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes, 66, 225-250. google scholar
  • Tong, T. & Yu, T.E. (2018). Transportation and economic growth in China: A heterogeneous panel cointegration and causality analysis, Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, 73(C), 120-130. google scholar
  • TurkStat (2022). Döviz Türlerine Göre İthalat. Available at: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dis- Ticaret-Istatistikleri-Agustos-2022-45543 google scholar
  • Ulusoy, A. & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de Gıda Ürünleri Fiyatlarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 45-56. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/finance/issue/61473/917936 google scholar
  • Woodward, D. & Rolfe, R. (1993). The Location of Export-Oriented Foreign Direct Investment in the Caribbean Basin. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 24, 121-144 Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/ pdf/154974.pdf google scholar
  • Zelka, A. & Yıldırım, S. K. (2021). Petrol fiyatları, GSYİH ve Döviz Kuru Değişiminin Ulaştırma Sektörüne Etkileri: BİST Ulaştırma Endeksi Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 151-173. google scholar
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Tacinur Akça 0000-0002-4071-9525

Publication Date January 30, 2023
Submission Date December 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Akça, T. (2023). Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation with Oil Prices and Exchange Rates. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1217835
AMA Akça T. Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation with Oil Prices and Exchange Rates. JEPR. January 2023;10(1):245-260. doi:10.26650/JEPR1217835
Chicago Akça, Tacinur. “Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation With Oil Prices and Exchange Rates”. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi 10, no. 1 (January 2023): 245-60. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1217835.
EndNote Akça T (January 1, 2023) Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation with Oil Prices and Exchange Rates. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi 10 1 245–260.
IEEE T. Akça, “Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation with Oil Prices and Exchange Rates”, JEPR, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 245–260, 2023, doi: 10.26650/JEPR1217835.
ISNAD Akça, Tacinur. “Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation With Oil Prices and Exchange Rates”. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi 10/1 (January 2023), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1217835.
JAMA Akça T. Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation with Oil Prices and Exchange Rates. JEPR. 2023;10:245–260.
MLA Akça, Tacinur. “Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation With Oil Prices and Exchange Rates”. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 10, no. 1, 2023, pp. 245-60, doi:10.26650/JEPR1217835.
Vancouver Akça T. Causal Relationship Between Transport Inflation with Oil Prices and Exchange Rates. JEPR. 2023;10(1):245-60.