A Comparative Analysis of E-Waste Management Systems

Abstract

Material resources are an important source of income and employment, forming the physical basis of the economy. Their value varies across countries regarding their physical and chemical characteristics, abundance, and rarity. Economic growth means increased demand for raw materials, energy, and additional natural resources. Therefore, the use of raw materials and the associated production and consumption processes have environmental, economic, and social impacts both within countries and across national boundaries. If the product life cycle is not appropriately managed, there will be an increase in the quantities that end up as waste. Indeed, today, countries are facing an increasing problem that closely concerns both the economy and the environment. This problem involves waste electrical and electronic equipment. In today’s economic landscape, e-waste is the fastest-growing type of hazardous solid waste globally. Tackling this issue necessitates international collaboration, economic incentives that safeguard labour, and management strategies that reduce adverse effects on resources, the environment, and public health. Accordingly, the main goal of this study is to investigate e-waste management practices across selected countries (Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Ghana, India, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, Türkiye, and the USA) and formulate policy recommendations.

Keywords

• E-waste
• sustainable production
• sustainable consumption
• circular economy
• eco-industrial park

References

1. Adanu, S., Gbedemah, S., & Attah, M. (2020). Challenges of adopting sustainable technologies in e-waste management at Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Heliyon, 6(8), 1-7. google scholar
2. Ahirwar, R., & Tripathi, A. (2021). E-waste management: A review of recycling process, environmental and occupational health hazards, and potential solutions. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15, 1-15. google scholar
3. Ahluwalia, P., & Nema, A. (2007). A life cycle based multi-objective optimization model for the management of computer waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 51, 792-826. google scholar
4. Aizawa, H., Yoshida, H., & Sakai, S. (2008). Current results and future perspectives for Japanese recycling of home electrical appliances. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(12), 1399-1410. google scholar
5. Akyüz, A. Ö., & Kumaş, K. (2022). Electrical and electronic wastes in the world and Türkiye: Policies and practices in Türkiye and some recommendations. International Journal of Energy Applications and Technologies, 9(3), 71–80. google scholar
6. Albuquerque, C. A., Mello, C. H. P., Gomes, J. H. F., dos Santos, V. C., & Zara, J. V. (2020). E-waste in the world today: An overview of problems and a proposal for improvement in Brazil. Environmental Quality Management, 29(3), 63–72. google scholar
7. Althaf, S., Babbitt, C., & Chen, R. (2021). The evolution of consumer electronic waste in the United States. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 25(3), 693-706. google scholar
8. Amoyaw-Osei, Y., Agyekum, O. O., Pwamang, J. A., Mueller, E., Fasko, R., & Schluep, M. (2011). Ghana e-waste country assessment. SBC e-Waste Africa Project, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), & Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). google scholar

9. Amuzu, D. (2018). Environmental injustice of informal e-waste recycling in Agbogbloshie-Accra: urban political ecology perspective. Local Environment, 23(6), 603-618. google scholar
10. An, D., Yang, Y., Chai, X., Xi, B., Dong, L., & Ren, J. (2015). Mitigating pollution of hazardous materials from WEEE of China: Portfolio selection for a sustainable future based on multi-criteria decision making. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 105, 198-210. google scholar
11. Andarani, P., & Goto, N. (2014). Potential e-waste generated from households in Indonesia using material flow analysis. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 16, 306-320. google scholar
12. Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., & Grandhi, S. (2021). An assessment of e-waste generation and environmental management of selected countries in Africa, Europe and North America: A systematic review. Science of The Total Environment, 792, 1-15. google scholar
13. Andiç, E., Yurt, Ö., & Baltacıoğlu, T. (2012). Green supply chains: Efforts and potential applications for the Turkish market. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 58, 50- 68. google scholar
14. Andrade, D. F., Romanelli, J. P., & Pereira-Filho, E. R. (2019). Past and emerging topics related to electronic waste management: Top countries, trends, and perspectives. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(17), 17135–17151. google scholar
15. Andræ, A., Andersson, D., & Liu, J. (2005). Significance of intermediate production processes in life cycle assessment of electronic products assessed using a generic compact model. Journal of Cleaner Production , 1269-1279. google scholar
16. Aras, N., Korugan, A., Büyüközkan, G., Şerifoğlu, F., Erol, I., & Velioğlu, M. (2015). Locating recycling facilities for IT-based electronic waste in Turkey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 105, 324-336. google scholar
17. Araujo, J., Pintão, R., & Watanabe Rosa, C. (2011, October). Sustainable value generation through collaborative symbiotic networks planning. 12th Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises (PRO-VE) (pp. 564–571). São Paulo, Brazil. google scholar
18. Araújo, M., Magrini, A., Mahler, C., & Bilitewski, B. (2012). A model for estimation of potential generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Brazil. Waste Management, 32, 335-342. google scholar
19. Arya, S., & Kumar, S. (2020). E-waste in India at a glance: Current trends, regulations, challenges and management strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271(122707), 1-20. google scholar
20. Asante, K., Pwamang, J., Amoyaw-Osei, Y., & Ampofo, J. (2016). E-waste interventions in Ghana. Reviews on Environmental Health, 31(1), 145-148. google scholar
21. Ashton, W., Chopra, S., & Kashyap, R. (2017). Life and Death of Industrial Ecosystems. Sustainability, 9(605), 1-15. google scholar
22. Atasu, A., & Van Wassenhove, L. (2012). An operations perspective on product take‐back legislation for e‐waste: Theory, practice, and research needs. Production and Operations Management, 21 (3), 407-422. google scholar
23. Awasthi, A. K., Wang, M., Wang, Z., Awasthi, M. K., & Li, J. (2018). E-waste management in India: A mini-review. Waste Management & Research, 36(5), 408–414. google scholar
24. Awasthi, A. K., & Li, J. (2017). Management of electrical and electronic waste: A comparative evaluation of China and India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 434–447. google scholar
25. Ayçin, E., & Kayapinar, S. (2021). Towards the circular economy: Analysis of barriers to implementation of Turkey’s zero waste management using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Waste Management & Research, 39(8), 1078-1089. google scholar
26. Azevedo, L., Silva Araújo, F., Lagarinhos, C., Tenório, J., & Espinosa, D. (2017). E-waste management and sustainability: a case study in Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(32), 25221-25232. google scholar
27. Bahers, J., & Kim, J. (2018). Regional approach of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management in France. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 129, 45-55. google scholar
28. Bain, A., Shenoy, M., Ashton, W., & Chertow, M. (2010). Industrial symbiosis and waste recovery in an Indian industrial area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1278-1287. google scholar
29. Bakri, S., Surif, S., & Ramasamy, R. (2008). A Case study of life cycle assessment (LCA) on ballast for fluorescent lamp in Malaysia. IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. Bangi: IEEE. 1-4 google scholar
30. Banar, M., Cokaygil, Z., & Ozkan, A. (2009). Life cycle assessment of solid waste management options for Eskisehir, Turkey. Waste Management, 29(1), 54–62. google scholar
31. Banar, M., Tulger, G., & Özkan, A. (2014). Plant site selection for recycling plants of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Turkey by using multi-criteria decision making methods. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 13(1), 163–172. google scholar
32. Barapatre, S., & Rastogi, M. (2021). e-Waste management: A transition towards a circular economy. In C. Baskar et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Solid Waste Management (pp. 1–23). Springer Nature Singapore. google scholar
33. Barba-Gutierrez, Y., Adenso-Diaz, B., & Hopp, M. (2008). An analysis of some environmental consequences of European electrical and electronic waste regulation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 481-495. google scholar
34. Beers, D., Corder, G., Bossilkov, A., & Berkel, R. (2007). Industrial symbiosis in the Australian minerals industry: The cases of kwinana and gladstone. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 55-72. google scholar
35. Behera, S., Kim, J., Lee, S., Suh, S., & Park, H. (2012). Evolution of ‘designed’ industrial symbiosis networks in the Ulsan Eco-industrial Park: ‘research and development into business’ as the enabling framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 103-112. google scholar
36. Bereketli, I., Genevois, M., Albayrak, Y., & Ozyol, M. (2011). WEEE treatment strategies’ evaluation using fuzzy LINMAP method. Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 71-79. google scholar
37. Berkel, R., Fujita, T., Hashimoto, S., & Fujii, M. (2009). Quantitative assessment of urban and ındustrial symbiosis in Kawasaki, Japan. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 1271-1281. google scholar
38. Bhaskar, K., & Turaga, R. M. R. (2017). India’s E-waste rules and their impact on e-waste management practices: A case study. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(4), 930–942. google scholar
39. Bi, X., Thomas, G., Jones, K., Qu, W., Sheng, G., Martin, F., & Fu, J. (2007). Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in South China. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 5647-5653. google scholar
40. Binder, C. R., Quirici, R., Domnitcheva, S., & Stäubli, B. (2008). Smart labels for waste and resource management: An integrated assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 12(2), 207–228. google scholar
41. Biedenkopf, K. (2020). E-waste policies in the United States: minimalistic federal action and fragmented subnational activities. M. Prasad, M. Vithanage, & A. Borthakur, Handbook of electronic waste management: international best practices and case studies. Butterworth-Heinemann. 577-588. google scholar
42. Billinghurst, B. (2005). E-waste: a comparative analysis of current and contemplated management efforts by the European Union and the United States. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 16, 399-428. google scholar
43. Bimir, M. N. (2020). Revisiting e-waste management practices in selected African countries. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 70(7), 659–669. google scholar
44. Bisschop, L. (2012). Is it all going to waste? Illegal transports of e-waste in a European trade hub. Crime, Law and Social Change, 58, 221-249. google scholar
45. Bo, B., & Yamamoto, K. (2010). Characteristics of e-waste recycling systems in Japan and China. International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 4(2), 89-95. google scholar
46. Borthakur, A., & Govind, A. (2017). Emerging trends in consumers E-waste disposal behavior and awareness: a worldwide overview with special focus on India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 117, 102-113. google scholar
47. Borthakur, A., & Govind, M. (2017a). How well are we managing E-waste in India: Evidences from the city of Bangalore. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 2(4), 225–235. google scholar
48. Borthakur, A., & Govind, M. (2018). Public understandings of E-waste and its disposal in urban India: From a review towards a conceptual framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 1053–1066. google scholar
49. Börner, L., & Hegger, D. (2018). Toward design principles for sound e-waste governance: A research approach illustrated with the case of the Netherlands. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 134, 271-281. google scholar
50. Branson, R. (2016). Re-constructing Kalundborg: the reality of bilateral symbiosis and other insights. Journal of Cleaner Production, 4344-4352. google scholar
51. Breivik, K., Armitage, J., Wania, F., & Jones, K. (2014). Tracking the global generation and exports of e‑waste. Do existing estimates add up? Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 8735−8743. google scholar
52. Brigden, K., Labunska, I., Santillo, D., & Allsopp, M. (2005). Recycling of electronic waste in China and India. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. google scholar
53. Cao, J., Lu, B., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Zhai, G., Zhou, G., . . . Schnoor, J. (2016). Extended producer responsibility system in China improves e-waste recycling: Government policies, enterprise, and public awareness. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 882-894. google scholar
54. Chancerel, P., Meskers, C., Hagelüken, C., & Rotter, V. (2009). Assessment of precious metal flows during preprocessing of waste electrical and electronic equipment. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13(5), 791-810. google scholar
55. Chaudhary, K., & Vrat, P. (2017). Optimal location of precious metal extraction facility (PMEF) for E-waste recycling units in National Capital Region (NCR) of India. Opsearch, 54, 441-459. google scholar
56. Chaudhary, K., & Vrat, P. (2018). Case study analysis of e-waste management systems in Germany, Switzerland, Japan and India: A RADAR chart approach. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(9), 3519–3540. google scholar
57. Chen, D., Faibil, D., & Agyemang, M. (2020). Evaluating critical barriers and pathways to implementation of e-waste formalization management systems in Ghana: a hybrid BWM and fuzzy TOPSIS approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 44561-44584. google scholar
58. Chen, M., Ogunseitan, O. A., Duan, H., Zeng, X., & Li, J. (2018). China e-waste management: Struggling for future success. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 139, 48–49. google scholar
59. Chertow, M. (2000). Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 25, 313-337. google scholar
60. Chertow, M. (2007). “Uncovering” industrial symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(1), 11-30. google scholar
61. Chertow, M., & Ehrenfeld, J. (2012). Organizing self-organizing systems: toward a theory of industrial symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13-27. google scholar
62. Chiang, S., Wei, C., Chiang, T., & Chen, W. (2011). How can electronics industries become green manufacturers in Taiwan and Japan. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 13, 37-47. google scholar
63. Choi, B., Shin, H., Lee, S., & Hur, T. (2006). Life cycle assessment of a personal computer and its effective recycling rate. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 11(2), 122-128. google scholar
64. Chung, S., & Murakami-Suzuki, R. (2008). A Comparative study of e-waste recycling systems in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan from the EPR perspective: implications for developing countries. M. Kojima, Promoting 3Rs in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Japanese Experience. Chiba.: Japan External Trade Organization. 125-145. google scholar
65. Chung, S., Lau, K., & Zhang, C. (2011). Generation of and control measures for, e-waste in Hong Kong. Waste Management, 31 , 544-554. google scholar
66. Cobbing, M. (2008). Toxic Tech: Not in Our Backyard. Uncovering the Hidden Flows of E-Waste. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. google scholar
67. Coglianese, C., & Nash, J. (2001). Environmental management systems and the new policy agenda. C. Coglianese, & J. Nash, Regulating from the Inside: Can Environmental Management Systems Achieve Policy Goals?. Washington: Resources for the Future. 1-25. google scholar
68. Cordova-Pizarro, D., Aguilar-Barajas, I., Romero, D., & Rodriguez, C. (2019). Circular economy in the electronic products sector: material flow analysis and economic impact of cellphone e-waste in Mexico. Sustainability, 11(1361), 1-18. google scholar
69. Cucchiella, F., D’Adamo, I., Koh, S., & Rosa, P. (2015). Recycling of WEEEs: An economic assessment of present and future e-waste streams. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 263-272. google scholar
70. Cui, J., & Zhang, L. (2008). Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158, 228-256. google scholar
71. ÇŞİB. (2020). Atık istatistikleri bülteni. Çevre Şehirclik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. google scholar
72. ÇŞİB. (2022).Çevresel izin ve lisans istatistikleri bülteni (2021). Çevre Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. google scholar
73. Daum, K., Stoler, J., & Grant, R. (2017). Toward a more sustainable trajectory for e-waste policy: a review of a decade of e-waste research in Accra, Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(135), 1-18. google scholar
74. Davis, G., & Herat, S. (2008). Electronic waste: the local government perspective in Queensland, Australia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(7), 1031–1039. google scholar
75. Davis, G., & Herat, S. (2010). Opportunities and constraints for developing a sustainable e-waste management system at local government level in Australia. Waste Management & Research, 28, 705-713. google scholar
76. Davis, G., & Wolski, M. (2009). E-waste and the sustainable organisation: Griffith University’s approach to e-waste. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 10(1), 21–32. google scholar
77. Demajorovıc, J., Augusto, E., & Souza, M. (2016). Reverse logistics of e-waste in developing countries: challenges and prospects for the Brazilian model. Ambiente & Sociedade, 19, 117-136. google scholar
78. Dempsey, M., & McIntyre, K. (2009). The role of collective versus individual producer responsibility in e-waste management: key learnings from around the world. R. Hester, & R. Harrison, Electronic Waste Management, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 212-235. google scholar
79. Deng, L., Babbitt, C., & Williams, E. (2011). Economic-balance hybrid LCA extended with uncertainty analysis: case study of a laptop computer. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19, 1198-1206. google scholar
80. Deubzer, O. (2011). E-waste management in Germany. United Nations University – Institute for Sustainability and Peace. google scholar
81. Dias, P., Palomero, J., Cenci, M., Scarazzato, T., & Bernardes, A. (2022). Electronic waste in Brazil: generation, collection, recycling and the covid pandemic. Cleaner Waste Systems, 3(100022), 1-13. google scholar
82. Dimitrakakis, E., Janz, A., Bilitewski, B., & Gidarakos, E. (2009). Small WEEE: determining recyclables and hazardous substances in plastics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(2–3), 913–919. google scholar
83. Doan, L., Amer, Y., Lee, S., & Phuc, P. (2019). Strategies for e-waste management: a literature review. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 13 (3), 157-162. google scholar
84. Dollisson, C., Vasconi, C., & Baker, B. (2017). Review of the product stewardship act and national television and computer recycling scheme. Australia: Australia and New Zealand Recycling Platform Limited. google scholar
85. Domenech, T., Bleischwitz, R., Doranova, A., Panayotopoulos, D., & Roman, L. (2019). Mapping Industrial Symbiosis Development in Europe typologies of networks, characteristics, performance and contribution to the Circular Economy. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 141, 76-98. google scholar
86. Duan, H., Eugster, M., Hischier, R., Streicher-Porte, M., & Li, J. (2009). Life cycle assessment study of a Chinese desktop personal computer. Science of the Total Environment, 1755-1764. google scholar
87. Dutta, D., & Goel, S. (2021). Understanding the gap between formal and informal e-waste recycling facilities in India. Waste Management, 125, 163–171. google scholar
88. Duygan, M., & Meylan, G. (2015). Strategic management of WEEE in Switzerland- combining material flow analysis with structural analysis. Resource, Conservation & Recycling, 103, 98-109. google scholar
89. Dwivedy, M., & Mittal, R. (2010). Estimation of future outflows of e-waste in India. Waste Management, 30, 483-491. google scholar
90. Dwivedy, M., & Mittal, R. K. (2010a). Future trends in computer waste generation in India. Waste Management, 30(11), 2265–2277. google scholar
91. Dwivedy, M., & Mittal, R. K. (2012). An investigation into e-waste flows in India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 37, 229–242. google scholar
92. Dwivedy, M., Suchde, P., & Mittal, R. K. (2015). Modeling and assessment of e-waste take-back strategies in India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 96, 11–18. google scholar
93. Dzah, C., Agyapong, J., Apprey, M., Agbevanu, K., & Kagbetor, P. (2022). Assessment of perceptions and practices of electronic waste management among commercial consumers in Ho, Ghana. Sustainable Environment, 8(1), 1-16. google scholar
94. Ehrenfeld, J., & Gertler, N. (1997). Industrial ecology in practice: the evolution of interdependence at Kalundborg. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 67-79. google scholar
95. Eilering, J., & Vermeulen, W. (2004). Eco-industrial parks: toward industrial symbiosis and utility sharing in practice. Progress in Industrial Ecology, 1, 245-270. google scholar
96. Elisha, H. (2010). Addressing the e-waste crisis: the need for comprehensive federal e-waste regulation within the united states. Chapman Law Review, 14(1), 195-237. google scholar
97. Erdoğan, M., Küçük, Y., & Kaya, İ. (2015). A hybrid fuzzy decision making procedure to select among outsourcing alternatives for waste of electrical and electronic equipment. International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, 5(1), 65-70. google scholar
98. Erol, İ., Velioğlu, M., Şerifoğlu, F., Büyüközkan, G., Aras, N., Çakar, N., & Korugan, A. (2010). Exploring reverse supply chain management practices in Turkey, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 15(1), 43-54. google scholar
99. EurActiv. (2009). EU starts screening raw materials ‘critical list’. EU - European Information on Sustainable Dev. [https://www.euractiv.com/section/sustainable-dev/news/eu-starts-screening-raw-materials-critical-list/](https://www.euractiv.com/section/sustainable-dev/news/eu-starts-screening-raw-materials-critical-list/) (Access date: 19.04.2023). google scholar
100. Eygen, E., Meester, S., Tran, H., & Dewulf, J. (2016). Resource savings by urban mining: The case of desktop and laptop computers in Belgium. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 107, 53-64. google scholar
101. Ezroj, A. (2010). How the European Union's WEEE & RoHS Directives can help the United States develop a successful national e-waste strategy. Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 28(1), 45–78. google scholar
102. Faibil, D., Asante, R., Agyemang, M., Addaney, M., & Baah, C. (2023). Extended producer responsibility in developing economies: Assessment of promoting factors through retail electronic firms for sustainable e-waste management. Waste Management & Research, 41(1), 117-142. google scholar
103. Favot, M., Veit, R., & Massarutto, A. (2018). The ratio of EPR compliance fees on sales revenues of electrical and electronic equipment in Italy. A circular economy perspective. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 135, 34-37. google scholar
104. Fayustov, A. (2020). E-Waste management in a global digital economy. Earth and Environmental Science, 459, 1-7. google scholar
105. Fernando, K. J. S., & Rupasinghe, T. D. (2016). A conceptual framework for e-waste management through reverse logistics: A case study from Australia. International Journal of Operations and Logistics Management, 5(4), 190–211. google scholar
106. Fehm, S. (2011). From iPod to e-waste: building a successful framework for extended producer responsibility in the United States. Public Contract Law Journal, 41, 173-195. google scholar
107. Fishbein, B. (2002). Waste in the wireless world: the challenge of cell phones. New York: INFORM Inc. [https://p2infohouse.org/ref/19/18713.htm](https://p2infohouse.org/ref/19/18713.htm) (Access date: 14.02.2023). google scholar
108. Ford, P., Santos, E., Ferrã o, P., Margarido, F., Vliet, K., & Olivetti, E. (2016). Economics of end-of-life materials recovery: a study of small appliances and computer devices in Portugal. Environmental Science & Technology, 50, 4854−4862. google scholar
109. Ganguly, R. (2016). E-waste management in India – An overview. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 9(2), 574–588. google scholar
110. Garlapati, V. K. (2016). E-waste in India and developed countries: Management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 874–881. google scholar
111. Geng, Y., & Côté, R. (2002). Scavengers and decomposers in an eco-industrial park. The International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 9(4), 333-340. google scholar
112. Glasbergen, P. (1998.). The question of environmental governance. P. Glasbergen, Co-Operative Environmental Governance: Public-Private Agreements as a Policy Strategy. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 1-18. google scholar
113. Golev, A., & Corder, G. (2017). Quantifying metal values in e-waste in Australia: The value chain perspective. Minerals Engineering, 107, 81-87. google scholar
114. Golev, A., Corder, G. D., & Rhamdhani, M. A. (2019). Estimating flows and metal recovery values of waste printed circuit boards in Australian e-waste. Minerals Engineering, 137, 171–176. google scholar
115. Golev, A., Schmeda-Lopez, D., Smart, S., Corder, G., & McFarland, E. (2016). Where next on e-waste in Australia? Waste Management, 58, 348-358. google scholar
116. Goosey, M. (2009). Introduction and Overview. R. Hester, & R. Harrison, Electronic waste management. Cambridge: RSC Publishing. 1-39. google scholar
117. Gottberg, A., Morris, J., Pollard, S., Mark-Herbert, C., & Cook, M. (2006). Producer responsibility, waste minimisation and the WEEE Directive: Case studies in eco-design from the European lighting sector. Science of the Total Environment, 359, 38- 56. google scholar
118. Grant, R., & Oteng-Ababio, M. (2012). Mapping the invisible and real “African” economy: Urban e-waste circuitry. Urban Geography, 33(1), 1–21. google scholar
119. Grant, R., & Oteng-Ababio, M. (2021). Formalising E-waste in Ghana: An emerging landscape of fragmentation and enduring barriers. Development Southern Africa, 38(1), 73-86. google scholar
120. Gregory, J., & Kirchain, R. (2007). A comparison of North American electronics recycling systems. Electronics & the Environment, Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on IEEE, 227-232. google scholar
121. Grigg, J. (2004). Environmental toxins; their impact on children’s health. Archives of disease in childhood, 89, 244-250. google scholar
122. Gu, Y., Wu , Y., Xu, M., Wang, H., & Zuo, T. (2017). To realise better extended producer responsibility: redesign of WEEE fund mode in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 347-356. google scholar
123. Guarnieri, P., Silva, L., & Vieira, B. (2020). How to assess reverse logistics of e-waste considering a multicriteria perspective? A model proposition. Logistics, 4(25), 1-29. google scholar
124. Guo, B., Geng, Y., Sterr, T., Dong, L., & Liu, Y. (2016). Evaluation of promoting industrial symbiosis in a chemical industrial park: A case of Midong. Journal of Cleaner Production, 995-1008. google scholar
125. Guo, X., & Yan, K. (2017). Estimation of obsolete cellular phones generation: A case study of China. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 321-329. google scholar
126. Guo, X., Zhang, Y., & Xu, K. (2016a). Metallurgical recovery of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in PRC. R. Izatt, Metal Sustainability: Global Challenges, Consequences, and Prospects. Oxford: Wiley. 151-168. google scholar
127. Gurauskiene, I., & Stasiskiene, Z. (2011). Application of material flow analysis to estimate the efficiency of e-waste management systems: the case of Lithuania. Waste Management & Research, 29(7), 763-777. google scholar
128. Habuer, Nakatani, J., & Moriguchi, Y. (2014). Time-series product and substance flow analyses of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment in China. Waste Management, 34, 489-497. google scholar
129. Hagelüken, C. (2006). Improving metal returns and eco-efficiency in electronics recycling - A holistic approach for interface optimisation between. IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. Scottsdale, AZ, USA. 218-223. google scholar
130. Hanselman, S., & Pegah, M. (2007). The wild wild waste: e-waste. Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM SIGUCCS fall conference, 157-162. google scholar
131. He, K., Li, L., & Ding, W. (2008). Research on recovery logistics network of waste electronic and electrical equipment in China. IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (pp. 1797–1802). IEEE. google scholar
132. Heacock, M., Kelly, C. B., Anson, K., Birnbaum, L. S., Bergman, Å. L., Bruné, M.-N., . . . Suk, W. A. (2016). E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: a growing global problem. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(5), 550-555. google scholar
133. Heeres, R., Vermeulen, W., & Walle, F. (2004). Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12, 985-995. google scholar
134. Herat, S. (2021). E‑waste management in the Asia Pacific Region: review of issues, challenges and solutions. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 20(1), 45–53. google scholar
135. Hickle, G. (2014). An examination of governance within extended producer responsibility policy regimes in North America. Resources, Conservation and Recycling , 55-65. google scholar
136. Hischier, R., & Baudin, I. (2010). LCA study of a plasma television device. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15, 428-438. google scholar
137. Hischier, R., Wäger, P., & Gauglhofer, J. (2005). Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective? The environmental impacts of the Swiss takeback and recycling systems for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25(5), 525-539. google scholar
138. Hong, J., Shi, W., Wang, Y., Chen, W., & Li, X. (2015). Life cycle assessment of electronic waste treatment. Waste Management , 357-36. google scholar
139. Horne, R. E., & Gertsakis, J. (2006). A literature review on the environmental and health impacts of waste electrical and electronic equipment. Ministry for the Environment, Government of New Zealand. google scholar
140. Hotta, Y., Santo, A., & Tasaki, T. (2014). EPR-Based electronic home appliance recycling system under home appliance recycling act of Japan. Japan: Institute of Global Environmental Strategies. google scholar
141. Huisman, J., & Magalini, F. (2007). Where are WEEE now? Lessons from WEEE: will EPR work for the US? Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. USA: Orlando: IEEE. 149-154. google scholar
142. Huisman, J., Magalini, F., Kuehr, R., Maurer, C., Ogilvie, S., Poll, J., . . . Stevels, A. (2008). 2008 Review of Directive 2002/96 on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. ENV.G.4/ETU/2006/0032. Bonn/Bilbao/Szentendre/Delft: United Nations University. google scholar
143. Huisman, J., Stevels, A., Baldé, K., Magalini, F., & Kuehr, R. (2019). The e-waste development cycle part I, introduction and country status. V. Goodship, A. Stevels, & J. Huisman, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Handbook. Duxford: Elsevier. 17-56. google scholar
144. Huisman, J., Stevels, A., Marinelli, T., & Magalini, F. (2006). Where did WEEE go wrong in Europe? Practical and academic lessons for the US. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. USA: Scottsdale: IEEE. 83-88. google scholar
145. Hula, A., Jalali, K., Hamza, K., Skerlos, S., & Satiou, K. (2003). Multi-criteria decision-making for optimization of product disassembly under multiple situations. Environmental Science & Technology, 37, 5303-5313. google scholar
146. Huo, X., Peng, L., Xu, X., Zheng, L., Qiu, B., Qi, Z., . . . Piao, Z. (2007). Elevated blood lead levels of children in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling town in China. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(7), 1113-1117. google scholar
147. Ilankoon, I., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M., Herath, G., Moyo, T., & Petersen, J. (2018). E-waste in the international context - A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management, 82, 258-275. google scholar
148. Islam, M. T., & Huda, N. (2018). Reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)/e-waste: A comprehensive literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 137, 48–75. google scholar
149. Islam, M. T., & Huda, N. (2019). Material flow analysis (MFA) as a strategic tool in e-waste management: applications, trends and future directions. Journal of Environmental Management, 244, 344–361. google scholar
150. Islam, M. T., & Huda, N. (2020). Reshaping WEEE management in Australia: An investigation on the untapped WEEE products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 250(119496), 1-22. google scholar
151. Jacobsen, N. (2006). Industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg, Denmark: a quantitative assessment of economic and environmental aspects. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 239-255. google scholar
152. Jang, Y., & Kim, M. (2010). Management of used & end-of-life mobile phones in Korea: a review. Resources, Conservation and recycling, 55(1), 11-19. google scholar
153. Jeyaraj, P. (2021). Management of e-waste in India – Challenges and recommendations. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 11(2), 193–218. google scholar
154. Jody, B., Daniels, E., Duranceau, C., Pomykala, J., & Spangenberger, J. (2010). End-of-life vehicle recycling: state of the art of resource recovery from shredder residue. Oak Ridge: Argonne National Laboratory. google scholar
155. Kahhat, R., & Williams, E. (2012). Materials flow analysis of e-waste: Domestic flows and exports of used computers from the United States. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 67, 67-74. google scholar
156. Kahhat, R., Kim, J., Xu, M., Allenby, B., Williams, E., & Zhang, P. (2008). Exploring e-waste management systems in the United States. Resources, conservation and recycling, 52(7), 955-964. google scholar
157. Kalmykova, Y., Patrício, J., Rosado, L., & EO, B. (2015). Out with the old, out with the new - The effect of transitions in TVs and monitors technology on consumption and WEEE generation in Sweden 1996-2014. Waste Management, 46, 511-522. google scholar
158. Kaur, H., & Goel, S. (2016). E-waste legislations in India—A critical review. Management and Labour Studies, 41(1), 63–69. google scholar
159. Kautto, P. (2006). New ınstruments - old practices? The implications of environmental management systems and extended producer responsibility for design for the environment. Business Strategy and the Environment, 377-388. google scholar
160. Kaya, İ. (2012). Evaluation of outsourcing alternatives under fuzzy environment for waste management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 60, 107- 118. google scholar
161. Kazancoglu, Y., Ozbiltekin, M., Ozen, Y., & Sagnak, M. (2020). A proposed sustainable and digital collection and classification center model to manage e-waste in emerging economies. Manage e-waste in emerging economies, 267-291. google scholar
162. Kellenberg, D. (2012). Trading wastes. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 64, 68-87. google scholar
163. Kiddee, P., Naidu, R., & Wong, M. H. (2013). Electronic waste management approaches: An overview. Waste Management, 33, 1237-1250. google scholar
164. Kim, H. (2007). Building an eco-industrial park as a public project in South Korea. The Stakeholders’ understanding of and involvement in the project. Sustainable Development, 357-369. google scholar
165. Kim, H., Jang, Y.-C., Hwang, Y., Ko, Y., & Yun, H. (2018). End-of-life batteries management and material flow analysis in South Korea. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(3), 1-12. google scholar
166. Kim, J., Hwang, Y., & Park, K. (2009). An assessment of the recycling potential of materials based on environmental and economic factors; case study in South Korea. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 1264-1271. google scholar
167. Kim, J., Hwang, Y., Matthews, H., & Park, K. (2004). Methodology for recycling potential evaluation criterion of waste home appliances considering environmental and economic factor. International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. IEEE. 68-73. google scholar
168. Kim, S., Hwang, T., & Overcash, M. (2001). Life cycle assessment study of color computer monitor. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 35-43. google scholar
169. Kollikkathara, N., Feng, H., & Stern, E. (2009). A purview of waste management evolution: Special emphasis on USA. Waste management, 29(2), 974-985. google scholar
170. Kunz, N., Mayers, K., & Van Wassenhove, L. (2018). Stakeholder views on extended producer responsibility and the circular economy. California Management Review, 60(3), 45-70. google scholar
171. Kuper, J., & Hojsik, M. (2008). Poisoning the poor: electronic waste in ghana. Amsterdam: Greenpeace. google scholar
172. Kwatra, S., Pandey, S., & Sharma, S. (2014). Understanding public knowledge and awareness on e-waste in an urban setting in India: A case study for Delhi. Management of Environmental Quality, 25(6), 752-765. google scholar
173. Lam, C., Lim, S., & Schoenung, J. (2013). Linking material flow analysis with environmental impact potential dynamic technology transition effects on projected e-waste in the United States. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 299-309. google scholar
174. Lambert, A., & Boons, F. (2002). Eco-industrial parks: stimulating sustainable development in mixed industrial parks. Technovation, 471-484. google scholar
175. Lebbie, T., Moyebi, O., Asante, K., Fobil, J., Brune-Drisse, M., Suk, W., . . . Carpenter, D. (2021). E-Waste in Africa: A serious threat to the health of children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 1-25. google scholar
176. Leclerc, S. H., & Badami, M. G. (2020). Extended producer responsibility for E-waste management: Policy drivers and challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, 119657. google scholar
177. Lee, J., Song, H., & Yoo, J. (2007). Present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 50, 380-397. google scholar
178. Lee, S., & Na, S. (2010). E-waste recycling systems and sound circulative economies in East Asia: A comparative analysis of systems in Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan. Sustainability, 2(6), 1632-1644. google scholar
179. Leung, A., Cai, Z., & Wong, M. (2006). Environmental contamination from electronic waste recycling at Guiyu, southeast China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8, 21-33. google scholar
180. Leung, A., Duzgoren-Aydin, N., Cheung, K., & Wong, M. (2008). Heavy metals concentrations of surface dust from e-waste recycling and its human health ımplications in southeast China. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 2674-2680. google scholar
181. Li, J., Pan, S., Kim, H., Linn, J., & Chiang, P. (2015). Building green supply chains in eco-industrial parks towards a green economy: barriers and strategies. Journal of Environmental Management, 162, 158-170. google scholar
182. Li, J., Tian, B., Liu, T., Liu, H., Wen, X., & Honda, S. (2006). Status quo of e-waste management in mainland China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(1), 13-20. google scholar
183. Lindhqvist, T. (2000). Extended producer responsibility in cleaner production-policy principle to promote environmental improvements of product systems. PhD Thesis. Lund: Lund University. google scholar
184. Liu, G., Xu, Y., Tian , T., Wang, T., & Liu, Y. (2020). The impacts of China’s fund policy on waste electrical and electronic equipment utilisation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251(119582), 1-7. google scholar
185. Liu, H., Yang, M., Zhou, M., & Tian, G. (2019). An integrated multi-criteria decision making approach to location planning of electric vehicle charging stations. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 20(1), 362-373. google scholar
186. Liu, L., Liang, Y., Song, Q., & Li, J. (2017). A review of waste prevention through 3R under the concept of circular economy in China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19(3), 1314–1323. google scholar
187. Liu, M., Li, H., Chen, P., Song, A., Peng, P., Hu, J., . . . Ying, G. (2022). PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs in sediments from the river encompassing Guiyu, a typical e-waste recycling zone of China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 241, 1-11. google scholar
188. Liu, X., Tanaka, M., & Matsui, Y. (2006). Electrical and electronic waste management in China: progress and the barriers to overcome. Waste Management & Research, 24(1), 92-101. google scholar
189. Liu, X., Tanaka, M., & Matsui, Y. (2006a). Generation amount prediction and material flow analysis of electronic waste: a case study in Beijing, China. Waste management & research, 24, 434-445. google scholar
190. Liwarska-Bizukojc, E., Bizukojc, M., Marcinkowski, A., & Doniec, A. (2009). The conceptual model of an eco-industrial park based upon ecological relationships. Journal of Cleaner Production, 732-741. google scholar
191. Lodhia, S., Martin, N., & Rice, J. (2017). Extended producer responsibility for waste televisions and computers: A regulatory evaluation of the Australian experience. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 927-938. google scholar
192. Long, Y., Feng, Y., Cai, S., Ding, W., & Shen, D. (2013). Flow analysis of heavy metals in a pilot-scale incinerator for residues from waste electrical and electronic equipment dismantling. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 427- 434. google scholar
193. Lu, C., Zhang, L., Zhong, Y., Ren, W., Tobias, M., Mu, Z., . . . Xue, B. (2015). An overview of e-waste management in China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 17(1), 1-12. google scholar
194. Lu, L., Wernick, I., Hsiao, T., Yu, Y., Yang, Y., & Ma, H. (2006). Balancing the life cycle impacts of notebook computers: Taiwan’s experience. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48, 13-25. google scholar
195. Luo, Y., Luo, X., Lin, Z., Chen, S., Liu, J., Mai, B., & Yang, Z. (2009). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in road and farmland soils from an e-waste recycling region in Southern China: concentrations, source profiles, and potential dispersion and deposition. Science of the Total Environment, 407(3), 1105-1113. google scholar
196. Mannino, I., Ninka, E., Turvani, M., & Chertow, M. (2015). The decline of eco-industrial development in Porto Marghera, Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286-296. google scholar
197. Manomaivibool, P. (2009). Extended producer responsibility in a non-OECD context: the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment in India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(3), 136-144. google scholar
198. Manomaivibool, P., & Vassanadumrongdee, S. (2011). Extended producer responsibility in Thailand: prospects for policies on waste electrical and electronic equipment. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15(2), 185-205. google scholar
199. Massarutto, A. (2014). The long and winding road to resource efficiency - An interdisciplinary perspective on extended producer responsibility. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 85, 11-21. google scholar
200. Mathews, J., & Tan, H. (2011). Progress toward a circular economy in China: the drivers (and Inhibitors) of eco-industrial initiative. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 435-457. google scholar
201. Mayers, C., France, C., & Cowell, S. (2005). Extended producer responsibility for waste electronics: an example of printer recycling in the United Kingdom. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 9(3), 169-189. google scholar
202. Mayyas, A., Qattawi, A., Omar, M., & Shan, D. (2012). Design for sustainability in automotive industry: a comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 1845-1862. google scholar
203. Mazon, M., Azevedo, A., Pereira, N., & Silveira, M. (2012). Does environmental regulation foster the diffusion of collaborative innovations? A study on electronics waste regulation on Brazil. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 52, 259-268. google scholar
204. McKerlie, K., Knight, N., & Thorpe, B. (2006). Advancing extended producer responsibility in Canada. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 616-628. google scholar
205. Meadowcroft, J. (1998.). Co-operative management regimes: a way forward? G. P., Co-Operative Environmental Governance: Public-Private Agreements as a Policy Strategy. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 21-42. google scholar
206. Meskers, C., & Hagelüken, C. (2009). Closed loop WEEE recycling? Challenges and opportunities for a global recycling society. Extraction & Processing Division. San Francisco: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. 1049-1054. google scholar
207. Migliano, J. E. B., Demajorovic, J., & Xavier, L. H. (2014). Shared responsibility and reverse logistics systems for e-waste in Brazil. Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management, 7(2), 91–109. google scholar
208. Mundada, M., Kumar, S., & Shekdar, A. (2004). E‐waste: a new challenge for waste management in India. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 61(3), 265-279. google scholar
209. Munoz, I., Gazulla, C., Bala, A., Puig, R., & Fullana, P. (2009). LCA and ecodesign in the toy industry: case study of a teddy bear incorporating electric and electronic components. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 64-72. google scholar
210. Murthy, V., & Ramakrishna, S. (2022). A review on global e-waste management: urban mining towards a sustainable future and circular economy. Sustainability, 1-18. google scholar
211. Nakamura, S., & Kondo, Y. (2006). A waste input-output life-cycle cost analysis of the recycling of end-of-life electrical home appliances. Ecological Economics, 57(3), 494-506. google scholar
212. Neto, J., Silva, M., & Santos, S. (2019). A mini-review of e-waste management in Brazil: perspectives and challenges. Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 47, 1-10. google scholar
213. Nnorom, I., & Osibanjo, O. (2008). Electronic waste (e-waste): Material flows and management practices in Nigeria. Waste Management, 28, 1472-1479. google scholar
214. OECD. (2021). Environment at a Glance Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. [https://doi.org/10.1787/f5670a8d-en](https://doi.org/10.1787/f5670a8d-en) (Access date: 04.05.2021). google scholar
215. Olds, L. (2012). Curb your e-waste: Why the United States should control its electronic exports. The Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, 20, 827-874. google scholar
216. Oliveira, J. D., Oliveira Neto, J. F., Silva, M. M., & Santos, S. M. (2020). E-waste mistakenly disposed of as recyclable waste: A case study from Brazil. Clean – Soil, Air, Water, 48(11), 1-10. google scholar
217. Oliveira Neto, G., Correia, A., & Schroeder, A. (2017). Economic and environmental assessment of recycling and reuse of electronic waste: Multiple case studies in Brazil and Switzerland. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 127, 42-55. google scholar
218. Oliveira Vieira, B., Guarnieri, P., Silva , L., & Alfinito, S. (2020). Prioritizing barriers to be solved to the implementation of reverse logistics of e-waste in brazil under a multicriteria decision aid approach. Sustainability, 12(10), 1-30. google scholar
219. Oliveira, C., Bernardes, A., & Gerbase, A. (2012). Collection and recycling of electronic scrap: A worldwide overview and comparison with the Brazilian situation. Waste management, 32(8), 1592-1610. google scholar
220. Ongondo, F., Williams, I., & Cherrett, T. (2011). How are WEEE doing? A global review of the management of electrical and electronic wastes. Waste Management, 31(4), 714-730. google scholar
221. Oteng-Ababio, M. (2012). When necessity begets ingenuity: e-waste scavenging as a livelihood strategy in Accra, Ghana. African Studies Quarterly, 13, 1-21. google scholar
222. Oteng-Ababio, M., & Amankwaa, E. (2014). The E-waste conundrum: balancing evidence from the North and on-the-ground developing countries’ realities for improved management. African Review of Economics and Finance, 6(1), 181-204. google scholar
223. Oteng-Ababio, M., Amankwaa, E. F., & Chama, M. A. (2014). The local contours of scavenging for e-waste and higher-valued constituent parts in Accra, Ghana. Habitat International, 43, 163–171. google scholar
224. Oteng-Ababio, M., & Grant, R. (2019). Ideological traces in Ghana’s urban plans: How do traces get worked out in the Agbogbloshie, Accra? Habitat International, 83, 1–10. google scholar
225. Oteng-Ababio, M., & Grant, R. (2020). E-waste recycling slum in the heart of Accra, Ghana: the dirty secrets. M. Prasad, M. Vithanage, & A. Borthakur, Handbook of Electronic Waste Management: International Best Practices and Case Studies. Butterworth-Heinemann. 553-576. google scholar
226. Owusu-Sekyere, E., Peprah, K., & Demuyakor, R. (2018). Exploring the dynamics of E-waste disposal strategies in tamale, Ghana. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 15(2), 168-192. google scholar
227. Owusu-Sekyere, K., Batteiger, A., Afoblikame, R., Hafner, G., & Kranert, M. (2022). Assessing data in the informal e-waste sector: The Agbogbloshie Scrapyard. Waste Management, 139, 158-167. google scholar
228. Owusu-Twum, M., Kumi-Amoah, G., Heve, W., Lente, I., Owusu, S., Larbi, L., & Amfo-Otu, R. (2022). Electronic waste control and management in Ghana: A critical assessment of the law, perceptions and practices. Waste Management & Research, 40(12), 1794-1802. google scholar
229. Ozkan, E., Elginoz, N., & Babuna, F. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a printed circuit board manufacturing plant in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 26801-26808. google scholar
230. Özkır, V. Ç., Efendigil, T., Demirel, T., Demirel, N. Ç., Deveci, M., & Topçu, B. (2015). A three-stage methodology for initiating an effective management system for electronic waste in Turkey. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 96, 61–70. google scholar
231. Öztürk, T. (2015). Generation and management of electrical-electronic waste (e-waste) in Turkey. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 17(3), 411-421. google scholar
232. Panchal, R., Singh, A., & Diwan, H. (2021). Economic potential of recycling e-waste in India and its impact on import of materials. Resources Policy, 74, 102264. google scholar
233. Panyathanakun, V., Tantayanon, S., Tingsabhat, C., & Charmondusit, K. (2013). Development of eco-industrial estates in Thailand: initiatives in the northern region community-based eco-industrial estate. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 71-79. google scholar
234. Parajuly, K., Habib, K., Cimpan, C., Liu, G., & Wenzel, H. (2016). End-of-life resource recovery from emerging electronic products - A case study of robotic vacuum cleaners. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 652-666. google scholar
235. Park, K., Rene, E., Choi, S., & Chiu, A. (2008). Strategies for sustainable development of industrial park in Ulsan, South Korea-From spontaneous evolution to systematic expansion of industrial symbiosis. Journal of Environmental Management , 1-13. google scholar
236. Park, J.-E., Kang, Y.-Y., Kim, W.-I., Jeon, T.-W., Shin, S.-K., Jeong, M.-J., & Kim, J.-G. (2014). Emission of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in use of electric/electronic equipment and recycling of e-waste in Korea. Science of the Total Environment, 470–471, 1414–1421. google scholar
237. Park, P., Tahara, K., Jeong, I., & Lee, K. (2006). Comparison of four methods for integrating environmental and economic aspects in the end-of-life stage of a washing machine. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 71-85. google scholar
238. Pascale, A., Sosa, A., Bares, C., Battocletti, A., Moll, M., Pose, D., . . . Feola, G. (2016). E-waste ınformal recycling: an emerging source of lead exposure in South America. Annals of global health, 82(1), 197-201. google scholar
239. Peagram, R., Williams, I., Curran, T., Mueller, S., den Boer, E., Kopacek, B., . . . Musterle, J. (2014). Business to business end‐of‐life it industrial networks. Waste and Resource Management, 167(WR4), 178-192. google scholar
240. Perkins, D., Drisse, M., Nxele, T., & Sly, P. (2014). E-waste: a global hazard. Annals of global health, 80(4), 286-295. google scholar
241. Pollock, D., & Coulon, R. (1996). Life cycle assessment of an inkjet print cartridge. International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. USA: Dallas: IEEE. 154-160. google scholar
242. Prakash, S., Manhart, A., Amoyaw-Osei, Y., & Agyekum, O. O. (2010). Socio-economic assessment and feasibility study on sustainable e-waste management in Ghana. Institute of Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut e.V.). google scholar
243. Prek, M. (2004). Environmental impact and life cycle assessment of heating and air conditioning systems, a simplified case study. Energy and Buildings, 1021-1027. google scholar
244. Premalatha, M., Tabassum-Abbasi, Abbasi, T., & Abbasi, S. (2014). The generation, impact, and management of e-waste: state of the art. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 1577-1678. google scholar
245. Puckett, J., & Smith, T. (2002). Exporting harm: the high-tech trashing of Asia. Seattle: Basel Action Network; Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. google scholar
246. Puckett, J., Westervelt, S., Gutierrez, R., & Takamiya, Y. (2005). The digital dump. Exporting re-use and abuse to Africa. Seattle: Report from the Basel Action Network. google scholar
247. Qu, Y., Wang, W., Liu, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2019). Understanding residents’ preferences for e-waste collection in China - A case study of waste mobile phones. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 52-62. google scholar
248. Quaye, W., Akon-Yamga, G., Daniels, S., Ting, B., & Asante, A. (2019). Transformation, innovation learning history of Ghana’s e-waste management system. UK: CSIR-STEPRI-MESTI. google scholar
249. Queiruga, D., Walther, G., Gonzalez-Benito, J., & Spengler, T. (2008). Evaluation of sites for the location of WEEE recycling plants in Spain. Waste Management, 28, 181-190. google scholar
250. Rasheed, R., Rizwan, A., Javed, H., Sharif, F., Yasar, A., Tabinda, A., . . . Su, Y. (2022). Analysis of environmental sustainability of e‑waste in developing countries - a case study from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 36721-36739. google scholar
251. Rautela, R., Arya, S., Vishwakarma, S., Lee, J., Kim, K., & Kumar, S. (2021). E-waste management and its effects on the environment and human health. Science of the Total Environment, 773, 1-16. google scholar
252. Reuter, M., & Verhoef, E. (2004). A dynamic model for the assessment of the replacement of lead in solders. Journal of Electronic Materials, 33, 1567-1580. google scholar
253. Rhee, S. (2016). Beneficial use practice of e-wastes in Republic of Korea. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 707-714. google scholar
254. Robinson, B. (2009). E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 183-191. google scholar
255. Rochat, D., Hagelüken, C., Keller, M., & Widmer, R. (2007). Optimal recycling for printed wiring boards (PWBs) in India. R07 World Conference - Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource. Davos. google scholar
256. Rodriguez-Bello, L., & Estupinian-Escalante, E. (2020). The impact of waste of electrical and electronic equipment public police in Latin America: analysis of the physical, economical, and information flow. M. Prasad, M. Vithanage, & A. Borthakur, Handbook of Electronic Waste Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 397-419. google scholar
257. Roller, G., & Führ, M. (2008). Individual producer responsibility: a remaining challenge under the WEEE Directive. RECIEL, 17(3), 277-283. google scholar
258. Rossem, C., Tojo, N., & Lindhqvist, T. (2006). Extended producer responsibility: an examination of its impact on innovation and greening products. Lund: Greenpeace International, Friends of the Earth and the European Environmental Bureau (EEB). google scholar
259. Rotter, V., Chancerel, P., & Schill, W. (2009). Implementing individual producer responsibility (IPR) under the European WEEE directive - experiences in Germany. IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology. USA. 1-6. google scholar
260. Rousis, K., Moustakas, K., Malamis, S., Papadopoulos, A., & Loizidou, M. (2008). Multi-criteria analysis for the determination of the best WEEE management scenario in Cyprus. Waste Management, 28, 1941-1954. google scholar
261. Rucevska, I., Nellemann, C., Isarin, N., Yang, W., Liu, N., Yu, K., . . . Nilsen, R. (2015). Waste crime - waste risks: Gaps in meeting the global waste challenge. Birkeland: GRID-Arendal & UNEP. google scholar
262. Sachs, N. (2006). Planning the funeral at the birth: extended producer responsibility in the European Union and the United States. Environmental Law Review, 51-98. google scholar
263. Santos, S., & Ogunseitan, O. (2022). E-waste management in Brazil: challenges and opportunities of a reverse logistics model. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 102671, 1-5. google scholar
264. Satake, K., & Oishi, S. (1998). LCA for electronic products. A case study for CD-ROM drives. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. Kanagawa: IEEE. 176-179. google scholar
265. Scharnhorst, W., Althaus, H., Classen, M., Jolliet, O., & Hilty, L. (2005). The end of life treatment of second generation mobile phone networks: Strategies to reduce the environmental impact. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25, 540- 566. google scholar
266. Schluep, M., Dittke, S., Newson, G., Kane, C., & Hieronymi, K. (2008). A material recovery facility in Cape Town, South Africa, as a replicable concept for sustainable ewaste management and recycling in developing countries. Global Symposium on Recycling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology, Mexico: Cancun. google scholar
267. Schluep, M., Hageluekenb, C., Kuehrc, R., Magalinic, F., Maurerc, C., Meskersb, C., . . . Wang, F. (2009). Recycling: from e-waste to resources. Berlin: United Nations Environment Programme & United Nations University. google scholar
268. Schumacher, K., & Agbemabiese, L. (2019). Towards comprehensive e-waste legislation in the United States: design considerations based on quantitative and qualitative assessments. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149, 605-621. google scholar
269. Schüler, D., Buchert, M., Liu, R., Dittrich, S., & Merz, C. (2011). Final report for the greens/EFA group in the european parliament. Darmstadt/Berlin: Öko-Institut. google scholar
270. Seeberger, J., Grandhi, R., Kim, S. S., Mase, W. A., Reponen, T., Ho, S., & Chen, A. (2016). E-waste management in the United States and public health implications. Journal of Environmental Health, 79(3), 8–14. google scholar
271. Sepúlveda, A., Schluep, M., Renaud, F., Streicher, M., Kuehr, R., Hagelüken, C., & Gerecke, A. (2010). A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: examples from China and India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 30, 28-41. google scholar
272. Shi, H., Chertow, M., & Song, Y. (2010). Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 191-199. google scholar
273. Shinkuma, T., & Huong, N. (2009). The flow of e-waste material in the Asian region and a reconsideration of international trade policies on e-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29 (1), 25-31. google scholar
274. Shittu, O., Williams, I., & Shaw, P. (2021). Global e-waste management: can WEEE make a difference? A review ofe-waste trends, legislation, contemporary issues and future challenges. Waste Management, 120, 549-563. google scholar
275. Shumon, M., Ahmed, S., & Islam, M. (2014). Electronic waste: present status and future perspectives of sustainable management practices in Malaysia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72(7), 2239-2249. google scholar
276. Silveira, G., & Chang, S. (2010). Cell phone recycling experiences in the United States and potential recycling options in Brazil. Waste management, 30(11), 2278-2291. google scholar
277. Singhal, S., & Kapur, A. (2002). Industrial estate planning and management in India: an integrated approach towards industrial ecology. Journal of Environmental Management, 19-29. google scholar
278. Sinha-Khetriwal, D. (2019). E-waste management in India. G. Vannessa, A. Stevels, & J. Huisman, Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. 541-570. google scholar
279. Sinha-Khetriwal, D., Kraeuchi, P., & Schwaninger, M. (2005). A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25(5), 492–504. google scholar
280. Sinha-Khetriwal, D., Kraeuchi, P., & Widmer, R. (2009). Producer responsibility for e-waste management: key issues for consideration-learning from the Swiss experience. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 153-165. google scholar
281. Sirait, M., Biswas, W., & Boswell, B. (2012). Personal computer life cycle assessment study: the case of Western Australia. 10th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing. Berlin-Ankara: Berlin Institute of Technology-Middle East Technical University. 277-280. google scholar
282. Skinner, A., Dinter, Y., Lloyd, A., & Strothmann, P. (2010). The challenges of e-waste management in India: can India draw lessons from the EU and the USA. Asien, 117(7), 7-26. google scholar
283. Socolof, M., Overly, J., & Geibig, J. (2005). Environmental life-cycle impacts of CRT and LCD desktop computer displays. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 1281-1294. google scholar
284. Song, Q., Zeng, X., Li, J., Duan, H., & Yuan, W. (2015). Environmental risk assessment of CRT and PCB workshops in a mobile e-waste recycling plant. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 12366-12373. google scholar
285. Soo, V., & Doolan, M. (2014). Recycling mobile phone impact on life cycle assessment. Procedia CIRP, 15, 263-271. google scholar
286. Souza, R. G. (2020). E-waste situation and current practices in Brazil. In V. Annamalai, M. Doble, & A. Ahmed (Eds.), Handbook of electronic waste management: International best practices and case studies (pp. 377–396). Elsevier. google scholar
287. Souza, R., Clímaco, J., Sant’Anna, A., Rocha, T., Valle, R., & Quelhas, O. (2016). Sustainability assessment and prioritisation of e-waste management options in Brazil. Waste management, 57, 46-56. google scholar
288. Souza, R., Rosenhead, J., Salhofer, S., Valle, R., & Lins, M. (2015). Definition of sustainability impact categories based on stakeholder perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 105, 41-51. google scholar
289. Steubing, B., Böni, H., Schluep, M., Silva, U., & Ludwig, C. (2010). Assessing computer waste generation in Chile using material flow analysis. Waste Management, 30, 473-482. google scholar
290. Sthiannopkao, S., & Wong, M. (2013). Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences. Science of the Total Environment, 463-464, 1147-1153. google scholar
291. Streicher-Porte, M. (2006). SWICO/S.EN.S, the Swiss WEEE recycling systems and best practices from other European systems. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (pp. 280–287). IEEE. google scholar
292. Streicher-Porte, M., Bader, H., Scheidegger, R., & Kytzia, S. (2007). Material flow and economic analysis as a suitable tool for system analysis under the constraints of poor data availability and quality in emerging economies. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 9, 325-345. google scholar
293. Streicher-Porte, M., Marthaler, C., Böni, H., Schluep, M., Camacho, A., & Hilty, L. (2009). One laptop per child, local refurbishment or overseas donations? Sustainability assessment of computer supply scenarios for schools in Colombia. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 3498-3511. google scholar
294. Sun, L., Spekkink, W., Cuppen, E., & Korevaar, G. (2017). Coordination of industrial symbiosis through anchoring. Sustainability , 1-21. google scholar
295. Şahan, M., Küçüker, M. A., Demirel, B., Kuchta, K., & Hursthouse, A. (2019). Determination of metal content of waste mobile phones and estimation of their recovery potential in Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 887. google scholar
296. Tanskanen, P. (2012). Electronic waste: recycling of mobile phones. E. Damanhuri, Post-Consumer Waste Recycling and Optimal Production. Croatia: InTech. 129-150 google scholar
297. Tari, I., & Alumur, S. (2014). Collection center location with equity considerations in reverse logistics networks. INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, 157-173. google scholar
298. Temel, F. A., Konuk, N., Turan, N. G., Ayeri, T., & Ardali, Y. (2018). The SWOT analysis for sustainable MSWM and minimization practices in Turkey. Global NEST Journal, 20(1), 83–87. google scholar
299. Tınmaz, E., & Demir, İ. (2006). Research on solid waste management system: To improve existing situation in Corlu Town of Turkey. Waste Management, 26(3), 307–314. google scholar
300. Tian, T., Liu, G., Yasemi, H., & Liu, Y. (2022). Managing e-waste from a closed-loop lifecycle perspective: China’s challenges and fund policy redesign. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12. google scholar
301. Toffel, M., Stein, A., & Lee, K. (2008). Extending producer responsibility: an evaluation framework for product take-back policies. Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper, 1-26. google scholar
302. Tsydenova, O., & Bengtsson, M. (2011). Chemical hazards associated with treatment of waste electrical. Waste Management, 31, 45-58. google scholar
303. Turaga, R., Bhaskar, K., Sinha, S., Hinchliffe, D., Hemkhaus, M., Arora, R., . . . Sharma, H. (2019). E-waste management in india: issues and strategies. VIKALPA The Journal for Decision Makers, 44(3), 127-162. google scholar
304. Tuzkaya, G., Gülsün, B., & Önsel, Ş. (2011). A methodology for the strategic design of reverse logistics networks and its application in the Turkish white goods industry. International Journal of Production Research, 49(15), 4543–4571. google scholar
305. Ueno, T., Shiino, T., & Onishi, H. (1999). Evaluation of electronic components in life cycle assessment. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 25-32. google scholar
306. USGS. (2023). Mineral commodity summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey. Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior. google scholar
307. USGS. (2024). Mineral commodity summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey. Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior. google scholar
308. USGS. (2025). Mineral commodity summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey. Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior. google scholar
309. Vadoudi, K., Kim, J., Laratte, B., Lee, S., & Troussier, N. (2015). E-waste management and resources recovery in France. Waste Management & Research, 33(10), 919-929. google scholar
310. Valentine, S. (2016). Kalundborg Symbiosis: fostering progressive innovation in environmental networks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65-77. google scholar
311. Valentino, A. (2015). Eco-industrial parks: the international state of art. M. Caroli, M. Cavallo, & A. Valentino, Eco-Industrial Parks: A Green and Place Marketing Approach. Roma: Luiss University Press. 21-42. google scholar
312. Van Mier, G., Sterke, C., & Stevels, A. (1996). Life-cycle costs calculations and green design options. computer monitors as example. International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. Eindhoven: IEEE. 191-196 google scholar
313. Vanegas, P., Peeters, J., Cattrysse, D., Dewulf, W., & Duflou, J. (2017). Improvement potential of today’s WEEE recycling performance: the case of LCD TVs in Belgium. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(5), 1-15. google scholar
314. Veleva, V., Lowitt, P., Angus, N., & Neely, D. (2016). Benchmarking eco-industrial park development: the case of Devens. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(5), 1147-1170. google scholar
315. Veleva, V., Todorova, S., Lowitt, P., Angus, N., & Neely, D. (2015). Understanding and addressing business needs and sustainability challenges: lessons from Devens eco-industrial park. Journal of Cleaner Production, 87, 375-384. google scholar
316. Veloso, L. R. S., Rodrigues, L. E. O. C., Ferreira, D. A., Magalhães, F. S., & Mansur, M. B. (2005). Development of a hydrometallurgical route for the recovery of zinc and manganese from spent alkaline batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 152(1), 295–302. google scholar
317. Villalba, L. (2020). Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and waste characterizations for formal and informal performance indicators in Tandil, Argentina: Decision-making implications. Journal of Environmental Management, 264, 1-11. google scholar
318. Vlachokostas, C., Michailidou, A., & Achillas, C. (2021). Multi-criteria decision analysis towards promoting waste-to-energy management strategies: a critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 138, 1-19. google scholar
319. Wäger, P., Hischier, R., & Eugster, M. (2011). Environmental impacts of the Swiss collection and recovery systems for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): A follow-up. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 1746-1756. google scholar
320. Walls, M. (2004). EPR policy goals and policy choices: what does economics tell us? Economic Aspects of Extended Producer Responsibility. Paris: OECD Publishing. google scholar
321. Walls, M. (2006). Extended producer responsibility and product design: economic theory and selected case studies. Washington: Resources for the Future. google scholar
322. Walther, G., & Spengler, T. (2005). Impact of WEEE-directive on reverse logistics in Germany. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 35(5), 337–361. google scholar
323. Walther, G., Steinborn, J., Spengler, T., Luger, T., & Herrmann, C. (2010). Implementation of the WEEE-directive - economic effects and improvement potentials for reuse and recycling in Germany. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 47, 461-474. google scholar
324. Wang, M., Tan, Q., Chiang, J., & Li, J. (2017). Recovery of rare and precious metals from urban mines-A review. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(5), 1-17. google scholar
325. Wang, Y., Ru, Y., Veenstra, A., Wang, R., & Wang, Y. (2010). Recent developments in waste electrical and electronics equipment legislation in China. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 47(5-8), 437-448. google scholar
326. Wang, Z., Shi, L., Hu, D., Xu, Y., & Sun, D. (2010a). Pursuing sustainable industrial development through the ecoindustrial parks: Three case studies of China. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, E145-E153. google scholar
327. Wath, S. B., Dutt, P. S., & Chakrabarti, T. (2011). E-waste scenario in India, its management and implications. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172(1–4), 249–262. google scholar
328. Wath, S. B., Vaidya, A. N., Dutt, P. S., & Chakrabarti, T. (2010). A roadmap for development of sustainable E-waste management system in India. Science of the Total Environment, 409(1), 19–32. google scholar
329. Wei, L., & Liu, Y. (2012). Present status of e-waste disposal and recycling in China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16, 506–514. google scholar
330. Widmer, R., Oswald-Krapf, H., Sinha-Khetriwal, D., Schnellmannc, M., & Böni, H. (2005). Global Perspectives on e-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25, 436- 458. google scholar
331. Wilburn, D. (2012). Byproduct metals and rare-earth elements used in the production of light-emitting diodes-overview of principal sources of supply and material requirements for selected markets. Virginia: U.S. Government Publication. google scholar
332. Williams, I. (2016). Global metal reuse, and formal and informal recycling from electronics and other high-tech wastes. R. Izatt, Metal Sustainability: global challenges, consequences, and prospects. Oxford: Wiley. 23-51. google scholar
333. Wittstruck, D., & Teuteberg, F. (2012). Integrating the concept of sustainability into the partner selection process: a fuzzy-AHP-TOPSIS approach. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 12(2), 195-226. google scholar
334. Wong, M., Wu, S., Deng, W., Yu, X., Luo, Q., Leung, A., . . . Wong, A. (2007). Export of toxic chemicals e A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling. Environmental Pollution, 149, 131-140. google scholar
335. Wright, R., Cote, R., Duffy, J., & Brazner, J. (2009). Diversity and connectance in an ındustrial context: the case of Burnside Industrial Park. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 551-564. google scholar
336. Yadav, V., Karmakar, S., Dikshit, A. K., & Vanjari, S. (2016). A feasibility study for the locations of waste transfer stations in urban centers: A case study on the city of Nashik, India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 126, 191–205. google scholar
337. Yanagitani, K., & Kawahara, K. (2000). LCA study of air conditioners with an alternative refrigerant. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 5, 287 - 290. google scholar
338. Yang, C., Tan, Q., Liu, L., Dong, Q., & Li, J. (2017). Recycling tin from electronic waste: a problem that needs more attention. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 5, 9586−9598. google scholar
339. Yang, J., Lu, B., & Xu, C. (2008). WEEE flow and mitigating measures in China. Waste Management, 28 (9), 1589-1597. google scholar
340. Yang, W., Sun, Q., & Ni, H. (2021). Cost-benefit analysis of metal recovery from e-waste: Implications for international policy. Waste Management, 123, 42-47. google scholar
341. Ye, J., Kayaga, S., & Smout, I. (2009). Regulating for e-waste in China: progress and challenges. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 162(2), 79-85. google scholar
342. Yi, Z. (1986). Changes in family structure in China: a simulation study. Population and Development Review, 12(4), 675-703. google scholar
343. Ylä-Mella, J., & Román, E. (2019). Waste electrical and electronic equipment management in Europe: learning from best practices in Switzerland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. V. Goodship, A. Stevels, & J. Huisman, Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. 483-519. google scholar
344. Yoon, H., & Jang, Y.-C. (2006). The practice and challenges of electronic waste recycling in Korea with emphasis on extended producer responsibility (EPR). IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (pp. 326–330). google scholar
345. Yoshida, A., & Terazono, A. (2010). Reuse of second-hand TVs exported from Japan to the Philippines. Waste Management, 30(6), 1063-1072. google scholar
346. Yoshida, A., Tasaki, T., & Terazono, A. (2009). Material flow analysis of used personal computers in Japan. Waste Management, 29, 1602-1614. google scholar
347. Yu, C., Jong, M., & Dijkema, G. (2014). Process analysis of eco-industrial park development e the case of Tianjin, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 464-477. google scholar
348. Yu, J., Ju, M., & Williams, E. (2009). Waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling in China: practices and strategies. IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology. Arizona. google scholar
349. Yu, J., Williams, E., Ju, M., & Shao, C. (2010). Managing e-waste in China: policies, pilot projects and alternative approaches. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(11), 991-999. google scholar
350. Yune, J., Tian, J., Liu, W., Chen, L., & Descamps-Large, C. (2016). Greening Chinese chemical industrial park by implementing industrial ecology strategies: a case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54-64. google scholar
351. Zeng, X., & Li, J. (2019). WEEE management in China. V. Goodship, A. Stevels, & J. Huisman, Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. 521-540. google scholar
352. Zeng, X., Huo, X., Xu, X., Liu, D., & Wu, W. (2020). E-waste lead exposure and children's health in China. Science of the Total Environment, 734, 1-11. google scholar
353. Zeng, X., Song, Q., Li, J., Yuan, W., Duan, H., & Liu, L. (2015). Solving e-waste problem using an integrated mobile recycling plant. Journal of Cleaner Production, 90, 55-59. google scholar
354. Zeng, X., Xu, X., Boezen, H., & Huo, X. (2016). Children with health impairments by heavy metals in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere, 148, 408-415. google scholar
355. Zeschmar-Lahl, B. (2004). Practical handbook of material flow analysis. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 337-338. google scholar
356. Zhang, H., Hara, K., Yabar, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Uwasu, M., & Morioka, T. (2009). Comparative analysis of socio-economic and environmental performances for Chinese EIPs: case studies in Baotou, Suzhou, and Shanghai. Sustainability Science, 263-279. google scholar
357. Zhang, Y., Zheng, H., Chen, B., & Yang, N. (2013). Social network analysis and network connectedness analysis for industrial symbiotic systems: model development and case study. Frontiers in Earth Science, 7(2), 169-181. google scholar
358. Zhong, H. (2012). Design for e-waste recycling deposit system and expense mechanism in China. E. Damanhuri, Post-Consumer Waste Recycling and Optimal Production. Croatia: InTech. 151-166. google scholar
359. Zhu, Q., Lowe, E., Wei, Y., & Barnes, D. (2007). Industrial symbiosis in China: a case study of the Guitang Group. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(1), 31-42. google scholar