ALTERATIONS IN CATALASE, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE AND MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVELS IN SERUM AND LIVER TISSUE UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS

Abstract

Objective: Chronic stress is a factor that affects organs/tissues and disrupts homeostasis. This condition can lead to increased oxidative stress, which damages cellular components. Antioxidants attempt to prevent this damage by neutralizing free radicals. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic mild stress on the levels of Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and liver tissue. Material and Method: In our study, 16 Wistar albino rats were divided into control and experimental groups. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model protocol was employed. The levels of CAT, SOD, GPx, and MDA in serum and liver tissue were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. Result: Upon comparison of serum CAT, SOD, GPx, and MDA levels, no statistically significant difference was observed between the control and stress groups (p>0.05). However, when comparing CAT, SOD, GPx, and MDA levels in the liver tissue, a significant increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes was noted in the stress group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Under chronic stress, liver tissue's antioxidant levels appear to increase. We believe our study may contribute to understanding the connection between stress, free radicals, and antioxidants.

Keywords

• Antioxidant
• chronic stress
• oxidative stress

STRES KOŞULLARINDA SERUM VE KARACİĞER DOKUSUNDAKİ KATALAZ, SÜPEROKSİT DİSMUTAZ, GLUTATYON PEROKSİDAZ VE MALONDİALDEHİT DÜZEYLERİNİN DEĞİŞİMİ

Abstract

Amaç: Kronik stres, organ/dokuları etkileyen ve homeostazisi bozan bir faktördür. Bu durum, hücresel bileşenlere zarar veren oksidatif stresin artmasına neden olabilir. Antioksidanlar ise serbest radikalleri notralize ederek bu zararı önlemeye çalışır. Çalışmamızın amacı, kronik hafif stresin serum ve karaciğer dokusundaki Katalaz (CAT), Süperoksit Dismutaz (SOD), Glutatyon Peroksidaz (GPx) ve Malondialdehit (MDA) seviyeleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda 16 Wistar albino sıçan kontrol ve deney gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Kronik öngörülemeyen hafif stres model protokolü uygulandı. Serum/karaciğer CAT, SOD, GPx ve MDA düzeyleri Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay metodu ile ölçüldü. Bulgular: CAT, SOD, GPx ve MDA serum düzeyleri karşılaştırıldığında kontrol ve stres grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark belirlenmedi (p>0,05). Buna karşın, karaciğer dokularındaki CAT, SOD, GPx ve MDA seviyeleri karşılaştırıldığında, stres grubunda antioksidan enzim seviyelerinde anlamlı yükseliş belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Sonuç: Kronik stres altında, antioksidan enzim seviyelerinin karaciğer dokusunda arttığı görülmektedir. Çalışmamızın stres, serbest radikaller ve antioksidanlar arasındaki bağlantıya yönelik bir katkı sunabileceği kanısındayız.

Keywords

• Antioksidan
• kronik stres
• oksidatif stres

References

1. Mariotti A. The effects of chronic stress on health: new insights into the molecular mechanisms of brain-body communication. Future Sci OA 2015;1(3):FSO23. [CrossRef] google scholar
2. Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017;8416763. [CrossRef] google scholar
3. Ren J, Sowers JR, Zhang Y. Metabolic stress, autophagy, and cardiovascular aging: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. TEM 2018;29(10):699-711. [CrossRef] google scholar
4. Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. Oxidative stress. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2011;25(3):287-99. [CrossRef] google scholar
5. Aschbacher K, O’Donovan A, Wolkowitz OM, Dhabhar FS, Su Y, Epel E. Good stress, bad stress and oxidative stress: insights from anticipatory cortisol reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013;38(9):1698-708. [CrossRef] google scholar
6. Steptoe A, Hamer M, Chida Y. The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2007;21(7):901-12. [CrossRef] google scholar
7. Gutierrez J, Ballinger SW, Darley-Usmar VM, Landar A. Free radicals, mitochondria, and oxidized lipids. Circ Res 2006;99(9):924-32. [CrossRef] google scholar
8. Geddie H, Cairns M, Smith L, van Wyk M, Beselaar L, Truter N, et al. The impact of chronic stress on intracellular redox balance: A systems level analysis. Physiol Rep 2023;11(7):e15640. [CrossRef] google scholar

9. Jena AB, Samal RR, Bhol NK, Duttaroy AK. Cellular red-ox system in health and disease: the latest update. Biomed Pharma 2023;162:114606. [CrossRef] google scholar
10. Marrocco I, Altieri F, Peluso I. Measurement and clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:2017:6501046. [CrossRef] google scholar
11. . Nandi A, Yan LJ, Jana CK, Das N. Role of catalase in oxidative stress- and age-associated degenerative diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019;9613090. [CrossRef] google scholar
12. . Jafari M, Salehi M, Zardooz H, Rostamkhani F. Response of liver antioxidant defense system to acute and chronic physical and psychological stresses in male rats. Excli J 2014;13:161-71. google scholar
13. Rosa AC, Corsi D, Cavi N, Bruni N, Dosio F. Superoxide dismutase administration: a review of proposed human uses. Molecules 2021;26(7):1844. [CrossRef] google scholar
14. Zheng M, Liu Y, Zhang G, Yang Z, Xu W, Chen Q. The applications and mechanisms of superoxide dismutase in medicine, food, and cosmetics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023;12(9):1675. [CrossRef] google scholar
15. Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021;20(9):689-709. [CrossRef] google scholar
16. Lubos E, Loscalzo J, Handy DE. Glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Red Sig 2011;15(7):1957-97. [CrossRef] google scholar
17. Djordjevic J, Djordjevic A, Adzic M, Niciforovic A, Radojcic MB. Chronic stress differentially affects antioxidant enzymes and modifies the acute stress response in liver of wistar rats. Physiol Res 2010;59(5):729-36. [CrossRef] google scholar
18. Cherian DA, Peter T, Narayanan A, Madhavan SS, Achammada S, Vynat GP. Malondialdehyde as a marker of oxidative stress in periodontitis patients. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2019;11(2):297-300. [CrossRef] google scholar
19. Dharmajaya R, Sari DK. Malondialdehyde value as radical oxidative marker and endogenous antioxidant value analysis in brain tumor. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022;77:103231. [CrossRef] google scholar
20. Willner P, Towell A, Sampson D, Sophokleous S, Muscat R. Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987;93(3):358-64. [CrossRef] google scholar
21. Hartree EF. Determination of protein: a modification of the lowry method that gives a linear photometric response. Anal Biochem 1972;48(2):422-7. [CrossRef] google scholar
22. Samson J, Sheeladevi R, Ravindran R. Oxidative stress in brain and antioxidant activity of ocimum sanctum in noise exposure. Neurotoxicology 2007;28(3):679-85. [CrossRef] google scholar
23. Cannon WB. Stresses and strains of homeostasis: AJMS 1935;189(1):13-4. [CrossRef] google scholar
24. Lu S, Wei F, Li G. The evolution of the concept of stress and the framework of the stress system. Cell Stress 2021;5(6):76-85. [CrossRef] google scholar
25. Finsterwald C, Alberini CM. Stress and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanisms in long-term memory: from adaptive responses to psychopathologies. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014;112:17-29. [CrossRef] google scholar
26. Sahin E, Gümüslü S. Alterations in brain antioxidant status, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in response to different stress models. Behav Brain Res2004;155(2):241-8. [CrossRef] google scholar
27. Rosa AC, Corsi D, Cavi N, Bruni N, Dosio F. Superoxide Dismutase Administration: A Review of Proposed Human Uses. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2021;26(7):1844. [CrossRef] google scholar
28. Uysal N, Acikgoz O, Gonenc S, Kayatekin BM, Kiray M, Sonmez A, et al. Effects of acute footshock stress on antioxidant enzyme activities in the adolescent rat brain. Physiol Res 2005;54(4):437-42. [CrossRef] google scholar
29. Lee JS, Kim HG, Lee DS, Son CG. Oxidative stress is a convincing contributor to ıdiopathic chronic fatigue. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):12890. [CrossRef] google scholar
30. Kuyumcu F, Aycan A. Evaluation of oxidative stress levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in burst fractures. Med Sci Monit 2018;24:225-34. [CrossRef] google scholar
31. Devaki M, Nirupama R, Yajurvedi HN. Reduced antioxidant status for prolonged period due to repeated stress exposure in rat. J Physiol Biochem 2011;7(2):139-47. google scholar
32. Zaidi SMKR, Al-Qirim TM, Banu N. Effects of antioxidant vitamins on glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation induced by restraint stress in the rat liver. Drugs RD 2005;6(3):157-65. [CrossRef] google scholar