SAHRA ALTI AFRİKALILAR ARASINDA KİŞİSEL DUYARLILIK, KENDİ KENDİNE İLAÇ TEDAVİSİ, MASKE KULLANIMI VE COVID-19 BELİRTİLERİ

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, Sahra Altı Afrikalı (SAA) bireylerde kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanımının ve kendi kendine ilaç tedavisinin, COVID-19 semptomlarının ortaya çıkması üzerine olan etkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: SAA popülasyonunda 536 kişi üzerinde yapılan kesitsel bir ankette COVID-19 semptomları, kişisel duyarlılık, maske kullanımı ve halk arasında benimsenen kendi kendine tedavi yöntemleri değerlendirilerek kaydedildi. İstatistiksel metod olarak “Hiyerarşik çoklu doğrusal regresyon modelleme” kullanıldı. Bulgular: Kişisel duyarlılık (r=0,245<0,01), halka açık kapalı alanlarda yüz maskesinin çıkarılması (r=0,255<0,01) ve kendi kendine ilaç tedavisi (r=0,392<0,01) COVID-19 semptomları ile pozitif olarak ilişkiliydi. Genel olarak, kendi kendine ilaç tedavisinin, kamusal alanlarda maskeyi çıkarmanın ve kişisel duyarlılığın toplam öngörücü etkisi, çalışma popülasyonunun COVID-19 semptomları epizodundaki varyansın %21’ini oluşturdu. Sonuç: Kişisel duyarlılık, maske kullanımı ve kendi kendine ilaç tedavisi, çalışma popülasyonunda yaşanan COVID-19 semptomlarının epizodunun anlaşılmasını destekler. Yüksek riskli bölgelerde maske kullanımının teşvik edilmesi önemlidir. COVID-19 sonrası sağlık politikalarının iyileştirilmesi için COVID-19 enfeksiyonu riskini ve diğer ilgili halk sağlığı endişelerini azaltmak için kullanılan kendi kendine ilaç tedavisi azaltılmalıdır.

Keywords

• Kendi kendine tedavi
• maske kullanımı
• bağışıklık
• COVID-19
• Sahra Altı Afrikalılar

PERSONAL SENSITIVITY, SELF-MEDICATION, MASK USAGE, AND COVID-19 SYMPTOMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICANS

Abstract

Objective: The study objective was to explore the episode of COVID-19 symptoms among sub-Saharan African (SSA) by examining the predicting effect of mask usage, self-medication, and personal sensitivity on the symptoms. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study in the SSA population, 536 individuals were asked about the episode of COVID-19 symptoms, personal sensitivity, mask usage, and self-medication. “Hierarchical multiple linear regression statistical method” was used to evaluate the data. Results: The personal sensitivity (r=0.245<0.01), taking off face mask in enclosed public places (r=0.255<0.01) and self-medication (r=0.392<0.01) were positively associated with COVID-19 symptoms. Overall, the total predictive effect of self-medication, taking off the mask in public spaces, and personal sensitivity accounted for 21% of the variance in the episode of COVID-19 symptoms of the study population. Conclusion: Personal sensitivity, mask usage, and self-medication support understanding of the episode of COVID-19 symptoms experienced among the study population. It is important to encourage the use of masks in high-risk areas. To improve post-COVID-19 health policies, self-medication used to decrease the risk of COVID-19 infection and other related public health concerns should be reduced.

Keywords

• Self-medication
• mask usage
• personal sensitivity
• COVID-19
• Sub-Saharan Africans

References

1. 1. Johns Hopkins University, Medicine, Coronavirus Resource Center, COVID-19 Map. (cited 2020 Sep 5). Available from: URL:https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
2. 2. Lee H, Moon SJ, Ndombi GO, Kim K, Berhe H, Nam EW. COVID-19 Perception, knowledge, and preventive practice : Comparison between South Korea, Ethiopia, and Democratic Republic of Congo. Afr J Reprod Health 2020;24(s1):66-77.
3. 3. Serwaa D, Lamptey E, Appiah AB, Senkyire EK, Ameyaw JK. Knowledge , risk perception and preparedness towards coronavirus disease-2019 ( COVID-19 ) outbreak among Ghanaians : a quick online cross-sectional survey. Pan Afr Med J 2020;35(s2):1-7. [CrossRef]
4. 4. Akintunde TY, Chen S, Di Q. Public health implication of displacement of Almajiri children in specific states of Northern Nigeria amidst COVID-19 pandemic. Ethics Med Public Health 2020;14:100544. [CrossRef]
5. 5. Oyeniran OI, Chia T. Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Nigeria : How effective are government interventions? Ethics Med Public Health 2020;14:100515. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Al-Worafi YM. Self-medication. In Drug Safety in Developing Countries. Academic Press; 2020.p.73-86. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Bennadi D. Self‑medication: A current challenge. J Basic Clin Pharm 2014;5(1):19-23. [CrossRef]
8. 8. Alghadeer S, Aljuaydi K, Babelghaith S, Alhammad A, Alarifi MN. Self-medication with antibiotics in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2018;26(5):719-24. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Stevenson R, MacWalter RS, Harmse JD, Wilson E. Mortality during the Winter Flu Epidemic—Two cases of death associated with self-medication. Scott Med J 2001;46(3):84- 6. [CrossRef]
10. 10. Scott N, Saul A, Spelman T, Stoove M, Pedrana A, Saeri A, et al. The introduction of a mandatory mask policy was associated with significantly reduced COVID-19 cases in a major metropolitan city. PLoS One 2021;16(7):e0253510. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Cheng KK, Lam TH, Leung CC. Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: altruism and solidarity. Lancet 2020. [CrossRef]
12. 12. Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, Phan T, Eikenberry K, Kuang Y, et al. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020;5:293-308. [CrossRef]
13. 13. Liu X, Zhang S. COVID-19: Face masks and human-to-human transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020;14(4):472. [CrossRef]
14. 14. Wang D, Sun BC, Wang JX, Zhou YY, Chen ZW, Fang Y, et al. Can masks be reused after hot water decontamination during the COVID-19 pandemic? Engineering 2020;6(10):1115-21. [CrossRef]
15. 15. Costa L, Kropp JP. Linking components of vulnerability in theoretic frameworks and case studies. Sustain Sci 2013;8(1):1-9. [CrossRef]
16. 16. González-Castro JL, Ubillos-Landa S, Puente-Martínez A, Gracia-Leiva M. Perceived vulnerability and severity predict adherence to COVID-19 protection measures: the mediating role of instrumental coping. Front Psychol 2021;12:674032. [CrossRef]
17. 17. Timmermans DR, Henneman L, Hirasing RA, van der Wal G. Parents’ perceived vulnerability and perceived control in preventing Meningococcal C infection: a large-scale interview study about vaccination. BMC Public Health 2008;8(1):1-7. [CrossRef]
18. 18. Welling LL, Conway CA, Debruine LM, Jones BC. Perceived vulnerability to disease is positively related to the strength of preferences for apparent health in faces. J Evol Psychol 2007;5(1):131-9. [CrossRef]
19. 19. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), 2020. (cited 2020 Sept 10). Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-adetail/ coronavirus-disease-covid-19. [CrossRef]
20. 20. Bryan AD, Aiken LS, West SG. Young women’s condom use: The influence of acceptance of sexuality, control over the sexual encounter, and perceived susceptibility to common STDs. Health Psychol 1997;16(5):468. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Kim J, Park HA. Development of a health information technology acceptance model using consumers’ health behavior intention. J Med Internet Res 2012;14(5):e133. [CrossRef]
22. 22. Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Psychology Press; 2014. [CrossRef]
23. 23. Viner RM, Mytton OT, Bonell C, Melendez-Torres GJ, Ward J, Hudson L, et al. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adolescents compared with adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2021;175(2):143-56. [CrossRef]
24. 24. Wang Y, Tian H, Zhang L, Zhang M, Guo D, Wu W, et al. Reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households by face mask use, disinfection and social distancing: a cohort study in Beijing, China. BMJ Glob Health 2020;5(5):e002794. [CrossRef]
25. 25. Onchonga D, Omwoyo J, Nyamamba D. Assessing the prevalence of self-medication among healthcare workers before and during the 2019 SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in Kenya. Saudi Pharm J 2020;28(10):1149-54. [CrossRef]
26. 26. Yıldırım M, Güler A. Factor analysis of the COVID-19 perceived risk scale: A preliminary study. Death Stud 2020:1-8. [CrossRef]
27. 27. Cohen S, Alper CM, Doyle WJ, Adler N, Treanor JJ, Turner RB. Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychol 2008;27(2):268. [CrossRef]
28. 28. De Coninck D, d’Haenens L, Matthijs K. Perceived vulnerability to disease and attitudes towards public health measures: COVID-19 in Flanders, Belgium. Pers Individ Dif 2020;166:110220. [CrossRef]
29. 29. Levy M. The many faces (and potential dangers) of selfmedication as an explanatory concept for substance use. Int J Adv Couns 2019;41(1):15-24. [CrossRef]
30. 30. Lee CH, Chang FC, Hsu SD, Chi HY, Huang LJ, Yeh MK. Inappropriate self-medication among adolescents and its association with lower medication literacy and substance use. PLoS One 2017;12(12):e0189199. [CrossRef]
31. 31. Brandão GR, Teixeira L, Araújo L, Paúl C, Ribeiro O. Selfmedication in older european adults: Prevalence and predictive factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020;91:104189. [CrossRef]
32. 32. Lei X, Jiang H, Liu C, Ferrier A, Mugavin J. Self-medication practice and associated factors among residents in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(1):68. [CrossRef]
33. 33. Akintunde TY, Musa TH, Musa HH, Musa IH, Chen S, Ibrahim E, et al. Bibliometric analysis of global scientific literature on effects of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. Asian J Psychiatr 2021;63:102753. [CrossRef]