An anatomical study of Lepidium graminifolium L. (Brassicaceae)

Abstract

Background and Aims: Many taxonomic studies on Lepidium species grown in Türkiye have been conducted to illuminate its morphological characteristics. Although many morphological studies occur, only a few anatomical studies are found on Lepidium species worldwide. The aim of this study is to reveal the anatomical features of Lepidium graminifolium. Methods: In order to determine the anatomical features of L. graminifolium, plant samples were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol, and then all sections were cut separated by hand with a razor blade and stained with Sartur reagent. Microscopic slides were prepared and examined using the light microscope, Olympus BH-2. Photographs were taken with the light microscope and measurements were made using the ImageJ© program. Stomatal indices were calculated using the formula SI (%) = (S/S+E) × 100, where S is the number of stomata per unit area, and E is the number of epidermal cells per unit area. Results: The results elucidate on the anatomical features of the root, stem, leaf and petiole. A table was prepared by taking measurements of the anatomical structures to present the anatomical characteristics of L. graminifolium. This study is the first to elucidate upon the anatomical features of L. graminifolium. Conclusion: Two important structures are mentioned among Lepidium species that can be used as distinguishing characteristics: the morphology of the trichomes and the type of stomata. Compared with other studies, the stoma type of L. graminifolium was found to differ from other Lepidium species. The anatomical features that may differ among other Lepidium species are the sclerenchymatous fibers observed in the root, the bifacial type of the leaf mesophyll, and the sparse distribution of unicellular glandular hairs on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves.

Keywords

• Anatomy
• Brassicaceae
• Lepidium
• Türkiye

References

1. Abdel, K. K. (2005). Morphological studies on trichomes of Brassi-caceae in Egypt and taxonomic significance. Acta Botanica Croat-ica, 64(1), 57-73. google scholar
2. Al-Shehbaz, I. A., Beilstein, M. A., & Kellogg, E. A. (2006). Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): an overview. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 259, 89-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0415-z google scholar
3. Al-Shehbaz, I. A., Mutlu, B., & Dönmez, A. A. (2007). The Brassi-caceae (Cruciferae) of Turkey, updated. Turkish Journal of Botany, 31(4), 327-336. google scholar
4. Appel, O., & Al-Shehbaz, I. A. (2003). Cruciferae. In K. Kubitzki & C. Bayer (Eds.), Flowering Plants^ Dicotyledons: Malvales, Cap-parales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales (pp. 75-174). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. google scholar
5. Beilstein, M. A., Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & Kellogg, E. A. (2006). Bras-sicaceae phylogeny and trichome evolution. American Journal of Botany, 93(4), 607-619. google scholar
6. Bona, M. (2013). Seed-coat microsculpturing of Turkish Lepidium (Brassicaceae) and its systematic application. Turkish Journal of Botany, 37(4), 662-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/bot-1207-2 google scholar
7. Bona, M. (2014). Taxonomic revision of Lepidium L.(Brassicaceae) from Turkey. Istanbul Ecz. Fak. Derg. J. Fac. Pharm, 44, 31-62. google scholar
8. Çelebioğlu, S., & Baytop, T. (1949). Bitkisel tozların tetkiki için yeni bir reaktif. Farmakolog, 19, 301. google scholar Chaffey, N. (2008). Plant anatomy: an applied approach. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing, google scholar

9. De Carvalho, J., & Vasconcellos, J. D. (1964). Lepidium L. In: T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D.H. Valentine, S. M. Waters & D. A. Webb (Eds.). Flora Europaea, vol. 1: 330-333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
10. Dorofeev V. I. (2012). Brassicaceae Burnett. In: D. V. Geltman (ed.). Conspectus florae Europae Orientalis, vol. 1 (pp. 364-437). Consociatio editionum scientificarum KMK: Petropoli-Mosqua google scholar
11. German, D. A. (2014). Taxonomic remarks on some Asian Lepidium sl (Brassicaceae). Phytotaxa, 186(2), 97.http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.186.2.4 google scholar
12. Grigore, M. N., "& Toma, C. (2008). A Histo-Anatomical Study On Some Halophylous Species Of The Lepidium Genus. Studia Uni-versitatis Vasile Goldis Seria Stiintele Vietii (Life Sciences Series), 18, 27-32. google scholar
13. Hedge I. A. (1976). Systematic and Geographical Survey of the Old World Cruciferae. In: MacLeod AJ, Jones BMG (Eds). The Bi-ology and Chemistry of the Cruciferae, (pp 1-45). London: Aca-demic Press. google scholar
14. Hedge I. A. (1965). Lepidium L. In: P. H. Davis (Ed). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1. Edinburg: Edinburg Univer-sity Press. google scholar
15. Hewson, H. J. (1981). The genus Lepidium L.(Brassicaceae) in Aus-tralia. Brunonia, 4(2), 217-308. google scholar
16. IPNI. (2023, July 19). Lepidium L.: International Plant Name Index. Retrieved from https://www.ipni.org/n/60437330-2 google scholar
17. Koch, M. A., & Mummenhoff, K. (2006). Evolution and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Plant systematics and evolution, 259(2/4), 81-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-006-0433-x google scholar
18. Lee, M. S., Shin, B. C., Yang, E. J., Lim, H. J., & Ernst, E. (2011). Maca (Lepidium meyenii) for treatment of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Maturitas, 70(3), 227-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.017 google scholar
19. Metcalfe, C. R. & Chalk, L. (1957). Anatomy of the Dicotyledones. Vol. 2. London: Oxford University Press. google scholar
20. Özkan, Y. (2017). Türk Farmakopesi. Genel monograflar I, 1st ed., Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayını. google scholar
21. Peres, N. D. S. L., Bortoluzzi, L. C. P., Marques, L. L. M., Formigoni, M., Fuchs, R. H. B., Droval, A. A., & Cardoso, F. A. R. (2020). Medicinal effects of Peruvian maca (Le-pidium meyenii): A review. Food & function, 11(1), 83-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo02732g google scholar
22. Sangekar, S. N., Devarkar, V. D., Shaikh, T. J., Shahane, M. K., & Kshirsagar, U. M. (2018). Phytochemical and taxonomical studies of Lepidium sativum L.(Brassicaceae). International Research Journal of Science and Engineering, 166-172. google scholar
23. Simpson, M. G. (2019). Diversity and classification of flow-ering plants: Eudicots. J Plant System, 3: 285-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812628-8.50008-0 google scholar
24. Smirnov, P. A. (1948). About Lepidium meyeri Claus. Byulleten Moskovskogo obschestva ispytatelej prirody. 53(4): 72-78. google scholar
25. Tekin, M. (2022). A morphological, anatomical and palynological study of Aethionema lepidioides (Brassicaceae)-an endangered species endemic to Turkey. Acta Botanica Croatica, 81(1), 0-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37427/botcro-2022-003 google scholar