Investigation of the effect of some plant aqueous extracts on calcium phosphate precipitation as a simulation of initial dental calculus formation in vitro

Abstract

Background and Aims: Calcium phosphate is most of the inorganic content of dental calculus. Therefore, knowing or controlling the precipitation mechanism of calcium phosphate is very important for the inhibition of dental calculus formation at the beginning. Plants have been known to be excellent sources of many nutritional and phytochemical content. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Petroselinum crispum, Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa, Beta vulgaris L.var.cicla, Rumex cristatus DC. and Cotinus coggygria Scop. aqueous extracts on calcium phosphate precipitation, which is thought to reflect the onset of dental calculus formation in vitro. Methods: The optical density (OD) increases first with the calcium phosphate nucleation and when the balance is reached, the optical density decreases gradually when the nuclei begin to aggregate and precipitate. The OD change was monitored by recording the absorbance at 620 nm. Results: The effect on the calcium phosphate precipitation varied differently among the 5 types of aqueous extracts. The smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) extract activated calcium phosphate precipitation while all others inhibited precipitation. Conclusion: These results suggest that some types of plant aqueous extracts may have protective potential against dental calculus initially and, therefore they may be used in toothpastes or in mouthwashes.

Keywords

• Dental calculus
• calcium phosphate precipitation
• plant aqueous extract

References

1. • Ajmera, P., Kalani, S., & Sharma, L. (2019). Parsley-benefits and side effects on health. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 4(1), 1236–1242. http://www.journalofsports. com/pdf/2019/vol4issue1/PartAA/4-1-308-629.pdf
2. • Akar, C. (2014). Türkiye’de ağız-diş sağlığı hizmetlerinin strateji değerlendirmesi. Türk Diş Hekimleri Birliği Yayınları Araştırma Dizisi, 9(11),1–12. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/articlefile/ 620472
3. • Akcalı, A., & Lang, N. P. (2018). Dental calculus: the calcified biofilm and its role in disease development. Periodontology 2000, 76(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12151
4. • Anushya, G., & Freeda, T. H. (2017). Effect of green tea on the growth of brushite crystals. International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology, (Special issue), 139–143.
5. • Batool, H., Nadeem, A., Kashif, M., Shahzad, F., Tahir, R., & Afzal, N. (2018). Salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-17 could be an indicator of disease severity in patients with calculus associated chronic periodontitis. BioMed Research International, 8531961. https://doi. org/10.1155/2018/8531961
6. • Ben Lagha, A., Dudonné, S., Desjardins, Y., & Grenier, D. (2015). Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) polyphenols target fusobacterium nucleatum and the host inflammatory response: Potential innovative molecules for treating periodontal diseases. Journal of Agricaltural Food Chemistry, 63(31), 6999–7008. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01525
7. • Bolkent, S., Yanardağ, R., Tabakoğlu-Oğuz, A., & Ozsoy-Saçan, O. (2000). Effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) extract on pancreatic B cells in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: a morphological and biochemical study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73(1-2), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00328-7
8. • Chandra Shekar, B. R., Nagarajappa, R., Suma, S., & Thakur, R. (2015). Herbal extracts in oral health care - A review of the current scenario and its future needs. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 9(18), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.162101

9. • Clarke, M. R. (2015). Dental calculus: Combining current methods in the study of diet and mouth use activities among neolithic and early bronze age hunter-gatherers of the Cis-Baikal, Siberia. University of Saskatchewan. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research, Saskatoon.
10. • Coruh, I., Gormez, A., Ercisli, S., & Sengul, M. (2008). Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Rumex crispus grown wild in Turkey. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46, 634–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802182240
11. • Dash, T. R., Singh, N., Gupta, D., Panwar, E., & Ramisetty, S. (2014). Role of medicinal herbs in oral health management. International Journal of Dental and Medical Research, 1(2),113–119. http://www. ijohmr.com/upload/20.pdf
12. • Demir, S., Bozkurt, B., Onur, M. A., Kay, I. G., & Somer, N. U. (2017). Determination of antioxidant properties of Rumex crispus and Scrophularia canina subsp.bicolor. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(3), 55–57. doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.356275
13. • Ferrazzano, G. F., Amato, I., Ingenito, A., Zarrelli, A., Pinto, G., & Pollio, A. (2011). Plant polyphenols and their anti-cariogenic properties: A review. Molecules, 16, 1486–1507. doi:10.3390/molecules16021486
14. • Ferrazzano, G. F., Roberto, L., Catania, M. R., Chiaviello, A., De Natale, A., Roscetto, E., Pinto, G., Pollio, A., Ingenito, A., & Palumbo, G. (2013). Screening and scoring of antimicrobial and biological activities of Italian vulnerary plants against major oral pathogenic bacteria. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2013, 316280. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/316280
15. • Gulfraz, M., Sadıq, A., Tarıq, H., Imran, M., & Qureshi, R. (2011) Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Eruca sativa seed. Pakistan Journal of Botanics. 43(2),1351–1359. http://www.pakbs. org/pjbot/PDFs
16. • Guven, A., & Erkan, E. (2015). Fare karaciğer dokusunda yeşil çay (camellia sinensis l.) ve maydanozun (petroselinum crispum) MDA ve GSH düzeyleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması. Caucasian Journal of Science, 6, 65–72. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cjo/issue/ 33907/382470
17. • Hazim, J., Al-Daraji, H. A., Al-Mashadani A. S, Al-Hassani, H. A., & Mirza, W. K. (2012) The influence of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) as feed additive on hematological traits of local Iraqi Geese. Advances in Nutritional Research, 1(1), 1–5. https://www.iasj.net/ iasj?func=fulltext&aId=120570
18. • Hidaka, S., Nishimura, H., Nakajima, K., & Liu, S. Y. (1996). Effects of a rhubarb (Rhei rhizoma) solution and its fractions on the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates. Journal of Periodontal Research, 31(6), 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00509.x
19. • Hidaka, S., & Oishi, A. (2007). An in vitro study of the effect of some dietary components on calculus formation: regulation of calcium phosphate precipitation. Oral Diseases, 13(3), 296–302. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01283.x
20. • Hidaka, S., Okamoto, Y., Ishiyama, K., & Hashimoto, K. (2008). Inhibition of the formation of oral calcium phosphate precipitates: the possible effects of certain honeybee products. Journal of Periodontal Research, 43(4), 450–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600- 0765.2008.01088.x
21. • Idris, O. A., Wintola, O. A., & Afolayan, A. J. (2019). Evaluation of the bioactivities of Rumex crispus L. leaves and root extracts using toxicity, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic assays. Evidence-Based cComplementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2019, 6825297. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6825297
22. • Jin, Y., & Yip, H. K. (2002). Supragingival calculus: formation and control. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine: an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists, 13(5), 426–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300506
23. • Matić, S., Stanić, S., Mihailović, M., & Bogojević, D. (2016). Cotinus coggygria Scop.: An overview of its chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological potential. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23(4), 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sjbs.2015.05.012
24. • Moolya, N. N., Thakur, S., Ravindra, S., Setty, S. B., Kulkarni, R., & Hallikeri, K. (2010). Viability of bacteria in dental calculus - A microbiological study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 14(4), 222–226. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.76921
25. • Morta, S., Mante, K., Rasa, B., & Gintaras, J. (2018). The influence of salivary pH and calcium/phosphate ions concentration on salivary gland stones’ formation. Journal of International Medicine and Dentistry, 5(1), 30–38. https://www.lsmuni.lt/cris/handle/ 20.500.12512/20296
26. • Mzoughi, Z., Chahdoura, H., Chakroun, Y., Cámara, M., Fernández- Ruiz, V., Morales, P., Mosbah, H., Flamini, G., Snoussi, M., & Majdoub, H. (2019). Wild edible Swiss chard leaves (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla): Nutritional, phytochemical composition and biological activities. Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.), 119, 612–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.039
27. • Ohtani, M., & Nishimura, T. (2020). The preventive and therapeutic application of garlic and other plant ingredients in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19(2), 1507–1510. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.8382
28. • Pápay, Z. E., Kállai-Szabó, N., Ludányi, K., Klebovich, I., & Antal, I. (2016). Development of oral site-specific pellets containing flavonoid extract with antioxidant activity. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95, 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ejps.2016.10.029
29. • Sacan, O., Orak, H., & Yanardag, R. (2008). Antioxidant activity of water extract of Eruca sativa Mill. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20, 3462–3474. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 286940034
30. • Sacan, O., & Yanardag, R. (2010). Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(5), 1275–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.022
31. • Sarwar Alam, M., Kaur, G., Jabbar, Z., Javed, K., & Athar, M. (2007). Eruca sativa seeds possess antioxidant activity and exert a protective effect on mercuric chloride induced renal toxicity. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(6), 910–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fct.2006.11.013
32. • Selmi Cepis, B., Akyuz, S., & Yarat, A. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of coffee and carbonated beverages on calcium phosphate precipitation, in the point of formation of calculus. Proceeding 3rd International Eurasian Conference on Biological and Chemical Sciences (EurasianBioChem 2020), (pp. 567–573). Ankara: Turkey www.EurasianBioChem.org. Book.
33. • Sener, B., & Kilic, M. (2019). Herbal extracts used in dental disorders. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Thecnical Research, 19(1) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334397321_Herbal_ Extracts_Used_in_Dental_Disorders
34. • Smullen, J., Finney, M., Storey, D. M., & Foster, H. A. (2012). Prevention of artificial dental plaque formation in vitro by plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(4), 964–973. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05380.x
35. • Tarasevich, B. J., Chusuei, C. C., & Alloro, D. L. (2003). Nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate from physiological solutions onto self-assembled templates by a solution formed nucleus mechanism. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107 (38), 10367– 10377. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp027445p
36. • Taviano, M. F., Melchini, A., Filocamo, A., Costa, C., Catania, S., Raciti, R., Saha, S., Needs, P., Bisignano, G. G., & Miceli, N. (2017). Contribution of the glucosinolate fraction to the overall antioxidant potential, cytoprotection against oxidative insult and antimicrobial activity of Eruca sativa Mill. leaves extract. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13(52), 738–743. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_245_16
37. • Taviano, M. F., Filocamo, A., Ragusac, S., Cacciola, F., Dugo, P., Mondelloa, L. Paterniti Mastrazzoa, G., De Rosec, R. F., Celano, M., Lombardo, G. E., Melchinie, A., & Miceli, N. (2018). Phenolic profile, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of polar extracts from leaves and flowers of Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae) growing in Sicily. Plant Biosystems, 152, 795–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2017.1338629
38. • Torki, A., Hosseinabadi, T., Fasihzadeh, S., Sadeghimanesh, A., Wibowo, J. P., & Lorigooini, Z. (2018). Solubility of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallization in the presence of crude extract and fractions from Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. Pharmacognosy Research, 10(4), 379–384.
39. • Tunali, T., Yarat, A., Yanardağ, R., Ozçelik, F., Ozsoy, O., Ergenekon, G., & Emekli, N. (1999). Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) on the skin of STZ induced diabetic rats. Phytotherapy Research: PTR, 13(2), 138–141. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099- 1573(199903)13:2<138 AID-PTR390>3.0.CO;2-X
40. • Tunali, S., Cimen, E. S., & Yanardag, R. (2020). The effects of chard on brain damage in valproic acid induced toxicity. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(10), XX–XX • https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13382
41. • Veloz, J. J., Saavedra, N., Alvear, M., Zambrano, T., Barrientos, L., & Salazar, L. A. (2016). Polyphenol-rich extract from propolis reduces the expression and activity of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases at subinhibitory concentrations. BioMed Research International, 4302706. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4302706
42. • Wang, G., Wang, J. J., Du, L., Fei, L., & To, S. T. (2016). Inhibitory kinetics and mechanism of flavonoids extracted from Cotinus coggygria Scop. against glioblastoma cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 68(8), 1357–1368. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1225105
43. • Weber, M. T., Hannig, M., Pötschke, S., Höhne, F., & Hannig, C. (2015). Application of plant extracts for the prevention of dental erosion: An in situ/in vitro study. Caries Research, 49(5), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.1159/000431294
44. • White D. J. (1997). Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence, formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 105, 508–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00238.x