Medicinal plants with reported anxiolytic and sedative activities in Nigeria: A systematic review

Year 2019, Volume: 49 Issue: 2, 92 - 104, 01.08.2019

Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar Mainul Haque

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.18008

Medicinal plants have been widely used in
folklore medicine in the treatment of various diseases such as mental and
neurological disorders. Mental disorders like anxiety and depression are very
common among Nigerian populace. The purpose of this review was to access and
evaluate several articles published on the anxiolytic and sedative properties
of medicinal plants in Nigeria and to find out the gaps left for further
research and drug development. Eighty-two publications available among Nigerian
Universities and Research Institutes between 2008 and 2018 were selected. Seven
electronic databases such as Nigerian Plant Database, HerbMed, AGRICOLA,
MedlinePlus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Springer-Link were thoroughly explored
from which 226 relevant articles were obtained using Google Scholar, Hotbot and
FreeFullPdf as search engines. A number of studies conducted to test for the
anxiolytic and sedative activity of medicinal plants in Nigeria were included.
Articles published between 2008 and 2018 were selected. The studies were
conducted in Nigeria. Research carried out before 2008 was not selected. All
publications with authorship outside Nigeria were excluded. Several medicinal
plants on which experiments were conducted were reported to have anxiolytic and
or sedative properties in Nigeria. Several medicinal plants have shown promise
as anxiolytic and sedative agents in laboratory animals’ studies. The majority
of these plants were used traditionally in the past to treat anxiety in
Nigeria. Further research on the efficacy and safety of these medicinal plants
could yield a more cost effective and perhaps safer alternative in the
treatment of anxiety among Nigerians.   

Cite this article as: Abubakar AR, Haque M
(2019). Medicinal plants with reported anxiolytic and sedative activities in
Nigeria: A systematic review. Istanbul J Pharm 49 (2): 92-104.

Keywords

Anxiolytic, sedative, medicinal-plants, phytotheraphy, Nigeria

References

• Adamu MA, Yahaya TA, Abigail B, Adeola SO (2013). Pharmacological effects of Piliostigma thonningii leaf extract on anxiety-like behaviour and spatial memory in Wistar albino rats. Phytopharmacology 4: 561-568. Adebesin IF, Akindele AJ, Adeyemi OO. (2015). Evaluation of neuropharmacological effects of aqueous leaf extract of Albizia glaberrima (Leguminosae) in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 160: 101-108. Adebiyi OA, Adebiyi OO, Ilesanmi OR, Adu T (2012). Anxiolytic and anti-nociceptive activity of hydroalcholic leaf extract of Cnidoscolous acontifolius. Afr Pharm Pharmacol 6: 1765-1769. Adebiyi OE, Olopade FE, Olopade JO, Olayemi FO (2016). Behavioural studies on the ethanol leaf extract of Grewia carpinifolia in Wistar rats. Afr Health Sci 16: 339-346. Adeoluwa OA, Aderibigbe AO, Bakre AG (2015). Evaluation of Antidepressant-like Effect of Olax Subscorpioidea Oliv. (Olacaceae) Extract in Mice. Drug Res 65: 306-311. Aderibigbe A, Agboola O (2010). Studies of behavioural and analgesic properties of Treculia africana in mice. Int J Biol Chem Sci 4: 338-346. Aderibigbe AO, Agboola OI (2011). Neuropharmacological profile of Struchium sparganophora (Linn) O. Ktze in mice. Asian J Tradit Med 6: 104-111. Aderibigbe OA, Iwalewa OE, Adesina KS, Agboola IO (2010a). Anxiolytic effect of aridanin isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera in mice. Int J Biol Chem Sci 4: 1390-1396. Aderibigbe OA, Iwalewa OE, Adesina KS, Agboola IO (2010b). Studies of behavioural and neural mechanism of Aridanin isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera in mice. Int J Pharmacol 6: 480-486. Aderibigbe AO, Adeyemi IO, Agboola OI (2010c). Central nervous system depressant properties of Treculia africana Decne. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2010: 14:108. Adeyemi OO (2014). Investigation of the Anticonvulsant, Sedative and Anxiolytic Activities of the Aqueous Leaf and Stem Extract of Asystasia gangetica (Linn.). UNILAG J Basic Med Sci 2: 19-26. Adeyemi OO, Akindele AJ, Yemitan OK, Aigbe FR, Fagbo FI (2010). Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and sedative activities of the aqueous root extract of Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. J Ethnopharmacol 130: 191-195. Aduema W, Akunneh-Wariso C, Amah AK, Vidona WB (2018). Evaluation of the anxiolytic activity of the leaves of Nymphaea lotus (Water Lily) in mice. Biol Med Case Rep 2: 21-24. Adzu B, Haruna AK, Ilyas M, Gamaniel KS (2008). CNS activity of ZS-1A: a phytoceutical from Zizyphus spina-christi root bark. IJBCS 2: 456-461. Aiyelero OM, Abdu-Aguye SN, Yaro AH, Magaji MG (2012). Behavioural studies on the methanol leaf extract of Securinega virosa (Euphorbiaceae) in mice. J Pharmacognosy Phytother 4: 12-15. Ajao MY, Akindele AJ (2013). Anxiolytic and sedative properties of hydroethanolic extract of Telfairia occidentalis leaves in mice. Rev Bras Farmacogn 23: 301-309. Akanmu MA, Adeloye AO, Obuotor EM, Adelusola KA, Iwalewa EO, Ukponmwan OE, Lamikanra A (2011). Neuropharmacological effects of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg.(Euphorbiaceae) in mice. Int J Biol Chem Sci 5: 2250-2262. Akindele AJ, Adeyemi OO (2010). Anxiolytic and sedative effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae) extract. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod 3: 28-36. Akindele AJ, Sanni HA, Edeh PC (2012). Anxiolytic activity of aerial part hydroethanolic extract of Allium ascalonicum Linn. (Liliaceae) in mice. FFHD 2: 448-459. Aliyu M, Anuka JA, Yaro AH, Magaji MG (2014). Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Effect of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Paullinia pinnata Lin in Mice. Br J Pharm Res 4: 1638. Anyanwu-Ndulewe CA, Adepoju-Bello AA, Fageyinbo S, Coker H (2018). Extract of the Leaves of Hydrolea glabra Schum. &Thonn. (Hydrophyllaceae), Exerts Anxiolytic Effect on Swiss Albino Mice. Trop J Nat Prod Res 2: 413-417 Archer J (1973). Tests for emotionality in mices and mice, a review. Anim Behav 21: 205-235. Arome D, Enegide C, Ameh SF (2014). Pharmacological evaluation of anxiolytic property of aqueous root extract of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. Chron Young Sci 5: 33-38. Asuquo OR, Ottoh MO, Eluwa MA, Oko OK, Ekanem TB (2013). Locomotor Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Spondias Mombin Leaf. Int J Pharm Sci Invent 2: 2131-6178. Ayanwuyi LO, Kwanashie HO, Hussaini IM, Yaro AH (2016). Preliminary studies on the behavioural effects of the methanol extract of Leonotis nepetifolia Linn stem in mice. Afr J Trad Compl Altern Med 13: 15-21. Ayoka AO, Owolabi RA, Bamitale SK, Akomolafe RO, Aladesanmi JA, Ukponmwan EO (2013). Effect of fractionated extracts and isolated pure compounds of spondias mombin (L. Anacardiaceae) leaves on novelty-induced rearing and grooming behaviors in mice. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 10: 244-255. Bakre AG, Aderibigbe AO, Ademowo OG. (2013). Studies on neuropharmacological profile of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 149: 783-789. Belzung C, Misslin R, Vogel E, Dodd RH, Chapouthier G (1987). Anxiogenic effects of methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate in a light/dark choice situation. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior 28: 29-33. Chindo BA, Jamilu YU, Danjuma NM, Okhale SE, Gamaniel KS, Becker A (2014). Behavioral and anticonvulsant effects of the standardized extract of Ficus platyphylla stem bark. J Ethnopharmacol 154: 351-360. Chindo BA, Kahl E, Trzeczak D, Dehmel P, Becker A, Fendt M (2015). Standardized extract of Ficus platyphylla reverses apomorphine-induced changes in prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in rats. Beh Brain Res 293: 74-80. Cletus AU, Dibal MY, Malgwi TS, Hadiza MI, Adama YA (2017). Central Nervous System Depressant Effect of Senna occidentalis Linn.(Fabaceae) Leaf Extract in Mice. Br J Pharm Res 18: 1-6. Danjuma NM, Abdu-Aguye I, Anuka JA, Hussaini IM, Zezi AU, Maiha BB, Sani M (2008). Behavioural Effects of Hydroalcoholic Stem Bark Extract of Randia nilotica stapf, in Mice. Int J Pharmacol 4: 264-269. Danjuma NM, Zezi AU, Yaro AH, Musa AM, Ahmed A, Sanni HA, Maje IM (2009). Residual aqueous fraction of stem bark extract of Xeromphis nilotica and behavioral effects in mice. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod 2: 5-12. Danjuma NM, Chindo BA, Abdu-Aguye I, Anuka JA, & Hussaini IM. (2014). Psychopharmacological properties of saponins from Randia nilotica stem bark. Pharmaceutical Biology 52: 1-7. Dayom DW, Gyang SS, Jimam SN, Okwuasaba FK (2014). Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Paulinia Pinnata on Swimming Endurance Time of Mice. J Pharm Biol Sci 9: 47-50. Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A (2004). Passiflora: a review update. J Ethnopharmacol 94: 1-23. Dunhan NW, Miya TS (1957). A note on a simple apparatus for detecting neurological deficit in rats and mice. J Am Pharm Assoc 46: 208-209. Edewor-Kuponiyi TI (2013). Plant-derived compounds with potential sedative and anxiolytic activities. Int J Basic Appl Sci 2: 63-78. Egharevba HO, Ibrahim JA, Kassam CD, Kunle OF (2015). Integrating traditional medicine practice into the formal health care delivery system in the new millennium–the Nigerian approach: a review. Int J Life Sci 4: 120-128. Fajemiroye JO, Zjawiony Jordan K, Alves CE, Aderoju AA (2018). Evaluation of Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Nymphaea Lotus Linn. in Mice. Iran J Pharm Res 17: 613-626. File S, Pellow S (1985). The effect of Triazolobenzodiazepines in two animal tests of anxiety and on Hole -board. Br J Pharmacol 86: 729-735. File SE, Seth P (2003). A review of 25 years of the social interaction test. Eur J Pharmacol 463: 35-53. Files S, Wardill AG (1975). Validity of head -dipping as a measure of exploration a modified hole -board. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 44: 5-9. Garba MM, Hamza YA, Muhammad MA, Akpojo AJ, Ibrahim AA, Marte HI (2013). Neuropharmacological studies on ethyl acetate fraction of Securinega virosa root bark extract. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 7: 275-279. Goloubkova TD, Heckler E, Rates SMK, Henriques JAP, Henriques AT (1998). Inhibition of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases by an alkaloid fraction from Helietta apiculata markedly potentiate the hypnotic action of pentobarbital. J Ethnopharmacol 60: 141-148. Guragi IA, Kyari H, Malami S (2018). Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract of Laggera aurita Linn. F.(Asteraceae) in Mice. Arch Neuro Sci 5: e63441. Handley SL, Mithani S (1984). Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of ‘fear’-motivated behaviour. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 372: 1-5. Ibironke GF, Alemonu OJ (2013). Effects of Ethanol Extract of Curcuma Longa Rhizome on Neurobehavioural Activities in Stressed Rats. Afr J Biomed Res 16: 193-197. Iniaghe LO, Ighodaro I, Magaji MG, Tabot TP, Maduka IT. (2015). Neurobehavioural evaluation of Lophira alata (Ochnaceae) stem bark extract in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 26: 523-529. Ishola IO, Chatterjee M, Tota S, Tadigopulla N, Adeyemi OO, Palit G, Shukla R (2012). Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of amentoflavone isolated from Cnestis ferruginea in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 103: 322-331. Ishola IO, Olayemi SO, Idowu AR (2013). Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of aqueous bulb extract of Crinum glaucum A. chev (Amaryllidaceae): role of GABAergic and nitrergic systems. Pak J Biol Sci 16: 701-710. James O, Awam MN, Eleojo O (2014). Hypno-sedative activity of Gymnema sylvestre extract in sodium barbiturate - induced hypnosis in Rattus novergicus. Adv Biochem 2: 60-64. John-Africa LB, Danjuma NM, Anuka JA, Chindo BA (2014). Sedative properties of Mitracarpus villosus leaves in mice. IJBCS 8: 2132-2142. Keeton CP, Kolos AC, Walkup JT (2009). Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Pediatric Drugs 11: 171-183. Lister RG (1987). The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 92: 180-185. Magaji MG, Anuka JA, Abdu-Aguye I, Yaro AH, Hussaini IM (2008). Behavioural Effects of the methanolic root bark extract of Securinega virosa in rodents. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 5: 147-153. Magaji MG, Musa AM, Abdullahi MI, Ya’u J, Hussaini IM (2015). Isolation of bergenin from the root bark of Securinega virosa and evaluation of its potential sleep promoting effect. Avicenna J of Phytomed 5: 587-596. Magaji MG, Yakubu Y, Magaji RA, Musa AM, Yaro AH, Hussaini IM (2014). Psychopharmacological potentials of Methanol leaf extract of Securinega virosa Roxb (Ex Willd) Baill. in mice. Pak J Biol Sci 17: 855-859. Magaji MG, Yaro AH, Musa AM, Anuka JA, Abdu-Aguye I, Hussaini IM (2011). Sedative activity of residual aqueous fraction of Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd) Baill. Root bark extract in mice. Niger J Pharm Sci 10: 34-44. Magaji RA, Saleh MIA, Magaji MG, Buhari I (2012). Preliminary Central Nervous System Effects of the Aqueous Seed Extract of Mucuna pruriens in Mice. Current Research in Neuroscience 4: 6-9. Malami I, Halilu ME, Mathias S, Alhassan MA (2014a). Phytochemical evaluation and investigations in to sedative properties of Datura stramonium (Linn) seeds in experimental mice. J Pharm Biol Sci 9: 1-3. Malami I, Hassan SW, Alhassan AM, Shinkafi ST, Umar AT, Shehu S (2014b). Anxiolytic, sedative and toxicological effect of hydromethanolic stem bark extract of maerua angolensis DC. In Wister rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 27: 1363-1370. Martinez RCR, de Oliveira AR, Brandão ML (2007). Serotonergic mechanisms in the basolateral amygdala differentially regulate the conditioned and unconditioned fear organized in the periaqueductal gray. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17: 717-724. Miya TS, Holck HGO, Yui GKW, Spratto GR (1973). Laboratory guide in Pharmacology. Minneapolis MN: Burgess Publishing Company. Moore NA, Axton MS (1988). Production of climbing behaviour in mice requires both D1 and D2 receptors activation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 94: 261-269. Musa AM, Yaro AH, Usman H, Magaji MG, Habu M (2008). Phytochemical and some neuropharmacological studies on the methanolic leaf extracts of Cissus cornifolia (Vitaceae) in mice. Int J Pharmacol 4: 145-148. Offiah RO, Salawu OA, Anuka JA, Magaji MG, Tijani AY (2015). Behavioural studies on the methanolic stem bark extract of Ficus Ingens (Miquel) Miquel (Moraceae) in mice. Afr J Pharml Res Dev 7: 11-18. Okokon JE, Davies K (2014). Psychopharmacological studies of Homalium letestui stem extract. J Pharmaceut Biol 4: 158-164. Okokon JE, Davies K, Antia BS, Okokon PJ (2014). Depressant, Anticonvulsant and Antibacterial Activities of Hippocratea Africana. Int J Phytother 4: 144-153. Okoli CO, Ezike AC, Agwagah OC, Akah PA (2010b). Anticonvulsant and anxiolytic evaluation of leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, a culinary herb. Pharmacognosy Res 2: 36-40. Okoli CO, Onyeto CA, Akpa BP, Ezike AC, Akah PA, Okoye TC (2010a). Neuropharmacological evaluation of Annona senegalensis leaves. Afr J Biotechnol 9: 8435-8444. Okoronkwo SO, Uchewa OO, Egwu EO, Okoronkwo AC. (2018). Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Annona Muricata and its Effect on the Microanatomy of the Cerebrum. Int J Biol Med Res 9: 6366-6370. Olayiwola G, Ukponmwan O, Olawode D (2013). Sedative and anxiolytic effects of the extracts of the leaves of Stachytarpheta Cayennensis in mice. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 10: 568-579. Oloruntobi IJ, Ajayi OI, Rufus IO (2014). Anxiolytic, Sedative and Hypothermic Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del.(Asteraceae) in Albino Mice. Br J Pharm Res 4: 2210. Olusina OK, Aderibigbe AO (2016). Anxiogenic Effect of Ethanol Extract of Adenopus breviflorus (Roberty) Fruit in Mice. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 38: 15-19. Onasanwo SA, Ajah AA, Aitokhuehi NG, Faborode OS (2017). Anxiolytic Potentials of Artocarpus altilis (Breadfruit) in Swiss Mice. Ann Depress Anxiety 4: 1089. Onasanwo SA, Chatterjee M, Palit G (2010). Antidepressant and anxiolytic potentials of dichloromethane fraction from Hedranthera barteri. Afr J Biomed Res 13: 76-81. Oyemitan IA, Bello OA, Akinpelu LA (2015a). Neuropharmacological Evaluation of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Alternanthera Brasiliana (L.) Kuntze (Amaranthaceae) in Mice. Int J Pharmal Sci Res 6: 3796. Oyemitan IA, Elusiyan CA, Akanmu MA, Olugbade TA (2013). Hypnotic, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of 1-nitro-2-phenylethane isolated from the essential oil of Dennettia tripetala in mice. Phytomedicine 20: 1315-1322. Oyemitan IA, Elusiyan CA, Onifade AO, Akanmu MA, Oyedeji AO, McDonald AG (2017). Neuropharmacological profile and chemical analysis of fresh rhizome essential oil of Curcuma longa (turmeric) cultivated in Southwest Nigeria. Toxicology Reports 4: 391-398. Oyemitan IA, Kolawole F, Abass L, Oyedeji AO (2016a). Neuropharmacological Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Cola millenii Dried Leaf in Rats. Eur J Med Plants 16: 1-12. Oyemitan IA, Ojo E, Oyedeji AO (2016b). Neuropharmacological profile of ethanolic dried seed extract of Persea americana in mice. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 10: 480-492. Oyemitan IA, Olayera OA, Alabi A, Abass LA, Elusiyan CA, Oyedeji AO, Akanmu MA (2015b). Psychoneuropharmacological activities and chemical composition of essential oil of fresh fruits of Piper guineense (Piperaceae) in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 166: 240-249. Ozolua RI, Alonge P (2008). Aqueous and ethanol leaf-extracts of Piliostigma thonningii (Schum) increase locomotor activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Afr J Biotechnol 7: 073-076. Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M (1985). Validation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 14: 149-167. Prut L, Belzung C (2003). The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review. Eur J Pharmacol 463: 3-33. Rungsung W, Ratha KK, Dutta S, Dixit AK, Hazra J (2015). Secondary metabolites of plants in drugs discovery. WJPR 4: 604-613. Sadiq Y, Alexander AB, Abdulkarim A (2009). Effect of Ziziphus mauritiana (L.) seed extracts on spatial recognition memory of rats as measured by the Y-maze test. J Nat Prod 2: 31-39. Salako OA, Akindele AJ, Balogun AO, Adeyemi OO (2018). Investigation of Antidepressant, Anxiolytic and Sedative Activities of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Musa sapientum Linn.(Banana; Musaceae). Drug Res 3: 1-8 Simiand J, Keane PE, Moore M (1984). The staircase test in mice: a simple and effective procedure for primary screening of anxiolytic agents. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 84: 48-53. Stanley JL, Lincoln RJ, Brown TA, McDonald LM, Dawson GR, Reynolds DS (2005). The mouse beam walking assays offers improved sensitivity over the mouse rotarod in determining motor coordination deficits induced by benzodicazepines. J Psychopharmacol 19: 221-227. Stolk JM, Rech RH (1970). Antagonism of O-amphetamine by methyl-ptyrosin. Behavioural evidence for participation of cathelcolamine stores and synthesis in the amphetamine stimulant response. Neuropharmacology 9: 249-263. Taiwo BJ, Osasan JY, Olubiyi OO, Oyemitan IA, Atoyebi SA, Elsegood MR, Jones RC (2017). Isolation of novel para-pentyl phenyl benzoate from Mondia whitei.(Hook. F.) skeels (periplocaceae), its structure, synthesis and neuropharmacological evaluation. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 14: 219-230. Takeda H, Tsuji M, Matsumiya T (1998). Changes in head-dipping behaviour in the hole-board test reflect the anxiogenic and/or anxiolytic state in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 350: 21-29. Tanko Y, Ezekiel I, Okpanachi AO, Goji AD, Ndebi H, Musa KY, Mohammed A (2009). Behavioural Effects of Hydro-methanolic Crude Extract of Aerial Part of Indigofera pulchra in Mice. CRJBS 1: 89-93. Tijani AY, Salawu OA, Odeniran AO (2012a). Neuropharmacological effects of Crinum zeylanicum alkaloid fraction in laboratory animals. Pharmacol Online 1: 51-58. Tijjani MA, Abdurahaman FI, Khan IZ, Sandabe UK (2012b). The Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Vitex Doniana Stem Bark on Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Laborotory Animals. J Appl Pharm Sci 2: 74-79. Tijjani YA, Okhale SE, Adeola SO (2014). Neuropharmacological effects of standardized aqueous stem bark extract of Parkia biglobosa in Wistar rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 4: 59-71. Treit D (1984). Animal models for the study of anti-anxiety agents: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 9: 203-222. Ugwah-Oguejiofor CJ, Eze UA, Bello SO, Etuk EU, Ameh GI, Ugwah OM (2015). Anticonvulsant and sedative activities of aqueous leave extract of Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br. NJBAS 23: 87-91. Wambebe C (1998). Development of standardized phytomedicines in Africa. J Pharm Resh Dev 3: 1-11. World Health Organization (2001). The World Health Report. Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva, pp.1-15. Ya’u J, Abdullahi SM, Magaji MG, Yaro AH, Anuka JA, Hussaini IM (2010). Behavioral studies on the ethanol root bark extract of Carissa edulis. Jopatrot 1: 31-34. Ya’u J, Abdulmalik UN, Yaro AH, Chindo BA, Anuka JA, Hussaini IM (2011). Behavioral properties of Balanites aegyptiaca in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 135: 725-729. Yaro AH, Anuka JA, Salawu OA, Hussaini IM, Usman H, Musa AM (2009). Comparative Neuropharmacological Activities Methanolic Extracts of Leaves and Roots of Cissus Cornifolia in Mice. Afr J Biomed Res 12: 219-223. Yaro AH, Malami S, Yau J, Sagoe CN, Anuka JA (2015a). Some behavioural studies on methanol root bark extract of Burkea africana (fabaceae) in mice. BAJOPAS 8: 216-219. Yaro AH, Muhammad MA, Nazifi AB, Garba MM (2015b). Butanol soluble fractions of Cissus cornifolia methanolic leaf extract and behavioural effects in mice. J Phytopharmacol 4: 202-226. Yusuf MB, Bello B, Jaafaru IJ (2016). Anxiolytic Effect of Aqueous Root Extract of Citrus aurantium in Wistar Albino Rats. JAMPS 9: 1-9.