Investigation of enzyme inhibition potentials, and antioxidative properties of the extracts of endemic Stachys bombycina Boiss.

Year 2022, Volume: 52 Issue: 3, 318 - 323, 30.12.2022

Fatma Ayaz Nuraniye Eruygur

https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.1075293

Abstract

Background and Aims: The genus Stachys L., is represented by around 300 species worldwide. More than 120 taxa, almost 60 of which are endemic, are widely distributed in Turkey, particularly in the eastern and southern regions. Stachys species have traditionally been used for many diseases such as asthma, rheumatism, cough, genital tumors, ulcers, diabetes, hemor- rhoids, kidney stones, and various mental disorders. Among the species, S. bombycina Boiss., namely “arıçayçesi” in Turkish, is one of the near-threatened endemic perennial herbs.
Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanol and water extracts of S. bombycina was examined utilizing in vitro techniques, including radical scavenging, such as DPPH, and ABTS, an iron-chelating assay, and the total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC). The extracts were also investigated on enzyme inhibition effects using in vitro spectrophotometric method. HPLC analysis was also used for the determination of the phytochemical profiles of the extracts.
Results: Based on our results, the methanol extract of S. bombycina demonstrated higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 605.7 ± 1.04 and 19.40 ± 0.37 µg/mL, respectively, than the water extract. Otherwise, the water extract was found to have a higher iron chelating activity (IC50= 917.9 ± 3.55 µg/mL) than the methanol extract. The highest TPC of the water extract was determined as 81.07 ± 4.71 µg GAE/mg, although the methanol extract had more TFC at 46.93 ± 1.94 µg QE/mg. In addition, high anti- BChE activity was observed (IC50= 58.09 ± 1.18 µg/mL) in the water extract. In addition, ellagic acid was defined as a major component in the methanol extract, while caffeic acid was detected as the main compound in the water extract.
Conclusion: Consequently, the current study is the first to report the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of S. bom- bycina. According to our findings on S. bombycina, this work can contribute to the development of bioactive agents from natural sources. Moreover, further investigations still need to be conducted on the discovery of the phytoconstituents of S. bombycina responsible for the bioactivity, as well as its potential various biological activities.

Keywords

Stachys bombycina, Enzyme inhibition, Antioxidant activity

References

• Bahadori, M. B., Maggi, F., Zengin, G., Asghari, B., & Eskandani, M. (2020). Essential oils of hedgenettles (Stachys inflata, S. la- vandulifolia, and S. byzantina) have antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity potential: A comparative study. Industrial crops and products, 145, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. indcrop.2020.112089
• Bonesi, M., Menichini, F., Tundis, R., Loizzo, M. R., Conforti, F., Passalacqua, N. G., Menichini, F. (2010). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Pinus spe- cies essential oils and their constituents. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, 25(5), 622-628. https://doi. org/10.3109/14756360903389856
• Bursal, E., Taslimi, P., Gören, A. C., & Gülçin, İ. (2020). Assessments of anticholinergic, antidiabetic, antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Stachys annua. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnol- ogy, 28, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101711
• Chai, T., Mohan, M., Ong, H., & Wong, F. (2014). Antioxidant, iron- chelating and anti-glucosidase activities of Typha domingensis Pers (Typhaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(1), 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v13i1.10.
• Clarke, G., Ting, K. N., Wiart, C., & Fry, J. (2013). High correlation of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing activity potential and total phenolics content indicates redundancy in use of all three assays to screen for antioxidant activity of extracts of plants from the Malaysian rainforest. Antioxi- dants, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2010001
• Delazar, A., Celik, S., Göktürk, R., Unal, O., Nahar, L., & Sarker, S. (2005). Two acylated flavonoid glycosides from Stachys bomby- cina, and their free radical scavenging activity. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 60(11), 878-880. Retrieved from https://pharmazie.govi.de/
• Duru, M. E., Çakır, A., Harmandar, M., Izumi, S., & Hirata, T. (1999). The volatile constituents of Stachys athorecalyx C. Koch. from Turkey. Flavour and fragrance journal, 14(1), 12-14. https:// doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199901/02)14:1<12::AID- FFJ763>3.0.CO;2-7
• Elfalleh, W., Kirkan, B., & Sarikurkcu, C. (2019). Antioxidant poten- tial and phenolic composition of extracts from Stachys tmolea: An endemic plant from Turkey. Industrial crops and products, 127, 212-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.078
• Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Andres Jr, V., & Featherstone, R. M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcho- linesterase activity. Biochemical pharmacology, 7(2), 88-95. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9
• Eruygur, N., & Ayaz, F. (2021). Investigation of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity of methanol and water ex- tracts from aerial parts of Phlomis lycia D. DON. International Jour- nal of Phytocosmetics and Natural Ingredients, 8(1), 3-3. Retrieved from https://ijpni.org
• Gou, L., Lee, J., Hao, H., Park, Y.-D., Zhan, Y., & Lü, Z.-R. (2017). The effect of oxaloacetic acid on tyrosinase activity and structure: In- tegration of inhibition kinetics with docking simulation. Interna- tional journal of biological macromolecules, 101, 59-66. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.073
• Háznagy-Radnai, E., Réthy, B., Czigle, S., Zupkó, I., Wéber, E., Mar- tinek, T., . . . Máthé, I. (2008). Cytotoxic activities of Stachys spe- cies. Fitoterapia, 79(7-8), 595-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fito- te.2008.06.009
• Háznagy‐Radnai, E., Balogh, Á., Czigle, S., Máthé, I., Hohmann, J., & Blazsó, G. (2012). Antiinflammatory activities of Hungarian Stachys species and their iridoids. Phytotherapy Research, 26(4), 505-509. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3582
• Jeong, S. H., Ryu, Y. B., Curtis-Long, M. J., Ryu, H. W., Baek, Y. S., Kang, J. E., . . . Park, K. H. (2009). Tyrosinase inhibitory polyphenols from roots of Morus lhou. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(4), 1195-1203. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8033286
• Kang, J.-R., Kang, M.-J., Shin, J.-H., Park, J.-H., Kim, D.-i., Chung, S.- Y., & Shin, J.-H. (2017). Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of various solvent extracts from Stachys sieboldii Miq. Korean Jour- nal of Food Preservation, 24(5), 615-622. https://doi.org/10.11002/ kjfp.2017.24.5.615
• Kirkan, B. (2019). Antioxidant potential, enzyme inhibition activ- ity, and phenolic profile of extracts from Stachys cretica subsp. vacillans. Industrial crops and products, 140, 1-5. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111639
• Kucukbay, F., Ozgul, O., Kucukbay, H., & Akcicek, E. (2011). Com- position of the essential oil of Stachys bombycina from Turkey. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 46(6), 982-984. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10600-011-9804-9
• Kukić, J., Petrović, S., & Niketić, M. (2006). Antioxidant activity of four endemic Stachys taxa. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29(4), 725-729. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.725
• Lordan, S., Smyth, T. J., Soler-Vila, A., Stanton, C., & Ross, R. P. (2013). The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of Irish sea- weed extracts. Food chemistry, 141(3), 2170-2176. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.123
• Özek, G. (2018). Chemical diversity and biological potential of Tanacetum praeteritum subsp. praeteritum essential oils. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 5(2), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.389075
• Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891- 5849(98)00315-3
• Saeedi, M., Morteza-Semnani, K., Mahdavi, M., & Rahimi, F. (2008). Antimicrobial studies on extracts of four species of Stachys. In- dian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 70(3), 403. Retrieved from https://www.ijpsonline.com/
• Saravanakumar, K., Park, S., Mariadoss, A. V. A., Sathiyaseelan, A., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Kim, S., & Wang, M.-H. (2021). Chemical com- position, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Stachys riederi var. japonica (Miq.) in streptozotocin- induced type 2 diabetic mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 155, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112374
• Sarikurkcu, C., Ceylan, O., Benabdallah, A., & Tepe, B. (2020). Stachys germanica subsp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Hayek: Phytochemi- cal analysis, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. South African Journal of Botany, 143, 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sajb.2020.11.009
• Tomou, E.-M., Barda, C., & Skaltsa, H. (2020). Genus Stachys: A re- view of traditional uses, phytochemistry and bioactivity. Medi- cines, 7(63), 1-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines7100063
• Tundis, R., Bonesi, M., Pugliese, A., Nadjafi, F., Menichini, F., & Loizzo, M. R. (2015). Tyrosinase, acetyl-and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibi- tory activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae) and its ma- jor constituents. Records of Natural Products, 9(1), 81-93. Retrieved from http://www.acgpubs.org
• Tundis, R., Peruzzi, L., & Menichini, F. (2014). Phytochemical and biological studies of Stachys species in relation to chemotaxono- my: a review. Phytochemistry, 102, 7-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. phytochem.2014.01.023
• Yılmaz, Ö., Daşkın, R., & Kaynak, G. (2010). Stachys pseudobom- bycina sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) from south Anatolia, Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany, 28(3), 341-343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756- 1051.2009.00620.x