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Osmanlı denizcileri ve serko haritası (quartier de réduction)

Year 2016, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 1 - 25, 01.12.2016

Abstract

Avrupalı
denizciler, on yedinci yüzyıldan önce seyir sırasında yapmak zorunda kaldıkları
matematiksel hesapları azaltmak amacıyla quadratum nauticum veya organum
directorium
gibi abaküs/hesap cetvelleri kullanmışlardır. On yedinci
yüzyıldan itibaren gelişen bu aletler yerlerini Gunter skalası, trigonometrik
cetvel
ve sinüs kuadrantı gibi aletlere bırakmıştır. Fransız
denizciler arasında yaygın kullanılan quartier
de réduction
da bu tarz bir alettir. Bu alet, bir geminin çıkış noktasından
varış noktasına gelinceye kadar takip etmesi gereken rotanın coğrafi
koordinatlarını ve yönünü bulmak için kullanılan çok basit ama bir o kadar da
doğru sonuç veren bir hesap aletidir.

On
sekizinci yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlıların denizcilik alanında modernleşme
hareketlerinin bir parçası olarak Avrupa’dan yapılan çevirilerle denizcilik
alanında Osmanlıca eserler oluşmaya başlamıştır. Quartier de réduction aleti,
bu Osmanlıca denizcilik literatürüne serko haritası ve sârko karta
adlarıyla girmiştir.





Bu
çalışmanın giriş bölümünde, on yedinci yüzyıla kadar denizcilikte kullanılan
bazı hesap aletleri ele alındıktan sonra, quartier de réduction aletinin
yapısı, kullanımı, yayılışı hakkında bilgi verilecek ve Osmanlı
denizciliğindeki yeri incelenecektir.

References

  • Kandilli Rasathanesi (İstanbul) Yazma Eserler Koleksiyonu:Alat-ı hendesiyyeden pergar-ı nisbet ta’bir olunan alet. 82/3.
  • Deniz seferine çıkmadan önce bilinmesi gereken meteorolojik bilgiler. 82/2.
  • Hoca Tahsin, Hendese, logaritma, cebirle ilgili müsveddeler. 82/1.
  • Mehmet İzzet, Logaritma ta‘bir olunan ensab cetvelleri. 82/4.
  • İBB Atatürk Kitaplığı (İstanbul):Kitab al-murur va’l-‘ubur fi ‘ilm al-barr va’l-buhur. Muallim Cevdet Yazmaları K.354.
  • Akün, Ömer Faruk. “Hoca Tahsin.” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1998.
  • Beaglehole, John Cawte. The Life of Captain James Cook. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1974.
  • Beydilli, Kemal. Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishane, Mühendishane Matbaası ve Kütüphanesi (1776-1826). İstanbul: Eren Yayıncılık, 1995.
  • Bézout, Etienne. Cours de Mathématiques, à l’Usage de la Marine et de… Traité de Navigation (nouvelle edition), Paris: Mme Ve Courcier, Imprim. Lib., 1814.
  • Brummelen, Glen Van. The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of Trigonometry. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  • Cotter, Charles H. “Early Tabular, Graphical and Instrumental Methods for Solving Problems of Plane Sailing.” Separatas da Revista da Universidade de Coimbra 26 (1978): 3-20.
  • Cyclopedia: or, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, London 1728.
  • Darkot, Besim. Kartografya Dersleri. İstanbul: Yenilik Basımevi, 1957.
  • Daumas, Maurice. Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and their Makers. London: Portman Books, 1972.
  • “Early proceedings of the American Philisophical Society of Useful Knowledge, compiled by one of the secretaries, from the manuscript minutes of its meetings from (1744-1838).” Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society 22 (January 4, 1788): 158.
  • Fisher, Dennis. Latitude Hooks and Azimuth Rings: How to Build and Use 18 Traditional Navigational Tools. USA: International Marine, 1995.
  • Günergun, Feza. ”Les Ingénieurs et la Modernisation: La Transmission des Savoirs Techniques entre la France et la Turquie au tournant du 19e Siècle.” Communication présentée au Séminaire EHESS (Les Ingénieurs civils et la Circulation des Savoirs en Europe, XIXe – XXe Siècles: Mobilité, Confrontations, Hybridations), Paris, Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, le 25 Novembre 2011 (sous presse).
  • Hall, Elial F., and J. Carson Brevoot. “Gerard Mercator: His Life and Works.”American Geographical Society of New York 1 (1878): 163-196. Journal Encyclopédique ou Universel, Tome VIII, Partie I. Paris: A Bouillon de l’Imprimerie du Journal, 1786.
  • Navigasyon. Çeviren Halil Efendi. İstanbul: Mekteb-i Bahriye-i Hazreti Şahane Tabhanesi, 1857.
  • North, John. Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmolog. London: Chicago Press, 2008.
  • Polat, Gaye Danışan. “An Anonymous Ottoman Compendium on Nautical Instruments and Navigation: Kitâbu’l-murûri’l-ubûr fî ilmi’l-berri ve’l-buhûr.” Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche 34 (2015): 379-381.
  • Randier, Jean. L’Instrument de Marine. Paris: MDV Maîtres du Vent, 2006.
  • Robertson, John, James Wilson, and C. Nourse. The Elements of Navigation: Containing the Theory and Practice. With the Necessary Tables, and Compendiums for Finding the Latitude and Longitude at Sea. To which is added, a Treatise of Marine Fortification. Composed for the Use of the Royal Mathematical School at Christ's Hospital, the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, and the Gentlemen of the Navy… London, 1796.
  • Watson, George. Description and Use of a Diagram of Navigation: All pProblems in Plane, Traverse, Parallel, Middle Latitude and Mercator’s Sailing. USA: Fellows & Simpson, 1822.
  • Andreas Biancho’nun atlasından bir sayfa. Ch/Ab/1/D01; Tavola 1, Raxon de Marteloio, Andreas Biancho de Veneriis me fecit. M.CCCC.XXXvj: Atlante Nautico of Andres Bianco, Erişim 20.01.2016. http://www.cartographyunchained.com/ChAb1.html
  • 1500-1700 arasında tarihlendirilen bir volta seyri tahtası. The Mariners’ Museum (Newport, Virginia, ABD). Erişim 18.01.2016.http://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/object/traverse-board/
  • Quadratum nauticum resmi. Gemma Frius, De astrolabo catholico, Antwerp, 1556. http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/measurer/text/fig39.htm#figure39
  • Organum Directorium. Mercator’un Dünya atlasında (1569). Erişim 20.12.2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_1569.png Guillaume Blondel’in quartier de réduction aletinin François Jollain (1641-1704) tarafından yapılmış bir gravürü. Erişim 20.11.2016. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8490982h/f1.item
  • Stephen Peter Rigaud’ya (1774-1839) ait bir quartier de réduction et de proportion çizimi. Oxford Bilim Tarihi Müzesi Baskılar Koleksiyonu. Erişim 20.11.2016. http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/collections/imu-search-page/record-details/?thumbnails=on&irn=30446&TitInventoryNo=14156
  • Quartier de réduction. Association Méridiennes Nantes. http://www.meridienne.org/index.php?page=reduction.presentation

Ottoman navigators and serko haritası (quartier de réduction)

Year 2016, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 1 - 25, 01.12.2016

Abstract

European navigators had used instruments such as
quadratum nauticum
or organum directorium to reduce the mathematical
calculations they needed to perform while navigating prior to the 17th
century. After the 17th century, instrument makers started to use
modern techniques and thus designed and produced instruments such as Gunter’s
scale, trigonometrical ruler and sinical quadrant. Quartier de réduction
which was widely used among French mariners, was one of these instruments. It
was a simple but very accurate calculator that helped to determine the
geographical coordinates and direction of the ship’s course to be followed from
its point of departure to its destination.

In the 18th century when Ottoman administrators
initiated the modernisation of the military, European maritime books were
translated to Ottoman Turkish. The quartier de reduction was thus introduced
in Ottoman technical literature under the name serko harita and sârko
karta
.





This study will first introduce a few calculators used
by navigators before the seventeenth century. Then, examine the structure and
use of serko haritası and diacuss its use among ottoman seamen.

References

  • Kandilli Rasathanesi (İstanbul) Yazma Eserler Koleksiyonu:Alat-ı hendesiyyeden pergar-ı nisbet ta’bir olunan alet. 82/3.
  • Deniz seferine çıkmadan önce bilinmesi gereken meteorolojik bilgiler. 82/2.
  • Hoca Tahsin, Hendese, logaritma, cebirle ilgili müsveddeler. 82/1.
  • Mehmet İzzet, Logaritma ta‘bir olunan ensab cetvelleri. 82/4.
  • İBB Atatürk Kitaplığı (İstanbul):Kitab al-murur va’l-‘ubur fi ‘ilm al-barr va’l-buhur. Muallim Cevdet Yazmaları K.354.
  • Akün, Ömer Faruk. “Hoca Tahsin.” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1998.
  • Beaglehole, John Cawte. The Life of Captain James Cook. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1974.
  • Beydilli, Kemal. Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishane, Mühendishane Matbaası ve Kütüphanesi (1776-1826). İstanbul: Eren Yayıncılık, 1995.
  • Bézout, Etienne. Cours de Mathématiques, à l’Usage de la Marine et de… Traité de Navigation (nouvelle edition), Paris: Mme Ve Courcier, Imprim. Lib., 1814.
  • Brummelen, Glen Van. The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of Trigonometry. Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  • Cotter, Charles H. “Early Tabular, Graphical and Instrumental Methods for Solving Problems of Plane Sailing.” Separatas da Revista da Universidade de Coimbra 26 (1978): 3-20.
  • Cyclopedia: or, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, London 1728.
  • Darkot, Besim. Kartografya Dersleri. İstanbul: Yenilik Basımevi, 1957.
  • Daumas, Maurice. Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and their Makers. London: Portman Books, 1972.
  • “Early proceedings of the American Philisophical Society of Useful Knowledge, compiled by one of the secretaries, from the manuscript minutes of its meetings from (1744-1838).” Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society 22 (January 4, 1788): 158.
  • Fisher, Dennis. Latitude Hooks and Azimuth Rings: How to Build and Use 18 Traditional Navigational Tools. USA: International Marine, 1995.
  • Günergun, Feza. ”Les Ingénieurs et la Modernisation: La Transmission des Savoirs Techniques entre la France et la Turquie au tournant du 19e Siècle.” Communication présentée au Séminaire EHESS (Les Ingénieurs civils et la Circulation des Savoirs en Europe, XIXe – XXe Siècles: Mobilité, Confrontations, Hybridations), Paris, Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, le 25 Novembre 2011 (sous presse).
  • Hall, Elial F., and J. Carson Brevoot. “Gerard Mercator: His Life and Works.”American Geographical Society of New York 1 (1878): 163-196. Journal Encyclopédique ou Universel, Tome VIII, Partie I. Paris: A Bouillon de l’Imprimerie du Journal, 1786.
  • Navigasyon. Çeviren Halil Efendi. İstanbul: Mekteb-i Bahriye-i Hazreti Şahane Tabhanesi, 1857.
  • North, John. Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmolog. London: Chicago Press, 2008.
  • Polat, Gaye Danışan. “An Anonymous Ottoman Compendium on Nautical Instruments and Navigation: Kitâbu’l-murûri’l-ubûr fî ilmi’l-berri ve’l-buhûr.” Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche 34 (2015): 379-381.
  • Randier, Jean. L’Instrument de Marine. Paris: MDV Maîtres du Vent, 2006.
  • Robertson, John, James Wilson, and C. Nourse. The Elements of Navigation: Containing the Theory and Practice. With the Necessary Tables, and Compendiums for Finding the Latitude and Longitude at Sea. To which is added, a Treatise of Marine Fortification. Composed for the Use of the Royal Mathematical School at Christ's Hospital, the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, and the Gentlemen of the Navy… London, 1796.
  • Watson, George. Description and Use of a Diagram of Navigation: All pProblems in Plane, Traverse, Parallel, Middle Latitude and Mercator’s Sailing. USA: Fellows & Simpson, 1822.
  • Andreas Biancho’nun atlasından bir sayfa. Ch/Ab/1/D01; Tavola 1, Raxon de Marteloio, Andreas Biancho de Veneriis me fecit. M.CCCC.XXXvj: Atlante Nautico of Andres Bianco, Erişim 20.01.2016. http://www.cartographyunchained.com/ChAb1.html
  • 1500-1700 arasında tarihlendirilen bir volta seyri tahtası. The Mariners’ Museum (Newport, Virginia, ABD). Erişim 18.01.2016.http://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/object/traverse-board/
  • Quadratum nauticum resmi. Gemma Frius, De astrolabo catholico, Antwerp, 1556. http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/measurer/text/fig39.htm#figure39
  • Organum Directorium. Mercator’un Dünya atlasında (1569). Erişim 20.12.2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_1569.png Guillaume Blondel’in quartier de réduction aletinin François Jollain (1641-1704) tarafından yapılmış bir gravürü. Erişim 20.11.2016. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8490982h/f1.item
  • Stephen Peter Rigaud’ya (1774-1839) ait bir quartier de réduction et de proportion çizimi. Oxford Bilim Tarihi Müzesi Baskılar Koleksiyonu. Erişim 20.11.2016. http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/collections/imu-search-page/record-details/?thumbnails=on&irn=30446&TitInventoryNo=14156
  • Quartier de réduction. Association Méridiennes Nantes. http://www.meridienne.org/index.php?page=reduction.presentation
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gaye Danışan Polat

Publication Date December 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Danışan Polat, Gaye. “Ottoman Navigators and Serko Haritası (quartier De réduction)”. Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari (Studies in Ottoman Science) 18, no. 1 (December 2016): 1-25.