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İnşaat Mühendisi ve Amatör Matematikçi Aram Margosyan’ın İstatistik Üzerine Görüşleri

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 33 - 65, 06.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/oba.1133163

Abstract

Aram Margosyan (1853-1931), Paris’teki École des Ponts et Chaussées’den (Köprüler ve Yollar Okulundan) mezun olduktan sonra Nafia Vekâleti’ne bağlı olarak Demiryolları’nda çalışmaya başlamış ve burada müdürlüğe kadar yükselmiştir. Nafia Vekâleti’nde çalışırken Hendese-i Mülkiye’de matematik ve mühendislik dersleri vermiş ve kitaplar yayınlamıştır. Osmanlı Türkiye’sindeki değişik görevlerinin yanı sıra Fransa’daki amatör matematikçiler grubu içinde kendine yer edinmiştir. Sihirli kareler konusundaki Fransızca kitabı, meşhur bir İngilizce eğlence matematiği kitabının Fransızca uyarlanması içinde alt bir bölüm olarak tekrar yayınlanmıştır. Margosyan, yurtdışındaki tanınmışlığını, “Margossian Method”u da içeren, bu esere borçludur. Fransız amatör matematikçi André Gérardin’in yönettiği Sphinx-Œdipe dergisinde yayınladığı ilk yazısında, Margosyan açık bir problemi çözdüğünü iddia etmiştir. Margosyan da Sphinx-Œdipe dergisinin kurucuları arasındadır. Osmanlı Mühendisler ve Mimarlar Cemiyeti Mecmuası’na, artık Osmanlı Demiryolları müdürü olmadığını vurguladığı iki mektup göndermiştir. Özellikle çıkarımsal istatistiğin önemini örneklerle anlatan mektubu, Margosyan’ın geniş bir matematik kültürünün göstergesidir. Bu makalemizde, Margosyan’ın hayatı hakkındaki bazı bilgileri sunduktan sonra istatistik yazısındaki görüşlerinin matematiksel içeriklerini değerlendirip bu yazıyı kaleme alma nedenini de anlamaya çalıştık.

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Thanks

Ki-kare testinin uygulandığı bölümde okuyamadigimiz kesirin 4/3 sayısı olabilecegini hesaplayarak gösteren Ahmet Feyzioğlu’na, Euler Subay Problemi ve Latin kareleri konularında bilgilerini paylaştığı için Emine Şule Yazıcı’ya, Edward Fleisher’in doktora tezini bulup gönderdiği için Filiz Ekingen Flores Mamondi’ye (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi), istatistik yazısıyla ilgili yorumları ve Arbuthnot’un makalesini önerdiği için Berna Kılıç’a, Margosyan’ın öğrencilik fotoğraflarını gönderen ve onları yayınlama iznini veren Anne Lacourt’a (École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Direction de la documentation, des archives et du patrimoine), Margosyan’ın 1912 tarihli makalesinin teminindeki yardımlarından dolayı Yakup Demir’e (Kastamonu Üniversitesi Bilgehan Bilgili Merkez Kütüphanesi) ve Virginie Melcus’a (Le Mans Üniversitesi, Service du Prêt Entre Bibliothèque (PEB), BU du Mans, Service Commun de Documentation), Margosyan’ın Fenn-i Mihanik eserini temin etmemizi sağlayan Erdal Işık’a (İTÜ Nadir Eserler), Cipolla’nı Margossian Method’dan bahseden İtalyanca makalesini temin etmemizi sağlayan Michele Righini’ye (Biblioteca dell'Archiginnasio, Biblioteche di Bologna - Comune di Bologna), Rouse Ball’ın 1909 tarihli kitabını gönderen İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphane ve Dokümantasyon Daire Başkanlığı Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesine, Sphinx-Œdipe dergisinin 1921 tarihli nüshalarını gönderen Johanna Mercado ve Andrew Majcher’e (Brown Universitesi, The John Hay Kütüphanesi, ABD), makale yazım sürecindeki desteklerinden ötürü Ahmet Kaçar’a (Kastamonu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi), kişisel yazışmalarımızda André Gérardin ve Sphinx-Œdipe dergisi hakkında verdiği bilgiler için Jenny Boucard’a (Centre François Viète d'Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques, Fransa), makale hakkındaki yorumları için Müjdat Takıcak’a teşekkür ediyoruz.

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Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 33 - 65, 06.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/oba.1133163

Abstract

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Arşiv Kaynakları / Archival Sources
  • Archives de l’École nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
  • Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées, Session 1876-1877, Photographies des élèves, Service documentaire, Archives, Inventaire albums photo, Photo no. 17, 26.
  • Basılı Kaynaklar / Printed Sources
  • Arnoux, Gabriel. Les Espaces Aritmetiques Hypermagiques. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1894.
  • Bachmann, Paul ve Edmond Maillet. “Propositions Élémentaires de la Théorie des Nombres.” Encyclopédie des Sciences Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, c.1. Editör Jules Molk içinde 1–75. Paris, Leipzig: Gauthier-Villars, B. G. Teubner, 1906. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k290952/f9.image. r=Propositions Elementaires de la Theorie des Nombres.
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  • ———. Mathematical Recreations and Essays. 6th edition. London: The Macmillan Company, 1914.
  • ———. Mathematical Recreations and Essays. 10th edition. London: The Macmillan Company, 1922.
  • ———. Mathematical Recreations and Essays. Editör Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter. 11th edition. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947.
  • ———. Mathematical Recreations and Problems of Past and Present Times. 2th edition. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1892.
  • Ball, Walter William Rouse, ve Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter. Mathematical Recreations and Essays. 13th edition. New York: Dover Publications, 1987.
  • Ball, Walter William Rouse, ve Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter. Mathematical Recreations and Essays. 12th edition. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1974.
  • Bozkuş, Yıldız Deveci. XIX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Ermeni Entelektüeller. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Callet, François. Tables Portatives de Logarithmes. Paris: Firmin Didot, 1795.
  • Cipolla, Michele. “Matematica Ricreativa.” Enciclopedia delle Matematiche Elementari 3, 2 (1987): 481–538.
  • Denes, Jozsef, ve A. Donald Keedwell. Latin Squares and their Applications. New York and London: Academic Press, 1974.
  • Eden, Alp. “Toplumun Eylem Matematiği: Ahmet Hamit Dilgan.” Matematik Dünyası 28, 110 (2021): 79–90.
  • Eden, Alp, ve Semiha Betül Takıcak. “Aram Margosyan’ın Sihirli Kareler Kitabı.” Matematik Dünyası 29,112 (2022): 20–26.
  • Ergin, Osman. Türk Maarif Tarihi. C. 3–4. İstanbul: Eser Matbaası, 1977.
  • Fienberg, Stephen E. “What is statistics?” Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 1 (2014): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-STATISTICS-022513-115703.
  • Feller, William. “The Strong Law of Large Numbers.” An Introduction to Probability. C.1, 3th edition içinde 243-245. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1968.
  • [Fenmen], Mehmed Refik. “Rumuzât-ı Fenniyemizin Islahı Mes’elesi.” Osmanlı Mühendis ve Mimar Cemiyeti Mecmuası 1, 3 (1909): 69.
  • Frame, James Sutherland. “Review: W. W. Rouse Ball, Mathematical Recreations and Essays.” Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 46, 3 (1940): 211–13. https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1940-46-03/ S0002-9904-1940-07170-8/S0002-9904-1940-07170-8.pdf.
  • Frisinger, H. Howard. “The Solution of a Famous Two-centuries-old Problem the Leonhard Euler-Latin Square Conjecture.” Historia Mathematica 8, 1 (Şubat 1981): 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0315- 0860(81)90005-7.
  • Furinghetti, Fulvia. “Mathematical Instruction in an International Perspective: The Contributıon of the Journal l’Enseignement Mathématique.” One Hundred Years of L’Enseignement Mathematique, Moments of Mathematics Education in the Twentieth Century, Proceedings of the EM–ICMI Symposium. Editör Coray Daniel, Fulvia Furinghetti, Helene Gispert, Bernard R. Hodgson, ve Gert Schubring içinde 19–47. Geneva: L’Enseignement Mathématique, 2003.
  • Gérardin, André (Ed.) Sphinx-Œdipe. C. 16. Nancy (France), 1921.
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  • ———. Mathematical Recreations. 2nd ed. New York: Dover, 1953.
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  • ———. “De l’Ordonnance des Nombres dans les Carrés Magiques.” Récréations Mathématiques et Problèmes des Temps Anciens et Modernes. C. 3. Editör W. W. Rouse Ball içinde 1–64. Paris: A. Hermann et Fils, 1909. http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/NEKAV/nekav14081.pdf.
  • ———. Contribution à l’Étude des Carrés Magiques: De l’Ordonnance des Nombres dans les Carrés Magiques Impairs. Paris: Librairie Scientifique A. Hermann, 1908.
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  • ———. “Hendese-i Mülkiye Muallimlerinden Mehmed Refik Beye.” Osmanlı Mühendis ve Mimar Cemiyeti Mecmuası 1, 3 (1909): 69–70.
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A Civil Engineer and an Amateur Mathematician: Aram Margossian’s Views on Statistics

Year 2023, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 33 - 65, 06.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/oba.1133163

Abstract

After graduating from the École des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris, Aram Margossian (1853-1931) started working as an engineer in the Ottoman Ministry of Public Affairs, where he was later promoted to director of the railway administration. While working in this ministry, he lectured on mathematics and engineering at the Hendese-i Mülkiye, the school of civil engineering in Istanbul, and published books on these topics. In addition to his positions as a civil engineer, bureaucrat, and university teacher, he was also a distinguished amateur mathematician. Margosyan wrote a book on magic squares in French, which became the key to his fame. Part of Margosyan’s book was included in the French version of a book on recreational mathematics. Both books comprise what is known today as the Margossian Method. In his first paper published in the journal Sphinx-Œdipe, Margossian (1912) claimed to have solved an open problem. He also was one of the founders of Sphinx-Œdipe, a French journal of mathematics, at which point he sent two letters to the Journal of Ottoman Society of Engineers and Architects, in which he underlined the fact that he no longer was the director of the Ottoman Railways. The present article analyzes the content of these letters which he’d written after establishing his expertise in mathematics. The letters’ stress on the importance of statistical inference presents a good example of Margosyan’s deep understanding of mathematics. The current article also analyzes his views on the mathematical underpinnings of statistical inference and attempts to understand his rationale for writing these letters.


Project Number

Yok

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There are 88 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Semiha Betül Bayam Takıcak 0000-0002-8196-5589

Alp Eden 0000-0002-7839-9854

Project Number Yok
Publication Date January 6, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Bayam Takıcak, Semiha Betül, and Alp Eden. “İnşaat Mühendisi Ve Amatör Matematikçi Aram Margosyan’ın İstatistik Üzerine Görüşleri”. Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari (Studies in Ottoman Science) 24, no. 1 (January 2023): 33-65. https://doi.org/10.26650/oba.1133163.