Duyguların Ahlaki Temeller ile İlişkisi

Year 2023, , 429 - 466, 25.12.2023

Melike Yaşar , Serap Akgün

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1110045

Abstract

Ahlaki Temeller Kuramı bireylerin ahlaki bir olay hakkındaki yargılarını belirleyen altı ahlaki temel bulunduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bunlar; adalet, bakım verme, özgürlük, gruba sadakat, otoritelere itaat ve kutsallık (saflık) temelleridir. Adalet temelinin ihlali durumunda öfke, kutsallık temelinin ihlalinde iğrenme hissedileceği belirtilmektedir. Bakım temelinin ihlali faile öfke mağdura ise merhamet duyma ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Kuramın ahlaki temel ihlallerinin duygular ile ilişkisi konusundaki önermeleri yalnızca Batı kültüründe yapılmış birkaç görgül çalışma ile test edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada batılı olmayan bir kültürde ahlaki temellerin ihlalinde, bireylerin hangi duyguları daha çok yaşayacakları sorusuna yanıt aranmıştır. Ayrıca ahlaki yargı ve duygular arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanan diğer çalışmalardan farklı olarak katılımcıların, ahlaki bir ihlal karşısında hissettikleri duyguların yanı sıra mağdura ve faile yönelik duyguları da incelenmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan ahlaki ihlal senaryolarının belirlenmesi için yapılan ön çalışmada 187 katılımcıdan 52 senaryoda betimlenen davranışların ahlaki olarak yanlış olup olmadığını değerlendirmeleri ve bu durumda yaşayacakları duyguların neler olacağını yazmaları istenmiştir. Ana çalışmada ise ön çalışmada belirlenen 12 ahlaki temel senaryosu kullanılarak katılımcıların, ahlaki yargıları, ahlaki ihlal durumundaki duyguları, mağdura ve ihlali gerçekleştiren kişi ya da gruba karşı duygusal tepkileri ve ahlaki temeli ihlal eden kişinin cezalandırılmasına ilişkin görüşleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla toplam 72 katılımcıdan veri toplanmıştır. Bir ahlaki temelin ihlali karşısında yaşanan duygunun bir diğerinin ihlalinde deneyimlenenden daha yüksek olup olmadığını test edebilmek için verilere 2 (cinsiyet) X 6 (ahlaki temel) faktörlü son faktörde tekrar ölçümlü çok değişkenli varyans analizleri (MANOVA) uygulanmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, adalet ve bakım temelleri ihlallerinin diğer temellerin ihlaline kıyasla ahlaki açıdan daha yanlış olarak değerlendirildiğini göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte bulgular, duyguların ahlaki yargılara rehberlik ettiğine ve ihlal edilen ahlaki temele, mağdura ve faile karşı hissedilen duyguların farklılaştığına işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Ahlaki temeller, duygular, ahlaki yargı

The Relationship Between Moral Foundations and Emotions

Abstract

Moral foundations theory posits six moral foundations that guide moral judgment, namely, care, fairness, loyalty, authority, sanctity, and liberty. The theory states that the violation of fairness promotes anger, while doing so for sanctity elicits feelings of disgust. Meanwhile, violation of care is associated with anger toward the perpetrator and compassion for the victim. Only a few empirical studies test the propositions of the theory on the relationship between the violation of moral foundation and emotions, which were conducted in western culture. The current study investigates the relationships between moral transgressions and emotions in a nonwestern culture. It also examined feelings toward perpetrators and victims in the face of moral violation. In the pilot study conducted to determine the relevant scenarios to be used in the research, 187 participants evaluated whether or not the behaviors described in 52 scenarios were morally wrong and to report their feelings in these situations. The main study analyzed the participants’ moral judgment, feelings toward moral violations, emotional reaction toward victims and perpetrators, and decisions on the punishment of perpetrators using the 12 moral violation scenarios identified in the pilot study. Toward this end, data were collected from 72 participants. To test whether the emotion experienced during the violation of one moral foundation is higher than that experienced in the violation of another, the study conducted a 2(gender) × 6(moral foundations) factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of moral foundations that involved repeated measures. The result indicated that violations of the foundations of justice and care were morally viewed as more wrong than those of other foundations. However, the findings pointed out that emotions guide moral judgment, and feelings toward victims and perpetrators differ accorrding to the violated moral foundations.

Keywords

Moral foundations, emotions, moral judgment

References

• Algoe, S. B. ve Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The ‘other praising’ emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 105-127. https:// psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/17439760802650519 google scholar
• Atari, M., Lai, M. H. C. ve Dehghani, M. (2020). Sex differences in moral judgements across 67 countries. Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 287, 1-10. https://doi. org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1201 google scholar
• Bozkuş, O. (2020). Dogmatizm ve sosyal baskınlık yöneliminin Suriyeli sığınmacılara yönelik önyargılar ile ilişkisinde ahlaki temellerin aracı rolü. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Mersin Üniversitesi. google scholar
• Clifford, S., Iyengar, V., Cabeza, R. ve Armstrong V. (2015). Moral foundations vignettes: A standardized stimulus database of scenario based on moral foundations theory. Behavior Research Methods, 47, 1178-1198. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2 google scholar
• Cesur, S., Piyale, Z. E., Tepe, B., Sunar, D. ve Biten, A. F. (2020). Bana göre ahlak: Sıradan insanın ahlakı kavramsallaştırması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22(45), 115-138. https://psycnet.apa.org/ doi/10.31828/tpy1301996120200219m000021 google scholar
• DeScioli, P. ve Kurzban, R. (2009). Mysteries of morality. Cognition, 112(2), 281-299. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.008 google scholar
• Ekman, P. ve Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3(4), 364370. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1754073911410740 google scholar
• Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8), 709-724. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.709 google scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. T. (2003). In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(10), 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012 google scholar
• Fischer, A. H. ve Roseman, I. J. (2007). Beat them or ban them: The characteristic and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 103-115. https:// psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.103 google scholar
• Gilligan, C. (1977). In a different voice: Women’s conceptions of self and morality. Harvard Educational Review, 47(4), 481-517. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.47.4.g6167429416hg5l0 google scholar
• Graham, J., Haidt, J. ve Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029-1046. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0015141 google scholar
• Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P. ve Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 55-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4 google scholar
• Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S. ve Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366-385. https://psycnet.apa.org/ doi/10.1037/a0021847 google scholar
• Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814 google scholar
• Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer ve H. H. Goldsmith (Ed.), Handbook of affective sciences içinde (s. 852-870). Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Haidt, J. (2007). The new syntesis in moral psychology. Science, 316, 998-1002. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.1137651 google scholar
• Haidt, J. (2012). Righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Pantheon Books. google scholar
• Haidt, J. ve Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20, 98-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z google scholar
• Haidt, J. ve Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus: Special Issue on Human Nature, 133(4), 55-66. https://doi. org/10.1162/0011526042365555 google scholar
• Haidt, J. ve Joseph, J. (2007). The moral mind: How five sets of innate intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. P. Carruthers, S. Laurence ve S. Stich (Ed.) The Innate Mind içinde (s. 367-391). Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Haidt, J., Koller, S. H. ve Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 613-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.613 google scholar
• Haidt, J., McCauley, C. ve Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors, Personality and Individual Differences, 16(5), 701713. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7 google scholar
• Henrich, J., Heine, S. ve Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X google scholar
• Hutcherson, C. A. ve Gross, J. J. (2011). The moral emotions are a social functionalist account of anger, disgust and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(4), 719-737. https:// psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0022408 google scholar
• Keltner, D. ve Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 13(5), 505-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379168 google scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1975). The cognitive-developmental approach to moral education. Phi Delta Kappan, 56, 670-677. google scholar
• Kollareth, D. ve Russell, J.A. (2017). On the emotions associated with violations of three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Motivation and Emotion, 41, 322-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11031-017-9611-0. google scholar
• Landmann, H. ve Hess, U. (2017) What elicits third-party anger? The effects of moral violation and others’ outcome on anger and compassion. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 1097-1111. https://doi.or g/10.1080/02699931.2016.1194258 google scholar
• Landmann, H. ve Hess, U. (2018). Testing moral foundations theory: Are specific moral emotions elicited by specific moral transgression? Journal of Moral Education, 47(1), 37-47. https://doi.org /10.1080/03057240.2017.1350569 google scholar
• Lee, S. W. S. ve Ellsworth, P. C. (2013). Maggots and morals: Physical disgust is to fear as moral disgust is to anger. J. J. R. Fontaine, K. R. Scherer ve C. Soriano (Ed.), Components of emotional meaning: A sourcebook içinde (s. 271-280). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0018 google scholar
• Lewis, M. (2008). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones ve L. F. Barrett (Ed.), Handbook of emotions içinde (s. 742-756). The Guilford Press. google scholar
• McCullough, M. E, Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A ve Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249 google scholar
• Miceli, M. ve Castelfranchi, C. (2018). Contempt and disgust: The emotions of disrespect. Journal of Theory Social Behavior, 48, 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12159 google scholar
• Molho, C., Tybur, J. M., Güler, E., Balliet, D. ve Hofmann, W. (2017). Disgust and anger relate to different aggressive responses to moral violations. Psychological Science, 28(5), 609-619. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0956797617692000 google scholar
• Paxton, J. M. ve Greene, J. D. (2010), Moral reasoning: Hints and allegations. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2, 511-527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01096.x google scholar
• Pillutla, M. M. ve Murninghan, J. K. (1996). Unfairness, anger, and spite: Emotional rejections of ultimatum offers. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68(3), 208-224. https:// doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0100 google scholar
• Pizarro, D., Inbar, Y. ve Helion, C. (2011). On disgust and moral judgment. Emotion Review, 3(3),267-268. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1754073911402394 google scholar
• Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S. ve Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 574-586. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574 google scholar
• Russell, P. S. ve Giner-Sorolla, R. (2011). Moral anger is more flexible than moral disgust. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 360-364. https://doi. org/10.1177%2F1948550610391678 google scholar
• Sağel, E. (2015). Age differences ın moral foundations across adolescence and adulthood. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi. google scholar
• Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L. ve Jordan,A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1096-1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208317771 google scholar
• Shweder, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M. ve Park, L. (2003). The ‘big three’ of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the big three explanations of suffering. Shweder RA (ed.) Why do men barbecue? Recipes for cultural psychology içinde (s.74-133). Harvard University Press. google scholar
• Sullivan, D., Stewart, S. A., Landau, M. J., Liu, S., Yang, Q. ve Diefendorf, J. (2016). Exploring repressive suffering construal as a function of collectivism and social morality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 47(7), 903-917. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022116655963 google scholar
• Sunar, D. (2002). The psychology of morality. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1012 google scholar
• Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. ve Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145 google scholar
• Tomasello, M. (2016). İnsan ahlakının doğal tarihi. (A., Onacak, Çev.). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları (Orijinal eserin yayın tarihi 2008). google scholar
• Turiel, E. (2008). Thought about actions in social domains: Morality, social conventions and social interactions. Cognitive Development, 23(1), 136-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.04.001 google scholar
• Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D. ve Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 103-122. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0015474 google scholar
• Vialatte, F. B. ve Cichocki, A. (2008). Split- test Bonferroni correction for QEEG statistical maps Biological Cybernetics, 98, 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-008-0210-8. google scholar